Fouling caused by excess metal ions in hard water can negatively impact the performance of the circulating cooling water system(CCWS)by depositing ions on the heat exchanger's surface.Currently,the operation optim...Fouling caused by excess metal ions in hard water can negatively impact the performance of the circulating cooling water system(CCWS)by depositing ions on the heat exchanger's surface.Currently,the operation optimization of CCWS often prioritizes short-term flow velocity optimization for minimizing power consumption,without considering fouling.However,low flow velocity promotes fouling.Therefore,it's crucial to balance fouling and energy/water conservation for optimal CCWS long-term operation.This study proposes a mixed-integer nonlinear programming(MINLP)model to achieve this goal.The model considers fouling in the pipeline,dynamic concentration cycle,and variable frequency drive to optimize the synergy between heat transfer,pressure drop,and fouling.By optimizing the concentration cycle of the CCWS,water conservation and fouling control can be achieved.The model can obtain the optimal operating parameters for different operation intervals,including the number of pumps,frequency,and valve local resistance coefficient.Sensitivity experiments on cycle and environmental temperature reveal that as the cycle increases,the marginal benefits of energy/water conservation decrease.In periods with minimal impact on fouling rate,energy/water conservation can be achieved by increasing the cycle while maintaining a low fouling rate.Overall,the proposed model has significant energy/water saving effects and can comprehensively optimize the CCWS through its incorporation of fouling and cycle optimization.展开更多
Small-molecule hydrogels based on amino acid derivatives have promising applications in many biological fields,including cell culture,drug delivery,and tissue engineering.Although these hydrogels have been widely repo...Small-molecule hydrogels based on amino acid derivatives have promising applications in many biological fields,including cell culture,drug delivery,and tissue engineering.Although these hydrogels have been widely reported to have low cytotoxicity,biocompatibility,and tunable bioactivity,problems such as harsh preparation conditions and complex material design hinder their application.Herein,by adjusting pH to induce non-covalent interactions between small-molecule tryptophan derivatives(N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-tryptophan,Mw:338.35),we developed a self-assembled three-dimensional network hydrogel that can be rapidly formed in seconds.And the supramolecular self-assembly mechanism of the hydrogels was also investigated in detail through experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculation.As-prepared hydrogels also exhibit reversible pH-stimulated response and self-healing properties.This study details a research process for the simple and rapid preparation of tryptophan derivative-based hydrogels,which provides more reference ideas for the future development of materials based on other amino acid derivatives.展开更多
基金Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22022816 and 22078358)
文摘Fouling caused by excess metal ions in hard water can negatively impact the performance of the circulating cooling water system(CCWS)by depositing ions on the heat exchanger's surface.Currently,the operation optimization of CCWS often prioritizes short-term flow velocity optimization for minimizing power consumption,without considering fouling.However,low flow velocity promotes fouling.Therefore,it's crucial to balance fouling and energy/water conservation for optimal CCWS long-term operation.This study proposes a mixed-integer nonlinear programming(MINLP)model to achieve this goal.The model considers fouling in the pipeline,dynamic concentration cycle,and variable frequency drive to optimize the synergy between heat transfer,pressure drop,and fouling.By optimizing the concentration cycle of the CCWS,water conservation and fouling control can be achieved.The model can obtain the optimal operating parameters for different operation intervals,including the number of pumps,frequency,and valve local resistance coefficient.Sensitivity experiments on cycle and environmental temperature reveal that as the cycle increases,the marginal benefits of energy/water conservation decrease.In periods with minimal impact on fouling rate,energy/water conservation can be achieved by increasing the cycle while maintaining a low fouling rate.Overall,the proposed model has significant energy/water saving effects and can comprehensively optimize the CCWS through its incorporation of fouling and cycle optimization.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21773311 and 21972169)Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project(No.2017TP1001)Thanks for the software support provided by the High Performance Computing Center of CSU and NMR data support provided by the Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Small-molecule hydrogels based on amino acid derivatives have promising applications in many biological fields,including cell culture,drug delivery,and tissue engineering.Although these hydrogels have been widely reported to have low cytotoxicity,biocompatibility,and tunable bioactivity,problems such as harsh preparation conditions and complex material design hinder their application.Herein,by adjusting pH to induce non-covalent interactions between small-molecule tryptophan derivatives(N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-tryptophan,Mw:338.35),we developed a self-assembled three-dimensional network hydrogel that can be rapidly formed in seconds.And the supramolecular self-assembly mechanism of the hydrogels was also investigated in detail through experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculation.As-prepared hydrogels also exhibit reversible pH-stimulated response and self-healing properties.This study details a research process for the simple and rapid preparation of tryptophan derivative-based hydrogels,which provides more reference ideas for the future development of materials based on other amino acid derivatives.
