Ulva prolifera is the causative species of the annually occurring large-scale green tides in China since 2007.Its specific biological features on reproductivity strategies,as well as intra-species genetic diversity,ar...Ulva prolifera is the causative species of the annually occurring large-scale green tides in China since 2007.Its specific biological features on reproductivity strategies,as well as intra-species genetic diversity,are still largely unknown,especially at the genome level,despite their importance in understanding the formation and outbreak of massive green tides.In the present study,the restriction site-associated DNA genotyping approach(2b-RAD)was adopted to identify the genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)of 54 individual thalli including samples collected from Subei Shoal in 2019 and Qingdao coast from 2019 to 2021.SNPs genotype results revealed that most of the thalli in 2019 and 2020 were haploid gametophytes,while only half of the thalli were gametophytes in 2021,indicating flexibility in the reproductive strategies for the formation of the green tides among different years and the dominance of asexual and vegetative reproductive mode for the floating period.Besides,population analysis was conducted,and it revealed a very low genetic diversity among samples from Subei Shoal and the Qingdao coast in the same year and a higher divergence among samples in different years.The results showed the efficiency of 2b-RAD in the exploration of SNPs in U.prolifera and provided the first genome-wide scale evidence for the origin of the large-scale green tides on the Qingdao coast.This study improved our understanding of the reproductive strategy and genetic diversity of the green tide causative species and will help further reveal the biological causes of the green tide in China.展开更多
Cyanea nozakii,a common jellyfish distributed in offshore China,has a complex trophic relationship with other zooplankton groups.However,few studies have reported the predation rates and prey selection patterns of C.n...Cyanea nozakii,a common jellyfish distributed in offshore China,has a complex trophic relationship with other zooplankton groups.However,few studies have reported the predation rates and prey selection patterns of C.nozakii medusae on different prey items.Research is also lacking on the intraguild predation of Aurelia coerulea(another common bloom jellyfish in offshore China)by C.nozakii.To address the knowledge gaps,the clearance rates of C.nozakii for different prey items,including copepods(small<1000μm and large>1000μm),fish larvae,and gelatinous prey(hydromedusae,A.coerulea ephyrae,and chaetognaths),were measured.The influence of predator size on the clearance rate was also determined.Additionally,we examined the intraguild predation of C.nozakii on A.coerulea medusae.The clearance rates of C.nozakii varied widely with prey organisms,being independent of prey concentrations.Gelatinous organisms,except for chaetognaths,were captured with considerably high efficiency,followed by fish larvae and copepods,indicating the preferential prey selection of gelatinous organisms by C.nozakii.The clearance rate increased linearly with the cross-sectional area of C.nozakii.Body size in medusae may,to some extents,underpin their capacity to capture more prey by increasing the encounter rate and capture success through ontogeny.C.nozakii preyed voraciously on A.coerulea in high feeding efficiency,but the clearance rate decreased with increasing A.coerulea(as prey)size.This phenomenon of intraguild predation suggests a speculative hypothesis of potential population regulation of A.coerulea by C.nozakii.The information regarding the feeding ecology of C.nozakii reported in this study is important for understanding plankton dynamics in marine ecosystems with extensive occurrences of this jellyfish.展开更多
The Yellow Sea(YS)and East China Sea(ECS)are highly dynamic marginal seas of the northwestern Pacific Ocean.To gain an in-depth understanding of zooplankton community structure,zooplankton abundance,biovolume,and size...The Yellow Sea(YS)and East China Sea(ECS)are highly dynamic marginal seas of the northwestern Pacific Ocean.To gain an in-depth understanding of zooplankton community structure,zooplankton abundance,biovolume,and size structure in summer 2017 in the YS and ECS were assessed using ZooScan imaging analysis.Zooplankton abundance and biovolume ranged 2.94–1187.14 inds./m^(3)and 3.13–3438.51 mm^(3)/m^(3),respectively.Based on the biovolume data of the categorized size classes of 26 identified taxonomic groups,the zooplankton community was classified into five groups,and each group was coupled with distinctive oceanographic features.Under the influence of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass,the Yellow Sea offshore group featured the lowest bottom temperature(10.84±3.42℃)and the most abundant Calanoids(mainly in the 2–3 mm size class).In the Yellow Sea inshore group,Hydrozoans showed the largest biovolume and dominated in the 3–4-mm and>5-mm size classes.The East China Sea offshore group,which was affected by the Kuroshio Branch Current,featured high temperature and salinity,and the lowest bottom dissolved oxygen(2.58±0.5 mg/L).The lowest values of zooplankton abundance and biovolume in the East China Sea offshore group might be attributed to the bottom dissolved oxygen contents.The East China Sea inshore group,which was mainly influenced by the Zhejiang-Fujian Coastal Current and Changjiang Diluted Water,was characterized by high chlorophyll a and the largest biovolume of carnivorous Siphonophores(280.82±303.37 mm^(3)/m^(3)).The Changjiang River estuary offshore group showed the most abundant Cyclopoids,which might be associated with the less turbid water mass in this region.Seawater temperature was considered the most important factor in shaping the size compositions of Calanoids in different groups.展开更多
Internet of Things(IoT)is vulnerable to data-tampering(DT)attacks.Due to resource limitations,many anomaly detection systems(ADSs)for IoT have high false positive rates when detecting DT attacks.This leads to the misr...Internet of Things(IoT)is vulnerable to data-tampering(DT)attacks.Due to resource limitations,many anomaly detection systems(ADSs)for IoT have high false positive rates when detecting DT attacks.This leads to the misreporting of normal data,which will impact the normal operation of IoT.To mitigate the impact caused by the high false positive rate of ADS,this paper proposes an ADS management scheme for clustered IoT.First,we model the data transmission and anomaly detection in clustered IoT.Then,the operation strategy of the clustered IoT is formulated as the running probabilities of all ADSs deployed on every IoT device.In the presence of a high false positive rate in ADSs,to deal with the trade-off between the security and availability of data,we develop a linear programming model referred to as a security trade-off(ST)model.Next,we develop an analysis framework for the ST model,and solve the ST model on an IoT simulation platform.Last,we reveal the effect of some factors on the maximum combined detection rate through theoretical analysis.Simulations show that the ADS management scheme can mitigate the data unavailability loss caused by the high false positive rates in ADS.展开更多
The giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai is the largest and most dangerous jellyfish species in East Asian waters,and the N.nomurai bloom causes serious problem in coastal industries,fisheries,and tourism.In the previou...The giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai is the largest and most dangerous jellyfish species in East Asian waters,and the N.nomurai bloom causes serious problem in coastal industries,fisheries,and tourism.In the previous surveys,we found N.nomurai could not be observed in the south of 30°N.In this paper,we analyzed the mechanism of this phenomenon.After exploring the possible impacts of different environmental factors,we found that physical processes are essential to the distribution pattern of N.nomurai rather than biological or chemical factors in the East China Sea.The combination of the location of the initial breeding places of N.nomurai and the current system determine the distribution pattern.This study could provide important insights to the potential control of the giant jellyfish in the Chinese coastal waters.展开更多
The k·p method is significant in condensed matter physics for the compact and analytical Hamiltonian.In the presence of magnetic field,it is described by the effective Zeeman's coupling Hamiltonian with Land&...The k·p method is significant in condensed matter physics for the compact and analytical Hamiltonian.In the presence of magnetic field,it is described by the effective Zeeman's coupling Hamiltonian with Landég-factors.Here,we develop an open-source package VASP2KP(including two parts:vasp2mat and mat2kp)to compute k·p parameters and Landég-factors directly from the wavefunctions provided by the density functional theory(DFT)as implemented in Vienna ab initio Simulation Package(VASP).First,we develop a VASP patch vasp2mat to compute matrix representations of the generalized momentum operatorπ=p+1/2mc^(2)[s×■V(r)],spin operator s,time reversal operatorT,and crystalline symmetry operatorsR on the DFT wavefunctions.Second,we develop a python code mat2kp to obtain the unitary transformation U that rotates the degenerate DFT basis towards the standard basis,and then automatically compute the k·p parameters and g-factors.The theory and the methodology behind VASP2KP are described in detail.The matrix elements of the operators are derived comprehensively and computed correctly within the projector augmented wave method.We apply this package to some materials,e.g.,Bi2Se3,Na3Bi,Te,InAs and 1H-TMD monolayers.The obtained effective model's dispersions are in good agreement with the DFT data around the specific wave vector,and the g-factors are consistent with experimental data.The VASP2KP package is available at https://github.com/zjwang11/VASP2KP.展开更多
“Specialty-innovation integration”is a positive response of higher education to economic and social development needs,and it is also an inherent requirement for the reform and development of higher education.This pa...“Specialty-innovation integration”is a positive response of higher education to economic and social development needs,and it is also an inherent requirement for the reform and development of higher education.This paper discusses the construction of an“industrial catalysis”curriculum system under the background of specialty-innovation integration.Overall,it raises students’comprehensive quality from three aspects,including teaching content,teaching method,and the concept of specialty-innovation integration,aiming to cultivate students as the innovative talents required by the development of the era for national and regional development.展开更多
The nanosheets structured K–Co–MoS_2 catalyst was prepared through a one-step hydrothermal synthesis combined with the wetness impregnation. The fresh catalyst has a high dispersion of Co–Mo–S active phase and no ...The nanosheets structured K–Co–MoS_2 catalyst was prepared through a one-step hydrothermal synthesis combined with the wetness impregnation. The fresh catalyst has a high dispersion of Co–Mo–S active phase and no Co_9S_8 is found. The pure H_2 activated catalyst shows a higher intrinsic activity, especially the C_(2+) OH selectivity for the higher alcohol synthesis compared to the one activated by 5% H_2/N_2 atmosphere. The reason is attributed to that the pure H_2 activation more effectively suppresses the formation of Co_9S_8 and stabilizes the Co–Mo–S active phase during the reaction due to the formation of SH species.展开更多
Calanus sinicus is a calanoid copepod widely distributed in coastal waters of China and Japan, and oversummering strategies may have major impacts on their population dynamics which in turn affect local marine food we...Calanus sinicus is a calanoid copepod widely distributed in coastal waters of China and Japan, and oversummering strategies may have major impacts on their population dynamics which in turn affect local marine food web structure. The abundance, stage composition, and sex composition of the planktonic copepod C. sinicus were studied from August to October 2002 in the southern Yellow Sea to understand how its population recovers from the over-summering state. Results showed that C. sinicus had low reproduction in August due to high temperature, except in waters near the Cheju Island with rich food and moderate bottom temperature, but the reproduction rates here decreased in September–October as food availability declined. When temperature dropped in September–October, C. sinicus actively propagated in coastal shallow waters. However, reproduction rates of C. sinicus individuals inhabiting the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) remained low during the three months of the study. The percentage of C. sinicus females was high during the reproductive period, which suggests that the sex composition of adult C. sinicus may reflect whether or not the population is in the reproductive mode.Numerous fifth copepodite stage(CV) C. sinicus aggregated in the YSCWM in a suspended developmental stage during the three months of this study, and they potentially served as the parental individuals for population development when conditions became optimal for reproduction later in the year.展开更多
Ultraviolet(UV) radiation has significant effects on ecosystems, environments, and human health, as well as atmospheric processes and climate change. Two ultraviolet radiation datasets are described in this paper. One...Ultraviolet(UV) radiation has significant effects on ecosystems, environments, and human health, as well as atmospheric processes and climate change. Two ultraviolet radiation datasets are described in this paper. One contains hourly observations of UV radiation measured at 40 Chinese Ecosystem Research Network stations from 2005 to 2015. CUV3 broadband radiometers were used to observe the UV radiation, with an accuracy of 5%, which meets the World Meteorology Organization's measurement standards. The extremum method was used to control the quality of the measured datasets. The other dataset contains daily cumulative UV radiation estimates that were calculated using an all-sky estimation model combined with a hybrid model. The reconstructed daily UV radiation data span from 1961 to 2014. The mean absolute bias error and root-mean-square error are smaller than 30% at most stations, and most of the mean bias error values are negative, which indicates underestimation of the UV radiation intensity. These datasets can improve our basic knowledge of the spatial and temporal variations in UV radiation. Additionally, these datasets can be used in studies of potential ozone formation and atmospheric oxidation, as well as simulations of ecological processes.展开更多
