Through alternate splicing,the Ikaros gene produces multiple proteins.Ikaros is essential for normal hematopoiesis and possesses tumor suppressor activity.Ikaros isoforms interact to form dimers and potentially multim...Through alternate splicing,the Ikaros gene produces multiple proteins.Ikaros is essential for normal hematopoiesis and possesses tumor suppressor activity.Ikaros isoforms interact to form dimers and potentially multimeric complexes.Diverse Ikaros complexes produced by the presence of different Ikaros isoforms are hypothesized to confer distinct functions.Small dominantnegative Ikaros isoforms have been shown to inhibit the tumor suppressor activity of full-length Ikaros.Here,we describe how Ikaros activity is regulated by the coordinated expression of the largest Ikaros isoforms IK-1 and IK-H.Although IK-1 is described as full-length Ikaros,IK-H is the longest Ikaros isoform.IK-H,which includes residues coded by exon 3B (60 bp that lie between exons 3 and 4),is abundant in human but not murine hematopoietic cells.Specific residues that lie within the 20 amino acids encoded by exon 3B give IK-H DNA-binding characteristics that are distinct from those of IK-1.Moreover,IK-H can potentiate or inhibit the ability of IK-1 to bind DNA.IK-H binds to the regulatory regions of genes that are upregulated by Ikaros,but not genes that are repressed by Ikaros.Although IK-1 localizes to pericentromeric heterochromatin,IK-H can be found in both pericentromeric and non-pericentromeric locations.Anti-silencing activity of gamma satellite DNA has been shown to depend on the binding of IK-H,but not other Ikaros isoforms.The unique features of IK-H,its influence on Ikaros activity,and the lack of IK-H expression in mice suggest that Ikaros function in humans may be more complex and possibly distinct from that in mice.展开更多
Ikaros is a gene whose activity is essential for normal hematopoiesis.Ikaros acts as a master regulator of lymphoid and myeloid development as well as a tumor suppressor.In cells,Ikaros regulates gene expression via c...Ikaros is a gene whose activity is essential for normal hematopoiesis.Ikaros acts as a master regulator of lymphoid and myeloid development as well as a tumor suppressor.In cells,Ikaros regulates gene expression via chromatin remodeling.During the past 15 years tremendous advances have been made in understanding the role of Ikaros in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis.In this Topic Highlights series of reviews,several groups of international experts in this field summarize the experimental data that is shaping the emerging picture of Ikaros function at the biochemical and cellular levels.The articles provide detailed analyses of recent scientific advancements and present models that will serve as a basis for future studies aimed at developing a better understanding of normal hematopoiesis and hematological malignancies and at accelerating the application of this knowledge in clinical practice.展开更多
The Ikaros gene encodes a zinc finger,DNA-binding protein that regulates gene transcription and chromatin remodeling.Ikaros is a master regulator of hematopoiesis and an established tumor suppressor.Moderate alteratio...The Ikaros gene encodes a zinc finger,DNA-binding protein that regulates gene transcription and chromatin remodeling.Ikaros is a master regulator of hematopoiesis and an established tumor suppressor.Moderate alteration of Ikaros activity (e.g.haploinsufficiency) appears to be sufficient to promote malignant transformation in human hematopoietic cells.This raises questions about the mechanisms that normally regulate Ikaros function and the potential of these mechanisms to contribute to the development of leukemia.The focus of this review is the regulation of Ikaros function by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation.Site-specific phosphorylation of Ikaros by casein kinase 2 (CK2) controls Ikaros DNA-binding ability and subcellular localization.As a consequence,the ability of Ikaros to regulate cell cycle progression,chromatin remodeling,target gene expression,and thymocyte differentiation are controlled by CK2.In addition,hyperphosphorylation of Ikaros by CK2 leads to decreased Ikaros levels due to ubiquitinmediated degradation.Dephosphorylation of Ikaros by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) acts in opposition to CK2 to increase Ikaros stability and restore Ikaros DNA binding ability and pericentromeric localization.Thus,the CK2 and PP1 pathways act in concert to regulate Ikaros activity in hematopoiesis and as a tumor suppressor.This highlights the importance of these signal transduction pathways as potential mediators of leukemogenesis via their role in regulating the activities of Ikaros.展开更多
