Background:In ruminants,dietary C18:3n-3 can be lost through biohydrogenation in the rumen;and C18:3n-3 that by-passes the rumen still can be lost through oxidation in muscle,theoretically reducing the deposition of C...Background:In ruminants,dietary C18:3n-3 can be lost through biohydrogenation in the rumen;and C18:3n-3 that by-passes the rumen still can be lost through oxidation in muscle,theoretically reducing the deposition of C18:3n-3,the substrate for synthesis of poly-unsaturated fatty acids(n-3 LCPUFA)in muscle.In vitro studies have shown that rumen hydrogenation of C18:3n-3 is reduced by supplementation with palm oil(rich in cis-9 C18:1).In addition,in hepatocytes,studies with neonatal rats have shown that cis-9 C18:1 inhibits the oxidation of C18:3n-3.It therefore seems likely that palm oil could reduce both rumen biohydrogenation of C18:3n-3 and muscle oxidation of C18:3n-3.The present experiment tested whether the addition of palm oil to a linseed oil supplement for goat kids would prevent the losses of C18:3n-3 and thus improve the FA composition in two muscles,Longissimus dorsi and Biceps femoris.To investigate the processes involved,we studied the rumen bacterial communities and measured the mRNA expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in Longissimus dorsi.Sixty 4-month-old castrated male Albas white cashmere kids were randomly allocated among three dietary treatments.All three diets contained the same ingredients in the same proportions,but differed in their fat additives:palm oil(PMO),linseed oil(LSO)or mixed oil(MIX;2 parts linseed oil plus 1 part palm oil on a weight basis).Results:Compared with the LSO diet,the MIX diet decreased the relative abuandance of Pseudobutyrivibrio,a bacterial species that is positively related to the proportional loss rate of dietary C18:3n-3 and that has been reported to generate the ATP required for biohydrogenation(reflecting a decrease in the abundance of rumen bacteria that hydrogenate C18:3n-3 in MIX kids).In muscle,the MIX diet increased concentrations of C18:3n-3,C20:5n-3,C22:6n-3,and n-3 LCPUFA,and thus decreased the n-6/n-3 ratio;decreased the mRNA expression of CPT1β(a gene associated with fatty acid oxidation)and increased the mRNA expression of FADS1 and FADS2(genes associated with n-3 LCPUFA synthesis),compared with the LSO diet.Interestingly,compared to Longissimus dorsi,Biceps femoris had greater concentrations of PUFA,greater ratios of unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids(U/S),and poly-unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids(P/S),but a lesser concentration of saturated fatty acids(SFA).Conclusions:In cashmere goat kids,a combination of linseed and palm oils in the diet increases the muscle concentration of n-3 LCPUFA,apparently by decreasing the relative abundance of rumen bacteria that are positively related to the proportional loss rate of dietary C18:3n-3,by inhibiting mRNA expression of genes related to C18:3n-3 oxidation in muscle,and by up-regulating mRNA expression of genes related to n-3 LCPUFA synthesis in muscle,especially in Longissimus dorsi.展开更多
Background:The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of commercial slow-release urea(SRU)on in vitro fermentation characteristics,nutrient digestibility,gas production,microbial protein synthesis and b...Background:The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of commercial slow-release urea(SRU)on in vitro fermentation characteristics,nutrient digestibility,gas production,microbial protein synthesis and bacterial community using a rumen simulation technique(RUSITEC).The experiment was a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications of each treatment.Treatments were:control diet(no SRU addition),control diet plus 0.28%SRU(U28),or plus 0.56%SRU(U56),and control diet that was modified substituting a part of soybean meal equivalent to 0.35%SRU(MU35;dry matter[DM]basis).The experiment consisted of 8 d of adaptation and 7 d of data and sample collection.Rumen inoculum was obtained from three ruminally fistulated Angus cows fed the same diet to the substrate incubated.Results:Digestibility of DM,organic matter(OM),crude protein(CP),fibre and starch was not affected,but daily production of gas(P<0.07)and methane(P<0.05)was quadratically increased with increasing SRU supplementation.The increase of SRU addition did not affect fermentation pH and total volatile fatty acid(VFA)production,whereas linearly(P<0.01)decreased proportion of propionate,and linearly(P<0.01)increased acetate to propionate ratio and ammonia nitrogen(N)concentration.The microbial N efficiency was also linearly(P<0.03)improved with increasing supplementation of SRU.In comparison with control diet,the dietary