The human visual system,dependent on retinal cells,can be regarded as a complex combination of optical system and nervous system.Artificial retinal system could mimic the sensing and processing function of human eyes....The human visual system,dependent on retinal cells,can be regarded as a complex combination of optical system and nervous system.Artificial retinal system could mimic the sensing and processing function of human eyes.Optically stimulated synaptic devices could serve as the building blocks for artificial retinas and subsequent information transmission system to brain.Herein,photonic synaptic transistors based on polycrystalline MoS_(2),which could simulate human visual perception and brain storage,are presented.Moreover,the photodetection range from visible light to near-infrared light of MoS_(2) multilayer could extend human eyes’vision limitation to near-infrared light.Additionally,the photonic synaptic transistor shows an ultrafast speed within 5μs and ultralow power consumption under optical stimuli about 40 aJ,several orders of magnitude lower than biological synapses(50 ms and 10 fJ).Furthermore,the backgate control could act as emotional modulation of the artificial brain to enhance or suppress memory function,i.e.the intensity of photoresponse.The proposed carrier trapping/detrapping as the main working mechanism is presented for the device.In addition,synaptic functionalities including short synaptic plasticity,long synaptic plasticity and paired-pulse facilitation could be successfully simulated based on the prepared device.Furthermore,the large difference between short synaptic plasticity and long synaptic plasticity reveals the better image pre-processing function of the prepared photonic synapses.The classical Pavlovian conditioning associated with the associative learning is successfully implemented as well.Therefore,the efficient and rich functionalities demonstrate the potential of the MoS_(2) synaptic device that integrates sensing-memory-preprocessing capabilities for realizing artificial neural networks with different emotions that mimic human retina and brain.展开更多
本文通过简单的水热法制备了一种CdO-CdS-维纳米棒阵列,并系统地研究了材料的结构、形貌及其光电化学性质和产氢活性.所得纳米棒为直径100至200 nm的六方柱.通过优化煅烧温度和时间得到了该实验条件下光电催化性能最优的样品.在0 V vs.A...本文通过简单的水热法制备了一种CdO-CdS-维纳米棒阵列,并系统地研究了材料的结构、形貌及其光电化学性质和产氢活性.所得纳米棒为直径100至200 nm的六方柱.通过优化煅烧温度和时间得到了该实验条件下光电催化性能最优的样品.在0 V vs.Ag/AgCl偏压下,CdO-CdS光电流密度为6.5mA/cm2,光电催化产氢活性为240μmol·cm-2·h-1,几乎是纯CdS的2倍.该体系的光电催化性能超过了许多己报道的相似体系.根据材料结构和光电化学性能表征结果,提出了直接z型光催化机理,该机理可以很好地解释光致载流子的高分离效率和优异的氧化还原性能.展开更多
Euphausia superba is a key species in the Southern Ocean that serves as a link between primary production and higher trophic levels.To investigate the feeding strategies of E.superba from the eastern South Shetland Is...Euphausia superba is a key species in the Southern Ocean that serves as a link between primary production and higher trophic levels.To investigate the feeding strategies of E.superba from the eastern South Shetland Islands,fatty acid biomarkers,stable isotope signatures,and an incubation experiment were conducted.The results of the incubation experiment proved that adult E.superba mainly fed on 2–20μm particles,demonstrating the importance of nanoplankton in their diet.Moreover,significant positive relationships betweenδ15N and body size demonstrated that size-related dietary shifts were present in E.superba.Evidence from principal component analysis and the C16:1ω7/C18:4ω3 ratio showed that juveniles preferentially fed on dinoflagellates and adults were more likely to feed on diatoms.Fatty acid profiles in adult E.superba roughly mirrored the different trophic conditions and feeding strategies between stations.Adult E.superba at Stas D2-07,D5-07,DA-01 and DA-02 exhibited elevated levels of C16:1ω7,C18:4ω3,C18:1ω9 and C18:1ω9/C18:1ω7,indicating higher levels of feeding on both phytoplankton and higher trophic diets.In contrast,adult E.superba at Stas D1-03 and D1-04 were characterized by high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratios and low levels of C16:1ω7,C18:1ω7,C18:4ω3,C18:1ω9 and total fatty acids.We inferred that adult krill at Stas D1-03 and D1-04 still suffered from difficult dietary conditions after overwintering.The different dietary conditions between stations suggest a highly plastic feeding strategy of E.superba in the eastern South Shetland Islands.展开更多
This study investigated the positive effect of surface modification with ozone on the photocatalytic performance of anatase TiO2 with dominated (001) facets for toluene degradation. The performance of photocatalyst wa...This study investigated the positive effect of surface modification with ozone on the photocatalytic performance of anatase TiO2 with dominated (001) facets for toluene degradation. The performance of photocatalyst was tested on a home-made volatile organic compounds degradation system. The ozone modification, toluene adsorption and degradation mecha-nism were established by a combination of various characterization methods, in situ diuse reectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculation. The surface modtication with ozone can signiticantly enhance the photocatalytic degradation performance for toluene. The abundant unsaturated coordinated 5c-Ti sites on (001) facets act as the adsorption sites for ozone. The formed Ti-O bonds reacted with H2O to generate a large amount of isolated Ti5c-OH which act as the adsorption sites for toluene, and thus signi- cantly increase the adsorption capacity for toluene. The outstanding photo- catalytic performance of ozone-modified TiO2 is due to its high adsorption ability for toluene and the abundant surface hydroxyl groups, which produce very reactive OH· radicals under irradiation. Furthermore, the O2 generated via ozone dissociation could combine with the photogenerated electrons to form superoxide radicals which are also conductive to the toluene degradation.展开更多
A series of Mn-doped K-Co-Mo catalysts were prepared by a sol-gel method. The catalyst structure was well characterized by X-ray diffraction, N<sub>2</sub> physisorption, NH<sub>3</sub> tempera...A series of Mn-doped K-Co-Mo catalysts were prepared by a sol-gel method. The catalyst structure was well characterized by X-ray diffraction, N<sub>2</sub> physisorption, NH<sub>3</sub> temperature-programmed adsorption, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The catalytic performance for higher alcohol synthesis from syngas was measured. It was found that the Mn-doped catalysts exhibited a much higher activity as compared to the unpromoted catalyst, and in particular the C<sub>2+</sub> alcohol selectivity increased significantly. The distribution of alcohol products deviated from the Anderson-Schulz-Flory law. The portion of methanol in total alcohol was suppressed remarkably and the ethanol became the predominant product. Characterization results indicated that the incorporation of Mn enhanced the interaction of Co and Mo and thus led to the formation of Co-Mo-O species, which was regarded as the active site for the alcohol synthesis. Secondly, the presence of Mn reduced the amount of strong acid sites significantly and meanwhile promoted the formation of weak acid sites, which had a positive effect on the synthesis of alcohol. Furthermore, it was found that the incorporation of Mn can enhance the adsorption of linear- and bridge-type CO significantly, which contributed to the formation of alcohol and growth of carbon chain and thus increased the selectivity to C<sub>2+</sub>OH.展开更多
