Occurrence and mobility of shale oil are prerequisites for evaluating shale oil reserves and prioritizing exploration targets,particularly for heterogeneous lacustrine shales.The Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sa...Occurrence and mobility of shale oil are prerequisites for evaluating shale oil reserves and prioritizing exploration targets,particularly for heterogeneous lacustrine shales.The Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin is a classic lacustrine pure shale reservoir that contains abundant shale oil resources.The predicted geological reserves of the shale are 1.268×10^(9) t.In this study,field emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM),the modular automated processing system(MAPS),pyrolysisgas chromatography(Py-GC),low-pressure nitrogen gas adsorption(LPNA),Soxhlet extraction,pyrolysis,and 2-D nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)were integrated to describe the shale oil components,microscopic occurrence,mobility,and the effective pore size distribution.Meanwhile,the related controlling factors are discussed.The shale oil in the Qingshankou Fm exists dominantly in the matrix pores of the clay minerals,with small amounts distributed in the intergranular pores of terrigenous clastic grains,intercrystalline pores of pyrite,intragranular pores of ostracod shells,and micro-fractures.Shale oil is distributed in the pore spaces of variable sizes in different lithofacies.The clay mineral-laminated shales are characterized by the broadest range of pore size and largest volume of pore spaces with shale oil distribution,while the ostracod-laminated shales have limited pore spaces retaining oil.Furthermore,the proposed integrated analysis evaluates the shale oil molecules existing in two states:movable,and adsorbed oil,respectively.The result illustrates that movable oil takes up 30.6%e79.4%of the total residual oil.TOC,mineral composition,and pore structures of the shale joint together to control the states and mobility of the shale oil.TOC values are positively correlated with the quantities of shale oil regardless of the state of oil.The mineral components significantly impact the state of shale oil.Noticeable differences in the states of oil were observed following the changing types of minerals,possibly due to their difference in adsorption capacity and wettability.Clay minerals attract more adsorbed oil than movable oil.Felsic minerals generally decrease the occurrence of total and adsorbed oil.Carbonate plays a positive role in hydrocarbon retention of all the shale oil states.As for the pore structure,the average pore size exerts a critical impact on the total,movable,and adsorbed oil content.The total pore volume and specific surface area of shales play a principal role in controlling the total yields and amounts of adsorbed oil.This research improves the understanding of the occurrence characteristics and enrichment mechanisms of shale oil in terrestrial pure shales and provides a reference for locating favorable shale oil exploration areas.展开更多
The identification of stratigraphic'sweet-spot'interval is significant in oil and gas formation evaluation.However,formation evaluation in macroscopic-scale merely provides low resolution and limited infor-mat...The identification of stratigraphic'sweet-spot'interval is significant in oil and gas formation evaluation.However,formation evaluation in macroscopic-scale merely provides low resolution and limited infor-mation,thus may lead to uncertainties in resource estimation.To accurately identify the'sweet-spot'intervals amongst heterogeneous lithofacies,we conducted a very high-resolution and quantitative analysis from in-situ macroscopic scale to laboratory microscopic scale on the Goldwyer formation of Canning Basin,Western Australia.The comprehensive advanced well logging and slim-compact micro imager(SCMI)technologies were synthetically applied in couple with the laboratory nanoscaled ex-periments.The results unveiled an extraordinarily large lithofacies heterogeneity between different rock intervals,with distinguished features shown in Goldwyer Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ members.The most favorable lithofacies is recognized as the laminated argillaceous thermally-matured organic matter(OM)-rich mudstone,which is widely developed in Goldwyer Ⅲ as the major attributor to'sweet-spot'intervals.Goldwyer Ⅱ is exclusively characterized by thick mudstone intervals(94.4%),interbedded with thin calcareous mudstones(5.5%),corresponding to a depositional environment of low-energy distal section of the outer ramp settings.Microscopically,the most favorable lithofacies in'sweet-spot'intervals develop numerous OM-/mineral nanopores for hydrocarbon storage.Illite-rich lithofacies develops abundant inter-particle pores from 2 to 17 nm that mainly contribute to pore volume for free gas storage capacity.OM-rich lithofacies with higher maturity have OM-pores with good connectivity,bearing large specific surface area that is beneficial for adsorbed gas capacity.展开更多