substitution of SRU for part of soybean meal increased(P<0.05)the digestibility of DM,OM and CP and decreased(P<0.02)the total gas production.The total VFA production and acetate to propionate ratio did not differ between control and MU35,whereas the proportion of butyrate was lower(P<0.05)and that of branched-chain VFA was greater(P<0.05)with MU35 than control diet.Total and liquid-associated microbial N production as well as ammonia N concentration were greater(P<0.03)with MU35 than control diet.Observed operational taxonomic units(OTUs),Shannon diversity index,and beta diversity of the microbial community did not differ among treatments.Taxonomic analysis revealed no effect of adding SRU on the relative abundance of bacteria at the phylum level,while at the genus level,the beneficial impact of SRU on relative abundance of Rikenellaceae and Prevotellaceae in feed particleassociated bacteria,and the abundance of Roseburia in liquid associate bacteria was greater(P<0.05)with MU35.Conclusions:Supplementation of a dairy cow diet with SRU showed potential of increase in ammonia N concentration and microbial protein production,and change fermentation pattern to more acetate production.Adding SRU in dairy cow diet also showed beneficial effect on improving digestibility of OM and fibre.The results suggest that SRU can partially substitute soybean meal in dairy cow diet to increase microbial protein production without impairing rumen fermentation.展开更多
This experiment was conducted with lactating Chinese Holstein cows to study the nutritional value of local protein feed resources.A three-step method(TSP)and a modifed three-step method(MTSP)were used to measure the i...This experiment was conducted with lactating Chinese Holstein cows to study the nutritional value of local protein feed resources.A three-step method(TSP)and a modifed three-step method(MTSP)were used to measure the in vitro digestibility of rumen undegraded protein(RUP)for 11 feedstufs and correlation.Eleven experimental feeds were chosen and air-dried to investigate the efects of diferent growth periods and varieties on nutrition value and RUP digestibility.The small intestinal digestibility of RUP by TSP in concentrated feed was determined to be higher than that of roughage,approximately 65%.The highest concentrate(79%)was SBM(soybean mean),while the lowest was corn(65%).The proportions of DDGS(with soluble wine lees)and SFM(sunfower meal)were 70.9 and 74.9%,respectively.ASS(alfalfa mowed at the squaring stage)had the highest small intestinal digestibility of RUP(55%)among roughages,and WCS(whole-plant corn silage)had the lowest digestibility(40.5%).When the small intestinal digestibility of RUP was determined using the MTSP method,it exhibited similar results to the TSP method.Nevertheless,the values were generally higher,and there was a strong signifcant correlation between them(R2=0.967,P<0.01).The comparative study of these two methods help us have a better understanding of small intestine digestibility of diferent feeds,make a reasonable feed formula to efectively prevent diseases.展开更多
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Artemisia argyi aqueous extract(AAE) on antioxidant indexes in the small intestine. A total of 192 Arbor Acre broiler chickens(one-day-old) were randomly di...The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Artemisia argyi aqueous extract(AAE) on antioxidant indexes in the small intestine. A total of 192 Arbor Acre broiler chickens(one-day-old) were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 6 replicates of 8 chickens. These 4 diets were formulated by adding 0, 500,1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg AAE to the basal diet. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control, the total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC) in ileum for the 2,000 mg/kg treatment group was significantly increased at 21 days of age(P < 0.05); the T-AOC levels in jejunum and ileum were significantly increased in broilers supplemented with 500 mg/kg AAE at 42 days of age(P < 0.05), and the T-AOC levels in jejunum and ileum were significantly improved in 1,000 mg/kg treatment group(P < 0.01), 2) At 21 days of age, supplementation of 500 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the catalase(CAT) activity of small intestine, and the glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity of jejunum was improved(P < 0.01), meanwhile, the GSH-Px activity of duodenum and the total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD) activity of duodenum and jejunum were significantly higher than those of the control group(P < 0.05); supplementation of 1,000 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the CAT activity of duodenum