Photodeposition is widely adopted for implanting metal/metal oxide cocatalysts on semiconductors.However,it is prerequisite that the photon energy should be sufficient to excite the host semiconductor.Here,we report a...Photodeposition is widely adopted for implanting metal/metal oxide cocatalysts on semiconductors.However,it is prerequisite that the photon energy should be sufficient to excite the host semiconductor.Here,we report a lower-energy irradiation powered deposition strategy for implanting CrO_(x) cocatalyst on TiO_(2).Excitingly,CrO_(x)-400 implanted under visible-light irradiation significantly promotes the CH4 evolution rate on TiO_(2)to 8.4μmolg·^(-1)h^(-1) with selectivity of98%from photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction,which is 15 times of that on CrO_(x)-200 implanted under UV-visible-light irradiation.Moreover,CrO_(x)-400 is identified to be composed of higher valence Cr species compared to CrO_(x)-200.This valence states regulation of Cr species is indicated to provide more active sites for CO_(2) adsorption/activation and to modulate the reaction mechanism from single Cr site to Cr-Cr dual sites,thus endowing the superior CH_(4)production.This work demonstrates an alternative strategy for constructing efficient metal oxides cocatalysts on wide bandgap semiconductor.展开更多
Ophiopholis mirabilis is a common species with a high population density on the western coasts of the northern Pacifi c Ocean.The number of O.mirabilis has been increasing recently in the scallop aquaculture zone(the ...Ophiopholis mirabilis is a common species with a high population density on the western coasts of the northern Pacifi c Ocean.The number of O.mirabilis has been increasing recently in the scallop aquaculture zone(the Zhangzi Island area,northern Yellow Sea)in China.To explore the mechanism of its population variation,the reproductive cycle of O.mirabilis was investigated in this area(39°04′N;122°51′E)from February 2017 through January 2018 and determined by the monthly gonad index(GI),histological examinations of the gonads and the oocyte size-frequency distribution.O.mirabilis had a clear annual reproductive cycle that was synchronous between males and females.Sea temperature and food availability played important roles in O.mirabilis reproduction.The GI value was less reliable for determining reproductive activity in O.mirabilis because the nutritive tissues within the gonads may be utilized to synthesize gametes,leading to a decrease in GI during maturation.The histological results also show that abundant nutritive phagocytes were present in the gonads of O.mirabilis,which,together with the germ cells,aff ected the weight of the gonads.In addition,the mature oocytes of O.mirabilis were relatively small(75–150μm),indicating that the larval development was planktotrophic.This study provided insights into the reproductive patterns and biology of O.mirabilis and is an essential basis for the quantity control of this species in aquaculture areas.展开更多
An introduced turbot population was used to establish families and to estimate genetic parameters of the offspring. However, there is a lack of pedigree information, and common environmental effects can be introduced ...An introduced turbot population was used to establish families and to estimate genetic parameters of the offspring. However, there is a lack of pedigree information, and common environmental effects can be introduced when each full-sib family is raised in a single tank. Therefore, in the genetic evaluation, SSRs(simple sequence repeats) were used to reconstruct the pedigree and to calculate molecular relatedness between individuals, and the early mixed-family culture model was used to remove the impact of the common environmental effects. After100 d of early mixed culture, twenty SSRs were used to cluster 20 families and to calculate paired molecular relationships(n=880). Additive genetic matrices were constructed using molecular relatedness(MR) and pedigree reconstruction(PR) and were then applied to the same animal model to estimate genetic parameters. Based on PR, the heritabilities for body weight and body length were 0.214±0.124 and 0.117±0.141, and based on MR they were 0.101±0.031 and 0.102±0.034, respectively. Cross validation showed that the accuracies of the estimated breeding values based on MR(body weight and body length of 0.717±0.045 and 0.629±0.141, respectively) were higher than those of PR(body weight and body length of 0.692±0.052 and 0.615±0.060, respectively). The MR method ensure availability of all genotyped selection candidates, thereby improving the accuracy of the breeding value estimation.展开更多
基金Supported by the Laoshan Laboratory (No.LSKJ202204005)the Mount Tai Scholar Climbing Plan to Song SUNthe Open Fund of CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences,Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KLMEES201801)
文摘Ulva prolifera is the causative species of the annually occurring large-scale green tides in China since 2007.Its specific biological features on reproductivity strategies,as well as intra-species genetic diversity,are still largely unknown,especially at the genome level,despite their importance in understanding the formation and outbreak of massive green tides.In the present study,the restriction site-associated DNA genotyping approach(2b-RAD)was adopted to identify the genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)of 54 individual thalli including samples collected from Subei Shoal in 2019 and Qingdao coast from 2019 to 2021.SNPs genotype results revealed that most of the thalli in 2019 and 2020 were haploid gametophytes,while only half of the thalli were gametophytes in 2021,indicating flexibility in the reproductive strategies for the formation of the green tides among different years and the dominance of asexual and vegetative reproductive mode for the floating period.Besides,population analysis was conducted,and it revealed a very low genetic diversity among samples from Subei Shoal and the Qingdao coast in the same year and a higher divergence among samples in different years.The results showed the efficiency of 2b-RAD in the exploration of SNPs in U.prolifera and provided the first genome-wide scale evidence for the origin of the large-scale green tides on the Qingdao coast.This study improved our understanding of the reproductive strategy and genetic diversity of the green tide causative species and will help further reveal the biological causes of the green tide in China.