基金Supported by (in part) An R01 HL095120 grant,a St.Baldrick’s Foundation Career Development Award,the Four Diamonds Fund of the Pennsylvania State University,College of Medicine,and the John Wawrynovic Leukemia Research Scholar Endowment (SD)
文摘Through alternate splicing,the Ikaros gene produces multiple proteins.Ikaros is essential for normal hematopoiesis and possesses tumor suppressor activity.Ikaros isoforms interact to form dimers and potentially multimeric complexes.Diverse Ikaros complexes produced by the presence of different Ikaros isoforms are hypothesized to confer distinct functions.Small dominantnegative Ikaros isoforms have been shown to inhibit the tumor suppressor activity of full-length Ikaros.Here,we describe how Ikaros activity is regulated by the coordinated expression of the largest Ikaros isoforms IK-1 and IK-H.Although IK-1 is described as full-length Ikaros,IK-H is the longest Ikaros isoform.IK-H,which includes residues coded by exon 3B (60 bp that lie between exons 3 and 4),is abundant in human but not murine hematopoietic cells.Specific residues that lie within the 20 amino acids encoded by exon 3B give IK-H DNA-binding characteristics that are distinct from those of IK-1.Moreover,IK-H can potentiate or inhibit the ability of IK-1 to bind DNA.IK-H binds to the regulatory regions of genes that are upregulated by Ikaros,but not genes that are repressed by Ikaros.Although IK-1 localizes to pericentromeric heterochromatin,IK-H can be found in both pericentromeric and non-pericentromeric locations.Anti-silencing activity of gamma satellite DNA has been shown to depend on the binding of IK-H,but not other Ikaros isoforms.The unique features of IK-H,its influence on Ikaros activity,and the lack of IK-H expression in mice suggest that Ikaros function in humans may be more complex and possibly distinct from that in mice.
基金Supported by (in part) An R01 HL095120 grant,a St.Baldrick’s Foundation Career Development Award,the Four Diamonds Fund of the Pennsylvania State University,College of Medicine,and the John Wawrynovic Leukemia Research Scholar Endowment
文摘Ikaros is a gene whose activity is essential for normal hematopoiesis.Ikaros acts as a master regulator of lymphoid and myeloid development as well as a tumor suppressor.In cells,Ikaros regulates gene expression via chromatin remodeling.During the past 15 years tremendous advances have been made in understanding the role of Ikaros in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis.In this Topic Highlights series of reviews,several groups of international experts in this field summarize the experimental data that is shaping the emerging picture of Ikaros function at the biochemical and cellular levels.The articles provide detailed analyses of recent scientific advancements and present models that will serve as a basis for future studies aimed at developing a better understanding of normal hematopoiesis and hematological malignancies and at accelerating the application of this knowledge in clinical practice.
基金Supported by (in part) An NIH R01 HL095120 grant,a St.Baldrick’s Foundation Career Development Award,the Four Diamonds Fund of the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine,and the John Wawrynovic Leukemia Research Scholar Endowment (SD)
文摘The Ikaros gene encodes a zinc finger,DNA-binding protein that regulates gene transcription and chromatin remodeling.Ikaros is a master regulator of hematopoiesis and an established tumor suppressor.Moderate alteration of Ikaros activity (e.g.haploinsufficiency) appears to be sufficient to promote malignant transformation in human hematopoietic cells.This raises questions about the mechanisms that normally regulate Ikaros function and the potential of these mechanisms to contribute to the development of leukemia.The focus of this review is the regulation of Ikaros function by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation.Site-specific phosphorylation of Ikaros by casein kinase 2 (CK2) controls Ikaros DNA-binding ability and subcellular localization.As a consequence,the ability of Ikaros to regulate cell cycle progression,chromatin remodeling,target gene expression,and thymocyte differentiation are controlled by CK2.In addition,hyperphosphorylation of Ikaros by CK2 leads to decreased Ikaros levels due to ubiquitinmediated degradation.Dephosphorylation of Ikaros by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) acts in opposition to CK2 to increase Ikaros stability and restore Ikaros DNA binding ability and pericentromeric localization.Thus,the CK2 and PP1 pathways act in concert to regulate Ikaros activity in hematopoiesis and as a tumor suppressor.This highlights the importance of these signal transduction pathways as potential mediators of leukemogenesis via their role in regulating the activities of Ikaros.