and ileum and the GSH-Px activity of duodenum and jejunum(P < 0.05), and the ileum GSH-Px activity was significantly increased(P < 0.01); supplementation of 2,000 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the CAT activity of duodenum and ileum(P < 0.05). At 42 days of age, supplementation of 500 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the GSH-Px activity of ileum and the T-SOD activity of duodenum(P < 0.05),meanwhile, the T-SOD activity of jejunum was significantly increased(P < 0.01); supplementation of1,000 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the CAT activity of jejunum and the T-SOD activity of ileum(P < 0.01), and the GSH-Px activity of jejunum was significantly increased(P < 0.05); supplementation of2,000 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the T-SOD activity of ileum(P < 0.05), but significantly decreased the CAT activity of ileum and the GSH-Px activity of jejunum(P < 0.05). 3) The malondialdehyde(MDA) levels of 3 AAE supplementation groups were significantly decreased at 21 and 42 days of age(P < 0.05). The results suggested that dietary supplementation with AAE could improve the antioxidative capacity of small intestine in broilers.展开更多
Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) was selected as a stimulus to investigate its effect on cell viability and oxidative stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMEC) by detecting the cell relative growth rate(RGR),antioxidant ...Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) was selected as a stimulus to investigate its effect on cell viability and oxidative stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMEC) by detecting the cell relative growth rate(RGR),antioxidant indicators and inflammatory factors. This information was used to provide the theoretical basis for the establishment of a LPS-induced oxidative damage model. The experiment was divided into two parts. The first part used a two-factor experimental design to determine the appropriate incubation time of LPS by detecting the RGR. The third-passage BMEC were divided into 24 groups with six replicates in each group. The first factor was LPS concentration, which was 0(control), 0.1,1.0 and 10.0 μg/mL;the second factor was LPS incubation time(2,4, 6, 8,12 and 24 h). The optimum LPS incubation time was6 h according to the results of the first part of the experiment. The second part of the experiment was conducted using a single-factor experimental design, and the third-passage cells were divided into four groups with six replicates in each group. The cells were incubated with culture medium containing different concentrations of LPS(0 [control], 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 μg/mL) for 6 h to select the appropriate concentration of LPS to measure the antioxidant indicators and inflammatory factors. The results showed the RGR was significantly reduced as the concentration of LPS and the incubation time increased;the interaction between concentration and incubation time was also significant. The cells treated with0.1 μg/mL of LPS for 6 h had no significant difference in the activities of glutathione peroxidase(GPx) and superoxide dismutase(SOD)(P > 0.05) compared with the cells in the control group. On the contrary,catalase(CAT) activity and malondialdehyde(MDA) content were markedly lower and higher, respectively, in the 0.1 μg/mL LPS-treated group for 6 h compared with the control group(P < 0.05). The activities of GPx, CAT and SOD in the BMEC treated with 1.0 or 10.0 μg/mL of LPS were significantly lower compared with the cells treated with 0.1 μg/mL of LPS and cells in the control group after 6 h of incubation; however, the opposite trend was detected in MDA content. There was no significant(P > 0.05)difference between the 10.0 and 1.0 μg/mL LPS-treated groups. Compared with the control group,interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and nitric oxide concentrations and the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the 0.1 μg/mL LPS-treated group significantly increased(P < 0.0001), but the levels of tumour necrosis factor did not significantly change(P > 0.05). All of observed indicators were higher in the 1.0 and 10.0 μg/mL LPS-treated groups(P < 0.0001) compared with the other groups, but there was no significant(P> 0.05) difference between the 1.0 and 10.0 μg/mL LPS-treated groups. The results indicated that a concentration of 1.0 μg/mL of LPS and an incubation time of 6 h were the optimum conditions necessary to induce oxidative stress in the BMEC and establish a model for oxidative damage.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Project No.31760685)the National Key R&D Program of China(Project No.2017YFD0500504).