基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA19060203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42076166,42130411)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2021QD061)the CAS-CSIRO Project Fund(No.GJHZ1888)the Mount Tai Scholar Climbing Plan to Song SUNthe Innovation Team of Fishery Resources and Ecology in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea(No.2020TD01)the Hainan Province Basic and Applied Basic Research Program(Natural Science Field)High-Level Talent Project(No.2019RC353)。
文摘Cyanea nozakii,a common jellyfish distributed in offshore China,has a complex trophic relationship with other zooplankton groups.However,few studies have reported the predation rates and prey selection patterns of C.nozakii medusae on different prey items.Research is also lacking on the intraguild predation of Aurelia coerulea(another common bloom jellyfish in offshore China)by C.nozakii.To address the knowledge gaps,the clearance rates of C.nozakii for different prey items,including copepods(small<1000μm and large>1000μm),fish larvae,and gelatinous prey(hydromedusae,A.coerulea ephyrae,and chaetognaths),were measured.The influence of predator size on the clearance rate was also determined.Additionally,we examined the intraguild predation of C.nozakii on A.coerulea medusae.The clearance rates of C.nozakii varied widely with prey organisms,being independent of prey concentrations.Gelatinous organisms,except for chaetognaths,were captured with considerably high efficiency,followed by fish larvae and copepods,indicating the preferential prey selection of gelatinous organisms by C.nozakii.The clearance rate increased linearly with the cross-sectional area of C.nozakii.Body size in medusae may,to some extents,underpin their capacity to capture more prey by increasing the encounter rate and capture success through ontogeny.C.nozakii preyed voraciously on A.coerulea in high feeding efficiency,but the clearance rate decreased with increasing A.coerulea(as prey)size.This phenomenon of intraguild predation suggests a speculative hypothesis of potential population regulation of A.coerulea by C.nozakii.The information regarding the feeding ecology of C.nozakii reported in this study is important for understanding plankton dynamics in marine ecosystems with extensive occurrences of this jellyfish.
基金the International Science Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.133137KYSB20200002)the Laoshan Laboratory(No.LSKJ202204005)+3 种基金the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China(No.42130411)the International Science Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.121311KYSB20190029)the Aoshan Science and Technology Innovation Program(No.2016ASKJ02-4)the Taishan Scholars Project(to Song SUN)。
文摘The Yellow Sea(YS)and East China Sea(ECS)are highly dynamic marginal seas of the northwestern Pacific Ocean.To gain an in-depth understanding of zooplankton community structure,zooplankton abundance,biovolume,and size structure in summer 2017 in the YS and ECS were assessed using ZooScan imaging analysis.Zooplankton abundance and biovolume ranged 2.94–1187.14 inds./m^(3)and 3.13–3438.51 mm^(3)/m^(3),respectively.Based on the biovolume data of the categorized size classes of 26 identified taxonomic groups,the zooplankton community was classified into five groups,and each group was coupled with distinctive oceanographic features.Under the influence of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass,the Yellow Sea offshore group featured the lowest bottom temperature(10.84±3.42℃)and the most abundant Calanoids(mainly in the 2–3 mm size class).In the Yellow Sea inshore group,Hydrozoans showed the largest biovolume and dominated in the 3–4-mm and>5-mm size classes.The East China Sea offshore group,which was affected by the Kuroshio Branch Current,featured high temperature and salinity,and the lowest bottom dissolved oxygen(2.58±0.5 mg/L).The lowest values of zooplankton abundance and biovolume in the East China Sea offshore group might be attributed to the bottom dissolved oxygen contents.The East China Sea inshore group,which was mainly influenced by the Zhejiang-Fujian Coastal Current and Changjiang Diluted Water,was characterized by high chlorophyll a and the largest biovolume of carnivorous Siphonophores(280.82±303.37 mm^(3)/m^(3)).The Changjiang River estuary offshore group showed the most abundant Cyclopoids,which might be associated with the less turbid water mass in this region.Seawater temperature was considered the most important factor in shaping the size compositions of Calanoids in different groups.
基金This study was funded by the Chongqing Normal University Startup Foundation for PhD(22XLB021)was also supported by the Open Research Project of the State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology,Zhejiang University,China(No.ICT2023B40).