Albiziae Flos(AF)has been experimentally proven to have an antidepressant effect.However,due to the complexity of botanical ingredients,the exact pharmacological mechanism of action of AF in depression has not been co...Albiziae Flos(AF)has been experimentally proven to have an antidepressant effect.However,due to the complexity of botanical ingredients,the exact pharmacological mechanism of action of AF in depression has not been completely deciphered.This study used the network pharmacology method to construct a component-target-pathway network to explore the active components and potential mechanisms of action of AF.The methods included collection and screening of chemical components,prediction of depression-associated targets of the active components,gene enrichment,and network construction and analysis.Quercetin and 4 other active components were found to exert an tidepressant effects mainly via monoaminergic neurotransmitters and cAMP signaling and neuroactive ligand・wceptor interaction pathways.DRD2,HTR1 A,and SLC6A4 were identified as important targets of the studied bioactive components of AF.This network pharmacology analysis provides guidance for further study of the antidepressant mechanism of AF.展开更多
Salivary analysis can be used to assess the severity of caries. Of the known salivary proteins, a paucity of information exists concerning the role of proteinase 3(PR3), a serine protease of the chymotrypsin family, i...Salivary analysis can be used to assess the severity of caries. Of the known salivary proteins, a paucity of information exists concerning the role of proteinase 3(PR3), a serine protease of the chymotrypsin family, in dental caries. Whole, unstimulated saliva was collected from children with varying degrees of active caries and tested using a Human Protease Array Kit and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.A significantly decreased concentration of salivary PR3 was noted with increasing severity of dental caries(P,0.01); a positive correlation(r50.87; P,0.01; Pearson's correlation analysis) was also observed between salivary p H and PR3 concentration. In an antibacterial test,a PR3 concentration of 250 ng?m L21 or higher significantly inhibited Streptococcus mutans UA159 growth after 12 h of incubation(P,0.05). These studies indicate that PR3 is a salivary factor associated with the severity of dental caries, as suggested by the negative relationship between salivary PR3 concentration and the severity of caries as well as the susceptibility of S. mutans to PR3.展开更多
The evolution of pore structure in shales is affected by both the thermal evolution of organic matter(OM)and by inorganic diagenesis,resulting in a wide variety of pore structures.This paper examines the OM distributi...The evolution of pore structure in shales is affected by both the thermal evolution of organic matter(OM)and by inorganic diagenesis,resulting in a wide variety of pore structures.This paper examines the OM distribution in lacustrine shales and its influence on pore structure,and describes the process of porosity development.The principal findings are:(i)Three distribution patterns of OM in lacustrine shales are distinguished;laminated continuous distribution,clumped distribution,and stellate scattered distribution.The differences in total organic carbon(TOC)content,free hydrocarbon content(S_(1)),and OM porosity among these distribution patterns are discussed.(ii)Porosity is negatively correlated with TOC and plagioclase content and positively correlated with quartz,dolomite,and clay mineral content.(iii)Pore evolution in lacustrine shales is characterized by a sequence of decreasing-increasing-decreasing porosity,followed by continuously increasing porosity until a relatively stable condition is reached.(iv)A new model for evaluating porosity in lacustrine shales is proposed.Using this model,the organic and inorganic porosity of shales in the Permian Lucaogou Formation are calculated to be 2.5%-5%and 1%-6.3%,respectively,which correlate closely with measured data.These findings may provide a scientific basis and technical support for the sweet spotting in lacustrine shales in China.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project 42090025 and 42202152)Heilongjiang Province open competition projects:“Research on the shale oil phase state,seepage mechanism,and integrated geologicalengineering stimulation technology in the Gulong Sag”and“Research on the diagenetic dynamic evolution process and its coupling relationship with pores and fractures”.