文摘Background:In ruminants,dietary C18:3n-3 can be lost through biohydrogenation in the rumen;and C18:3n-3 that by-passes the rumen still can be lost through oxidation in muscle,theoretically reducing the deposition of C18:3n-3,the substrate for synthesis of poly-unsaturated fatty acids(n-3 LCPUFA)in muscle.In vitro studies have shown that rumen hydrogenation of C18:3n-3 is reduced by supplementation with palm oil(rich in cis-9 C18:1).In addition,in hepatocytes,studies with neonatal rats have shown that cis-9 C18:1 inhibits the oxidation of C18:3n-3.It therefore seems likely that palm oil could reduce both rumen biohydrogenation of C18:3n-3 and muscle oxidation of C18:3n-3.The present experiment tested whether the addition of palm oil to a linseed oil supplement for goat kids would prevent the losses of C18:3n-3 and thus improve the FA composition in two muscles,Longissimus dorsi and Biceps femoris.To investigate the processes involved,we studied the rumen bacterial communities and measured the mRNA expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in Longissimus dorsi.Sixty 4-month-old castrated male Albas white cashmere kids were randomly allocated among three dietary treatments.All three diets contained the same ingredients in the same proportions,but differed in their fat additives:palm oil(PMO),linseed oil(LSO)or mixed oil(MIX;2 parts linseed oil plus 1 part palm oil on a weight basis).Results:Compared with the LSO diet,the MIX diet decreased the relative abuandance of Pseudobutyrivibrio,a bacterial species that is positively related to the proportional loss rate of dietary C18:3n-3 and that has been reported to generate the ATP required for biohydrogenation(reflecting a decrease in the abundance of rumen bacteria that hydrogenate C18:3n-3 in MIX kids).In muscle,the MIX diet increased concentrations of C18:3n-3,C20:5n-3,C22:6n-3,and n-3 LCPUFA,and thus decreased the n-6/n-3 ratio;decreased the mRNA expression of CPT1β(a gene associated with fatty acid oxidation)and increased the mRNA expression of FADS1 and FADS2(genes associated with n-3 LCPUFA synthesis),compared with the LSO diet.Interestingly,compared to Longissimus dorsi,Biceps femoris had greater concentrations of PUFA,greater ratios of unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids(U/S),and poly-unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids(P/S),but a lesser concentration of saturated fatty acids(SFA).Conclusions:In cashmere goat kids,a combination of linseed and palm oils in the diet increases the muscle concentration of n-3 LCPUFA,apparently by decreasing the relative abundance of rumen bacteria that are positively related to the proportional loss rate of dietary C18:3n-3,by inhibiting mRNA expression of genes related to C18:3n-3 oxidation in muscle,and by up-regulating mRNA expression of genes related to n-3 LCPUFA synthesis in muscle,especially in Longissimus dorsi.