文摘Internet of Things(IoT)is vulnerable to data-tampering(DT)attacks.Due to resource limitations,many anomaly detection systems(ADSs)for IoT have high false positive rates when detecting DT attacks.This leads to the misreporting of normal data,which will impact the normal operation of IoT.To mitigate the impact caused by the high false positive rate of ADS,this paper proposes an ADS management scheme for clustered IoT.First,we model the data transmission and anomaly detection in clustered IoT.Then,the operation strategy of the clustered IoT is formulated as the running probabilities of all ADSs deployed on every IoT device.In the presence of a high false positive rate in ADSs,to deal with the trade-off between the security and availability of data,we develop a linear programming model referred to as a security trade-off(ST)model.Next,we develop an analysis framework for the ST model,and solve the ST model on an IoT simulation platform.Last,we reveal the effect of some factors on the maximum combined detection rate through theoretical analysis.Simulations show that the ADS management scheme can mitigate the data unavailability loss caused by the high false positive rates in ADS.
基金Supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.XDA19060204,XDA23050502)the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China(No.42130411)+4 种基金the Key Deployment Project of Centre for Ocean Mega-Research of ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(No.COMS2019J03)the International Science Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.121311KYSB20190029,133137KYSB20200002)the Laoshan Laboratory(No.LSKJ202204005)the Aoshan Science and Technology Innovation Program(No.2016ASKJ02-4)。
文摘The giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai is the largest and most dangerous jellyfish species in East Asian waters,and the N.nomurai bloom causes serious problem in coastal industries,fisheries,and tourism.In the previous surveys,we found N.nomurai could not be observed in the south of 30°N.In this paper,we analyzed the mechanism of this phenomenon.After exploring the possible impacts of different environmental factors,we found that physical processes are essential to the distribution pattern of N.nomurai rather than biological or chemical factors in the East China Sea.The combination of the location of the initial breeding places of N.nomurai and the current system determine the distribution pattern.This study could provide important insights to the potential control of the giant jellyfish in the Chinese coastal waters.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of Chain(Grant No.2022YFA1403800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11974395,12188101,11925408,12274436,and 11921004)+5 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB33000000)the Center for Materials Genomesupported by the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(Grant No.2021ZD0302403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12274005)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFA1401900)supported by the Informatization Plan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.CASWX2021SF0102)。
文摘The k·p method is significant in condensed matter physics for the compact and analytical Hamiltonian.In the presence of magnetic field,it is described by the effective Zeeman's coupling Hamiltonian with Landég-factors.Here,we develop an open-source package VASP2KP(including two parts:vasp2mat and mat2kp)to compute k·p parameters and Landég-factors directly from the wavefunctions provided by the density functional theory(DFT)as implemented in Vienna ab initio Simulation Package(VASP).First,we develop a VASP patch vasp2mat to compute matrix representations of the generalized momentum operatorπ=p+1/2mc^(2)[s×■V(r)],spin operator s,time reversal operatorT,and crystalline symmetry operatorsR on the DFT wavefunctions.Second,we develop a python code mat2kp to obtain the unitary transformation U that rotates the degenerate DFT basis towards the standard basis,and then automatically compute the k·p parameters and g-factors.The theory and the methodology behind VASP2KP are described in detail.The matrix elements of the operators are derived comprehensively and computed correctly within the projector augmented wave method.We apply this package to some materials,e.g.,Bi2Se3,Na3Bi,Te,InAs and 1H-TMD monolayers.The obtained effective model's dispersions are in good agreement with the DFT data around the specific wave vector,and the g-factors are consistent with experimental data.The VASP2KP package is available at https://github.com/zjwang11/VASP2KP.
文摘“Specialty-innovation integration”is a positive response of higher education to economic and social development needs,and it is also an inherent requirement for the reform and development of higher education.This paper discusses the construction of an“industrial catalysis”curriculum system under the background of specialty-innovation integration.Overall,it raises students’comprehensive quality from three aspects,including teaching content,teaching method,and the concept of specialty-innovation integration,aiming to cultivate students as the innovative talents required by the development of the era for national and regional development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21673214,U1732272)
文摘The nanosheets structured K–Co–MoS_2 catalyst was prepared through a one-step hydrothermal synthesis combined with the wetness impregnation. The fresh catalyst has a high dispersion of Co–Mo–S active phase and no Co_9S_8 is found. The pure H_2 activated catalyst shows a higher intrinsic activity, especially the C_(2+) OH selectivity for the higher alcohol synthesis compared to the one activated by 5% H_2/N_2 atmosphere. The reason is attributed to that the pure H_2 activation more effectively suppresses the formation of Co_9S_8 and stabilizes the Co–Mo–S active phase during the reaction due to the formation of SH species.
基金The NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences under contract No.U1606404the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41230963+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program(973 program)of China under contract Nos 2011CB403604 and G1999043708the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.XDA11020305
文摘Calanus sinicus is a calanoid copepod widely distributed in coastal waters of China and Japan, and oversummering strategies may have major impacts on their population dynamics which in turn affect local marine food web structure. The abundance, stage composition, and sex composition of the planktonic copepod C. sinicus were studied from August to October 2002 in the southern Yellow Sea to understand how its population recovers from the over-summering state. Results showed that C. sinicus had low reproduction in August due to high temperature, except in waters near the Cheju Island with rich food and moderate bottom temperature, but the reproduction rates here decreased in September–October as food availability declined. When temperature dropped in September–October, C. sinicus actively propagated in coastal shallow waters. However, reproduction rates of C. sinicus individuals inhabiting the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) remained low during the three months of the study. The percentage of C. sinicus females was high during the reproductive period, which suggests that the sex composition of adult C. sinicus may reflect whether or not the population is in the reproductive mode.Numerous fifth copepodite stage(CV) C. sinicus aggregated in the YSCWM in a suspended developmental stage during the three months of this study, and they potentially served as the parental individuals for population development when conditions became optimal for reproduction later in the year.