文摘Occurrence and mobility of shale oil are prerequisites for evaluating shale oil reserves and prioritizing exploration targets,particularly for heterogeneous lacustrine shales.The Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin is a classic lacustrine pure shale reservoir that contains abundant shale oil resources.The predicted geological reserves of the shale are 1.268×10^(9) t.In this study,field emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM),the modular automated processing system(MAPS),pyrolysisgas chromatography(Py-GC),low-pressure nitrogen gas adsorption(LPNA),Soxhlet extraction,pyrolysis,and 2-D nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)were integrated to describe the shale oil components,microscopic occurrence,mobility,and the effective pore size distribution.Meanwhile,the related controlling factors are discussed.The shale oil in the Qingshankou Fm exists dominantly in the matrix pores of the clay minerals,with small amounts distributed in the intergranular pores of terrigenous clastic grains,intercrystalline pores of pyrite,intragranular pores of ostracod shells,and micro-fractures.Shale oil is distributed in the pore spaces of variable sizes in different lithofacies.The clay mineral-laminated shales are characterized by the broadest range of pore size and largest volume of pore spaces with shale oil distribution,while the ostracod-laminated shales have limited pore spaces retaining oil.Furthermore,the proposed integrated analysis evaluates the shale oil molecules existing in two states:movable,and adsorbed oil,respectively.The result illustrates that movable oil takes up 30.6%e79.4%of the total residual oil.TOC,mineral composition,and pore structures of the shale joint together to control the states and mobility of the shale oil.TOC values are positively correlated with the quantities of shale oil regardless of the state of oil.The mineral components significantly impact the state of shale oil.Noticeable differences in the states of oil were observed following the changing types of minerals,possibly due to their difference in adsorption capacity and wettability.Clay minerals attract more adsorbed oil than movable oil.Felsic minerals generally decrease the occurrence of total and adsorbed oil.Carbonate plays a positive role in hydrocarbon retention of all the shale oil states.As for the pore structure,the average pore size exerts a critical impact on the total,movable,and adsorbed oil content.The total pore volume and specific surface area of shales play a principal role in controlling the total yields and amounts of adsorbed oil.This research improves the understanding of the occurrence characteristics and enrichment mechanisms of shale oil in terrestrial pure shales and provides a reference for locating favorable shale oil exploration areas.
基金Fundamental Research Programme of Yunnan Province(202201AU070041)the funding of Yunnan University Young Talent Programme(CZ21623201)+2 种基金the funding of State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control in Chongqing University(2011DA105287-FW202106)the funding from the Key Laboratory of Deep-Earth Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources,under the Institute of Geology in Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing(J1901)Much gratitudes for the Department of Mines,Industry Regulation and Safety under the Government of Western Australia for granting us the core samples under Approval Nos.G32825&N00413。
文摘The identification of stratigraphic'sweet-spot'interval is significant in oil and gas formation evaluation.However,formation evaluation in macroscopic-scale merely provides low resolution and limited infor-mation,thus may lead to uncertainties in resource estimation.To accurately identify the'sweet-spot'intervals amongst heterogeneous lithofacies,we conducted a very high-resolution and quantitative analysis from in-situ macroscopic scale to laboratory microscopic scale on the Goldwyer formation of Canning Basin,Western Australia.The comprehensive advanced well logging and slim-compact micro imager(SCMI)technologies were synthetically applied in couple with the laboratory nanoscaled ex-periments.The results unveiled an extraordinarily large lithofacies heterogeneity between different rock intervals,with distinguished features shown in Goldwyer Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ members.The most favorable lithofacies is recognized as the laminated argillaceous thermally-matured organic matter(OM)-rich mudstone,which is widely developed in Goldwyer Ⅲ as the major attributor to'sweet-spot'intervals.Goldwyer Ⅱ is exclusively characterized by thick mudstone intervals(94.4%),interbedded with thin calcareous mudstones(5.5%),corresponding to a depositional environment of low-energy distal section of the outer ramp settings.Microscopically,the most favorable lithofacies in'sweet-spot'intervals develop numerous OM-/mineral nanopores for hydrocarbon storage.Illite-rich lithofacies develops abundant inter-particle pores from 2 to 17 nm that mainly contribute to pore volume for free gas storage capacity.OM-rich lithofacies with higher maturity have OM-pores with good connectivity,bearing large specific surface area that is beneficial for adsorbed gas capacity.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program (973 Program), China (Grant 2014CB239000)China National Science and Technology Major Project (Grant 2011ZX05001)
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31570343).