基金financially supported by the Alberta Agriculture and Forestry(#2015E006R)King Techina Feed Co.,Ltd.(Hangzhou, China)。
文摘Background:The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of commercial slow-release urea(SRU)on in vitro fermentation characteristics,nutrient digestibility,gas production,microbial protein synthesis and bacterial community using a rumen simulation technique(RUSITEC).The experiment was a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications of each treatment.Treatments were:control diet(no SRU addition),control diet plus 0.28%SRU(U28),or plus 0.56%SRU(U56),and control diet that was modified substituting a part of soybean meal equivalent to 0.35%SRU(MU35;dry matter[DM]basis).The experiment consisted of 8 d of adaptation and 7 d of data and sample collection.Rumen inoculum was obtained from three ruminally fistulated Angus cows fed the same diet to the substrate incubated.Results:Digestibility of DM,organic matter(OM),crude protein(CP),fibre and starch was not affected,but daily production of gas(P<0.07)and methane(P<0.05)was quadratically increased with increasing SRU supplementation.The increase of SRU addition did not affect fermentation pH and total volatile fatty acid(VFA)production,whereas linearly(P<0.01)decreased proportion of propionate,and linearly(P<0.01)increased acetate to propionate ratio and ammonia nitrogen(N)concentration.The microbial N efficiency was also linearly(P<0.03)improved with increasing supplementation of SRU.In comparison with control diet,the dietary substitution of SRU for part of soybean meal increased(P<0.05)the digestibility of DM,OM and CP and decreased(P<0.02)the total gas production.The total VFA production and acetate to propionate ratio did not differ between control and MU35,whereas the proportion of butyrate was lower(P<0.05)and that of branched-chain VFA was greater(P<0.05)with MU35 than control diet.Total and liquid-associated microbial N production as well as ammonia N concentration were greater(P<0.03)with MU35 than control diet.Observed operational taxonomic units(OTUs),Shannon diversity index,and beta diversity of the microbial community did not differ among treatments.Taxonomic analysis revealed no effect of adding SRU on the relative abundance of bacteria at the phylum level,while at the genus level,the beneficial impact of SRU on relative abundance of Rikenellaceae and Prevotellaceae in feed particleassociated bacteria,and the abundance of Roseburia in liquid associate bacteria was greater(P<0.05)with MU35.Conclusions:Supplementation of a dairy cow diet with SRU showed potential of increase in ammonia N concentration and microbial protein production,and change fermentation pattern to more acetate production.Adding SRU in dairy cow diet also showed beneficial effect on improving digestibility of OM and fibre.The results suggest that SRU can partially substitute soybean meal in dairy cow diet to increase microbial protein production without impairing rumen fermentation.
基金Inner Mongolia Health Science and Technology Project(202201108)Inner Mongolia Medical University Youth Training Project(YKD2021QN006).
文摘This experiment was conducted with lactating Chinese Holstein cows to study the nutritional value of local protein feed resources.A three-step method(TSP)and a modifed three-step method(MTSP)were used to measure the in vitro digestibility of rumen undegraded protein(RUP)for 11 feedstufs and correlation.Eleven experimental feeds were chosen and air-dried to investigate the efects of diferent growth periods and varieties on nutrition value and RUP digestibility.The small intestinal digestibility of RUP by TSP in concentrated feed was determined to be higher than that of roughage,approximately 65%.The highest concentrate(79%)was SBM(soybean mean),while the lowest was corn(65%).The proportions of DDGS(with soluble wine lees)and SFM(sunfower meal)were 70.9 and 74.9%,respectively.ASS(alfalfa mowed at the squaring stage)had the highest small intestinal digestibility of RUP(55%)among roughages,and WCS(whole-plant corn silage)had the lowest digestibility(40.5%).When the small intestinal digestibility of RUP was determined using the MTSP method,it exhibited similar results to the TSP method.Nevertheless,the values were generally higher,and there was a strong signifcant correlation between them(R2=0.967,P<0.01).The comparative study of these two methods help us have a better understanding of small intestine digestibility of diferent feeds,make a reasonable feed formula to efectively prevent diseases.