文摘Ultraviolet(UV) radiation has significant effects on ecosystems, environments, and human health, as well as atmospheric processes and climate change. Two ultraviolet radiation datasets are described in this paper. One contains hourly observations of UV radiation measured at 40 Chinese Ecosystem Research Network stations from 2005 to 2015. CUV3 broadband radiometers were used to observe the UV radiation, with an accuracy of 5%, which meets the World Meteorology Organization's measurement standards. The extremum method was used to control the quality of the measured datasets. The other dataset contains daily cumulative UV radiation estimates that were calculated using an all-sky estimation model combined with a hybrid model. The reconstructed daily UV radiation data span from 1961 to 2014. The mean absolute bias error and root-mean-square error are smaller than 30% at most stations, and most of the mean bias error values are negative, which indicates underestimation of the UV radiation intensity. These datasets can improve our basic knowledge of the spatial and temporal variations in UV radiation. Additionally, these datasets can be used in studies of potential ozone formation and atmospheric oxidation, as well as simulations of ecological processes.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFB2203400)the“111 Project”(B20030)+3 种基金the UESTC Shared Research Facilities of Electromagnetic Wave and Matter Interaction(Y0301901290100201)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(ZYGX2019Z018)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61974014)the Innovation Group Project of Sichuan Province(20CXTD0090).
文摘The human visual system,dependent on retinal cells,can be regarded as a complex combination of optical system and nervous system.Artificial retinal system could mimic the sensing and processing function of human eyes.Optically stimulated synaptic devices could serve as the building blocks for artificial retinas and subsequent information transmission system to brain.Herein,photonic synaptic transistors based on polycrystalline MoS_(2),which could simulate human visual perception and brain storage,are presented.Moreover,the photodetection range from visible light to near-infrared light of MoS_(2) multilayer could extend human eyes’vision limitation to near-infrared light.Additionally,the photonic synaptic transistor shows an ultrafast speed within 5μs and ultralow power consumption under optical stimuli about 40 aJ,several orders of magnitude lower than biological synapses(50 ms and 10 fJ).Furthermore,the backgate control could act as emotional modulation of the artificial brain to enhance or suppress memory function,i.e.the intensity of photoresponse.The proposed carrier trapping/detrapping as the main working mechanism is presented for the device.In addition,synaptic functionalities including short synaptic plasticity,long synaptic plasticity and paired-pulse facilitation could be successfully simulated based on the prepared device.Furthermore,the large difference between short synaptic plasticity and long synaptic plasticity reveals the better image pre-processing function of the prepared photonic synapses.The classical Pavlovian conditioning associated with the associative learning is successfully implemented as well.Therefore,the efficient and rich functionalities demonstrate the potential of the MoS_(2) synaptic device that integrates sensing-memory-preprocessing capabilities for realizing artificial neural networks with different emotions that mimic human retina and brain.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1632273,No.21673214,No.U1732272,and No.U1832165)
文摘本文通过简单的水热法制备了一种CdO-CdS-维纳米棒阵列,并系统地研究了材料的结构、形貌及其光电化学性质和产氢活性.所得纳米棒为直径100至200 nm的六方柱.通过优化煅烧温度和时间得到了该实验条件下光电催化性能最优的样品.在0 V vs.Ag/AgCl偏压下,CdO-CdS光电流密度为6.5mA/cm2,光电催化产氢活性为240μmol·cm-2·h-1,几乎是纯CdS的2倍.该体系的光电催化性能超过了许多己报道的相似体系.根据材料结构和光电化学性能表征结果,提出了直接z型光催化机理,该机理可以很好地解释光致载流子的高分离效率和优异的氧化还原性能.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41406159the Science&Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China under contract No.2017FY100803+1 种基金the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation&Assessment Programmes under contract No.CHINARE2016-01-05the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology under contract No.2015ASKJ02
文摘Euphausia superba is a key species in the Southern Ocean that serves as a link between primary production and higher trophic levels.To investigate the feeding strategies of E.superba from the eastern South Shetland Islands,fatty acid biomarkers,stable isotope signatures,and an incubation experiment were conducted.The results of the incubation experiment proved that adult E.superba mainly fed on 2–20μm particles,demonstrating the importance of nanoplankton in their diet.Moreover,significant positive relationships betweenδ15N and body size demonstrated that size-related dietary shifts were present in E.superba.Evidence from principal component analysis and the C16:1ω7/C18:4ω3 ratio showed that juveniles preferentially fed on dinoflagellates and adults were more likely to feed on diatoms.Fatty acid profiles in adult E.superba roughly mirrored the different trophic conditions and feeding strategies between stations.Adult E.superba at Stas D2-07,D5-07,DA-01 and DA-02 exhibited elevated levels of C16:1ω7,C18:4ω3,C18:1ω9 and C18:1ω9/C18:1ω7,indicating higher levels of feeding on both phytoplankton and higher trophic diets.In contrast,adult E.superba at Stas D1-03 and D1-04 were characterized by high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratios and low levels of C16:1ω7,C18:1ω7,C18:4ω3,C18:1ω9 and total fatty acids.We inferred that adult krill at Stas D1-03 and D1-04 still suffered from difficult dietary conditions after overwintering.The different dietary conditions between stations suggest a highly plastic feeding strategy of E.superba in the eastern South Shetland Islands.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1632273, 21673214,U1732272, U1832165).