文摘Albiziae Flos(AF)has been experimentally proven to have an antidepressant effect.However,due to the complexity of botanical ingredients,the exact pharmacological mechanism of action of AF in depression has not been completely deciphered.This study used the network pharmacology method to construct a component-target-pathway network to explore the active components and potential mechanisms of action of AF.The methods included collection and screening of chemical components,prediction of depression-associated targets of the active components,gene enrichment,and network construction and analysis.Quercetin and 4 other active components were found to exert an tidepressant effects mainly via monoaminergic neurotransmitters and cAMP signaling and neuroactive ligand・wceptor interaction pathways.DRD2,HTR1 A,and SLC6A4 were identified as important targets of the studied bioactive components of AF.This network pharmacology analysis provides guidance for further study of the antidepressant mechanism of AF.
基金the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81372892)Sichuan Province Science and Technology Innovation Team Program (JCPT 2011-9)
文摘Salivary analysis can be used to assess the severity of caries. Of the known salivary proteins, a paucity of information exists concerning the role of proteinase 3(PR3), a serine protease of the chymotrypsin family, in dental caries. Whole, unstimulated saliva was collected from children with varying degrees of active caries and tested using a Human Protease Array Kit and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.A significantly decreased concentration of salivary PR3 was noted with increasing severity of dental caries(P,0.01); a positive correlation(r50.87; P,0.01; Pearson's correlation analysis) was also observed between salivary p H and PR3 concentration. In an antibacterial test,a PR3 concentration of 250 ng?m L21 or higher significantly inhibited Streptococcus mutans UA159 growth after 12 h of incubation(P,0.05). These studies indicate that PR3 is a salivary factor associated with the severity of dental caries, as suggested by the negative relationship between salivary PR3 concentration and the severity of caries as well as the susceptibility of S. mutans to PR3.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42072187,42090025)CNPC Key Project of Science and Technology(2021DQ0405)。
文摘The evolution of pore structure in shales is affected by both the thermal evolution of organic matter(OM)and by inorganic diagenesis,resulting in a wide variety of pore structures.This paper examines the OM distribution in lacustrine shales and its influence on pore structure,and describes the process of porosity development.The principal findings are:(i)Three distribution patterns of OM in lacustrine shales are distinguished;laminated continuous distribution,clumped distribution,and stellate scattered distribution.The differences in total organic carbon(TOC)content,free hydrocarbon content(S_(1)),and OM porosity among these distribution patterns are discussed.(ii)Porosity is negatively correlated with TOC and plagioclase content and positively correlated with quartz,dolomite,and clay mineral content.(iii)Pore evolution in lacustrine shales is characterized by a sequence of decreasing-increasing-decreasing porosity,followed by continuously increasing porosity until a relatively stable condition is reached.(iv)A new model for evaluating porosity in lacustrine shales is proposed.Using this model,the organic and inorganic porosity of shales in the Permian Lucaogou Formation are calculated to be 2.5%-5%and 1%-6.3%,respectively,which correlate closely with measured data.These findings may provide a scientific basis and technical support for the sweet spotting in lacustrine shales in China.