文摘The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Artemisia argyi aqueous extract(AAE) on antioxidant indexes in the small intestine. A total of 192 Arbor Acre broiler chickens(one-day-old) were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 6 replicates of 8 chickens. These 4 diets were formulated by adding 0, 500,1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg AAE to the basal diet. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control, the total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC) in ileum for the 2,000 mg/kg treatment group was significantly increased at 21 days of age(P < 0.05); the T-AOC levels in jejunum and ileum were significantly increased in broilers supplemented with 500 mg/kg AAE at 42 days of age(P < 0.05), and the T-AOC levels in jejunum and ileum were significantly improved in 1,000 mg/kg treatment group(P < 0.01), 2) At 21 days of age, supplementation of 500 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the catalase(CAT) activity of small intestine, and the glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity of jejunum was improved(P < 0.01), meanwhile, the GSH-Px activity of duodenum and the total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD) activity of duodenum and jejunum were significantly higher than those of the control group(P < 0.05); supplementation of 1,000 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the CAT activity of duodenum and ileum and the GSH-Px activity of duodenum and jejunum(P < 0.05), and the ileum GSH-Px activity was significantly increased(P < 0.01); supplementation of 2,000 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the CAT activity of duodenum and ileum(P < 0.05). At 42 days of age, supplementation of 500 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the GSH-Px activity of ileum and the T-SOD activity of duodenum(P < 0.05),meanwhile, the T-SOD activity of jejunum was significantly increased(P < 0.01); supplementation of1,000 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the CAT activity of jejunum and the T-SOD activity of ileum(P < 0.01), and the GSH-Px activity of jejunum was significantly increased(P < 0.05); supplementation of2,000 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the T-SOD activity of ileum(P < 0.05), but significantly decreased the CAT activity of ileum and the GSH-Px activity of jejunum(P < 0.05). 3) The malondialdehyde(MDA) levels of 3 AAE supplementation groups were significantly decreased at 21 and 42 days of age(P < 0.05). The results suggested that dietary supplementation with AAE could improve the antioxidative capacity of small intestine in broilers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 31160466)
文摘Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) was selected as a stimulus to investigate its effect on cell viability and oxidative stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMEC) by detecting the cell relative growth rate(RGR),antioxidant indicators and inflammatory factors. This information was used to provide the theoretical basis for the establishment of a LPS-induced oxidative damage model. The experiment was divided into two parts. The first part used a two-factor experimental design to determine the appropriate incubation time of LPS by detecting the RGR. The third-passage BMEC were divided into 24 groups with six replicates in each group. The first factor was LPS concentration, which was 0(control), 0.1,1.0 and 10.0 μg/mL;the second factor was LPS incubation time(2,4, 6, 8,12 and 24 h). The optimum LPS incubation time was6 h according to the results of the first part of the experiment. The second part of the experiment was conducted using a single-factor experimental design, and the third-passage cells were divided into four groups with six replicates in each group. The cells were incubated with culture medium containing different concentrations of LPS(0 [control], 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 μg/mL) for 6 h to select the appropriate concentration of LPS to measure the antioxidant indicators and inflammatory factors. The results showed the RGR was significantly reduced as the concentration of LPS and the incubation time increased;the interaction between concentration and incubation time was also significant. The cells treated with0.1 μg/mL of LPS for 6 h had no significant difference in the activities of glutathione peroxidase(GPx) and superoxide dismutase(SOD)(P > 0.05) compared with the cells in the control group. On the contrary,catalase(CAT) activity and malondialdehyde(MDA) content were markedly lower and higher, respectively, in the 0.1 μg/mL LPS-treated group for 6 h compared with the control group(P < 0.05). The activities of GPx, CAT and SOD in the BMEC treated with 1.0 or 10.0 μg/mL of LPS were significantly lower compared with the cells treated with 0.1 μg/mL of LPS and cells in the control group after 6 h of incubation; however, the opposite trend was detected in MDA content. There was no significant(P > 0.05)difference between the 10.0 and 1.0 μg/mL LPS-treated groups. Compared with the control group,interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and nitric oxide concentrations and the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the 0.1 μg/mL LPS-treated group significantly increased(P < 0.0001), but the levels of tumour necrosis factor did not significantly change(P > 0.05). All of observed indicators were higher in the 1.0 and 10.0 μg/mL LPS-treated groups(P < 0.0001) compared with the other groups, but there was no significant(P> 0.05) difference between the 1.0 and 10.0 μg/mL LPS-treated groups. The results indicated that a concentration of 1.0 μg/mL of LPS and an incubation time of 6 h were the optimum conditions necessary to induce oxidative stress in the BMEC and establish a model for oxidative damage.