文摘This study investigated the positive effect of surface modification with ozone on the photocatalytic performance of anatase TiO2 with dominated (001) facets for toluene degradation. The performance of photocatalyst was tested on a home-made volatile organic compounds degradation system. The ozone modification, toluene adsorption and degradation mecha-nism were established by a combination of various characterization methods, in situ diuse reectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculation. The surface modtication with ozone can signiticantly enhance the photocatalytic degradation performance for toluene. The abundant unsaturated coordinated 5c-Ti sites on (001) facets act as the adsorption sites for ozone. The formed Ti-O bonds reacted with H2O to generate a large amount of isolated Ti5c-OH which act as the adsorption sites for toluene, and thus signi- cantly increase the adsorption capacity for toluene. The outstanding photo- catalytic performance of ozone-modified TiO2 is due to its high adsorption ability for toluene and the abundant surface hydroxyl groups, which produce very reactive OH· radicals under irradiation. Furthermore, the O2 generated via ozone dissociation could combine with the photogenerated electrons to form superoxide radicals which are also conductive to the toluene degradation.
文摘A series of Mn-doped K-Co-Mo catalysts were prepared by a sol-gel method. The catalyst structure was well characterized by X-ray diffraction, N<sub>2</sub> physisorption, NH<sub>3</sub> temperature-programmed adsorption, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The catalytic performance for higher alcohol synthesis from syngas was measured. It was found that the Mn-doped catalysts exhibited a much higher activity as compared to the unpromoted catalyst, and in particular the C<sub>2+</sub> alcohol selectivity increased significantly. The distribution of alcohol products deviated from the Anderson-Schulz-Flory law. The portion of methanol in total alcohol was suppressed remarkably and the ethanol became the predominant product. Characterization results indicated that the incorporation of Mn enhanced the interaction of Co and Mo and thus led to the formation of Co-Mo-O species, which was regarded as the active site for the alcohol synthesis. Secondly, the presence of Mn reduced the amount of strong acid sites significantly and meanwhile promoted the formation of weak acid sites, which had a positive effect on the synthesis of alcohol. Furthermore, it was found that the incorporation of Mn can enhance the adsorption of linear- and bridge-type CO significantly, which contributed to the formation of alcohol and growth of carbon chain and thus increased the selectivity to C<sub>2+</sub>OH.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0700205,2017YFA0403402,2019YFA0405602,2017YFA0204904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52002367,21673214,U1732272,U1632273,U1832165)+1 种基金the foundation from Users with Excellence Program of Hefei Science Center CAS(2020HSC-UE001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK2310000093)。
文摘Photodeposition is widely adopted for implanting metal/metal oxide cocatalysts on semiconductors.However,it is prerequisite that the photon energy should be sufficient to excite the host semiconductor.Here,we report a lower-energy irradiation powered deposition strategy for implanting CrO_(x) cocatalyst on TiO_(2).Excitingly,CrO_(x)-400 implanted under visible-light irradiation significantly promotes the CH4 evolution rate on TiO_(2)to 8.4μmolg·^(-1)h^(-1) with selectivity of98%from photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction,which is 15 times of that on CrO_(x)-200 implanted under UV-visible-light irradiation.Moreover,CrO_(x)-400 is identified to be composed of higher valence Cr species compared to CrO_(x)-200.This valence states regulation of Cr species is indicated to provide more active sites for CO_(2) adsorption/activation and to modulate the reaction mechanism from single Cr site to Cr-Cr dual sites,thus endowing the superior CH_(4)production.This work demonstrates an alternative strategy for constructing efficient metal oxides cocatalysts on wide bandgap semiconductor.
基金Supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.XDA23050501,XDA19060201)the Key Program for International S&T Cooperation Projects:Sino-Australian Center for Healthy Coasts(No.2016YFE0101500)+1 种基金the Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences(No.U1606404)the Taishan Scholars Project to SUN Song。
文摘Ophiopholis mirabilis is a common species with a high population density on the western coasts of the northern Pacifi c Ocean.The number of O.mirabilis has been increasing recently in the scallop aquaculture zone(the Zhangzi Island area,northern Yellow Sea)in China.To explore the mechanism of its population variation,the reproductive cycle of O.mirabilis was investigated in this area(39°04′N;122°51′E)from February 2017 through January 2018 and determined by the monthly gonad index(GI),histological examinations of the gonads and the oocyte size-frequency distribution.O.mirabilis had a clear annual reproductive cycle that was synchronous between males and females.Sea temperature and food availability played important roles in O.mirabilis reproduction.The GI value was less reliable for determining reproductive activity in O.mirabilis because the nutritive tissues within the gonads may be utilized to synthesize gametes,leading to a decrease in GI during maturation.The histological results also show that abundant nutritive phagocytes were present in the gonads of O.mirabilis,which,together with the germ cells,aff ected the weight of the gonads.In addition,the mature oocytes of O.mirabilis were relatively small(75–150μm),indicating that the larval development was planktotrophic.This study provided insights into the reproductive patterns and biology of O.mirabilis and is an essential basis for the quantity control of this species in aquaculture areas.
基金The Agriculture Variety Improvement Project of Shandong Province under contract No. 2019LZGC013。
文摘An introduced turbot population was used to establish families and to estimate genetic parameters of the offspring. However, there is a lack of pedigree information, and common environmental effects can be introduced when each full-sib family is raised in a single tank. Therefore, in the genetic evaluation, SSRs(simple sequence repeats) were used to reconstruct the pedigree and to calculate molecular relatedness between individuals, and the early mixed-family culture model was used to remove the impact of the common environmental effects. After100 d of early mixed culture, twenty SSRs were used to cluster 20 families and to calculate paired molecular relationships(n=880). Additive genetic matrices were constructed using molecular relatedness(MR) and pedigree reconstruction(PR) and were then applied to the same animal model to estimate genetic parameters. Based on PR, the heritabilities for body weight and body length were 0.214±0.124 and 0.117±0.141, and based on MR they were 0.101±0.031 and 0.102±0.034, respectively. Cross validation showed that the accuracies of the estimated breeding values based on MR(body weight and body length of 0.717±0.045 and 0.629±0.141, respectively) were higher than those of PR(body weight and body length of 0.692±0.052 and 0.615±0.060, respectively). The MR method ensure availability of all genotyped selection candidates, thereby improving the accuracy of the breeding value estimation.
