Plant cell walls are a critical site where plants and pathogens continuously struggle for physiological domi-nance.Here we show that dynamic remodeling of pectin methylesterification of plant cell walls is a compo-nen...Plant cell walls are a critical site where plants and pathogens continuously struggle for physiological domi-nance.Here we show that dynamic remodeling of pectin methylesterification of plant cell walls is a compo-nent of the physiological and co-evolutionary struggles between hosts and pathogens.A pectin methyles-terase(PsPME1)secreted by Phytophthora sojae decreases the degree of pectin methylesterification,thus synergizing with an endo-polygalacturonase(PsPG1)to weaken plant cell walls.To counter PsPME1-mediated susceptibility,a plant-derived pectin methylesterase inhibitor protein,GmPMl1,protects pectin to maintain a high methylesterification status.GmPMl1 protects plant cell walls from enzymatic degrada-tion by inhibiting both soybean and P.sojae pectin methylesterases during infection.However,constitutive expression of GmPMl1 disrupted the trade-off between host growth and defense responses.We therefore used AlphaFold structure tools to design a modified form of GmPMI1(GmPMI1R)that specifically targets and inhibits pectin methylesterases secreted from pathogens but notfrom plants.Transient expression of GmPMi1R enhanced plant resistance to oomycete and fungal pathogens.In summary,our work highlights the biochemical modification of the cell wall as an important focal point in the physiological and co-evolutionary conflict between hosts and microbes,providing an important proof of concept that Al-driven structure-based tools can accelerate the development of new strategies for plant protection.展开更多
Phytopathogens secrete effectors to promote colonization of their host plants.These effectors modulate host immune responses by interfering with various pathways,but little is known about their biochemical activities....Phytopathogens secrete effectors to promote colonization of their host plants.These effectors modulate host immune responses by interfering with various pathways,but little is known about their biochemical activities.Several recent reports indicate that some phytopathogen effectors have Nudix hydrolase activity,including Avr3b from Phytophthora sojae(Dong et al.,2011),AvrM14 from Melampsora lini (McCombe et al.,2023),and RipN from Ralstonia solanacearum (Sun et al.,2019).展开更多
Plants can be infected by multiple pathogens concurrently in natural systems. However,pathogen–pathogen interactions have rarely been studied. In addition to the oomycete Phytophthora sojae, fungi such as Fusarium sp...Plants can be infected by multiple pathogens concurrently in natural systems. However,pathogen–pathogen interactions have rarely been studied. In addition to the oomycete Phytophthora sojae, fungi such as Fusarium spp. also cause soybean root rot. In a 3-year field investigation, we discovered that P. sojae and Fusarium spp. frequently coexisted in diseased soybean roots. Out of 336 P. sojae–soybean–Fusarium combinations,more than 80% aggravated disease. Different Fusarium species all enhanced P. sojae infection when co-inoculated on soybean. Treatment with Fusarium secreted non-proteinaceous metabolites had an effect equal to the direct pathogen coinoculation. By screening a Fusarium graminearum mutant library, we identified Fusarium promoting factor of Phytophthora sojae infection 1(Fpp1),encoding a zinc alcohol dehydrogenase. Fpp1 is functionally conserved in Fusarium and contributes to metabolite-mediated infection promotion, in which vitamin B6(VB6) produced by Fusarium is key. Transcriptional and functional analyses revealed that Fpp1 regulates two VB6 metabolism genes, and VB6 suppresses expression of soybean disease resistance-related genes. These results reveal that co-infection with Fusarium promotes loss of P. sojae resistance in soybean, information that will inform the sustainable use of diseaseresistant crop varieties and provide new strategies to control soybean root rot.展开更多
Plants secrete defense molecules into the extracellular space (the apoplast) to combat attacking microbes. However, the mechanisms by which successful pathogens subvert plant apoplastic immunity remain poorly understo...Plants secrete defense molecules into the extracellular space (the apoplast) to combat attacking microbes. However, the mechanisms by which successful pathogens subvert plant apoplastic immunity remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that PsAvh240, a membrane-localized effector of the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae, promotes P. sojae infection in soybean hairy roots. We found that PsAvh240 interacts with the soybean-resistant aspartic protease GmAP1 in planta and suppresses the secretion of GmAP1 into the apoplast. By solving its crystal structure we revealed that PsAvh240 contain six a helices and two WY motifs. The first two a helices of PsAvh240 are responsible for its plasma membrane-localization and are required for PsAvh240's interaction with GmAP1. The second WY motifs of two PsAvh240 molecules form a handshake arrangement resulting in a handshake-like dimer. This dimerization is required for the effector's repression of GmAP1 secretion. Taken together, these data reveal that PsAvh240 localizes at the plasma membrane to interfere with GmAP1 secretion, which represents an effective mechanism by which effector proteins suppress plant apoplastic immunity.展开更多
Potato(Solanum tuberosum)is the most consumed non-cereal food crop.Most commercial potato cultivars are autotetraploids with highly heterozygous genomes,severely hampering genetic analyses and improvement.By leveragin...Potato(Solanum tuberosum)is the most consumed non-cereal food crop.Most commercial potato cultivars are autotetraploids with highly heterozygous genomes,severely hampering genetic analyses and improvement.By leveraging the state-of-the-art sequencing technologies and polyploid graph binning,we achieved a chromosome-scale,haplotype-resolved genome assembly of a cultivated potato,Cooperation-88(C88).lntra-haplotype comparative analyses revealed extensive sequence and expression differences in this tetraploid genome.We identified haplotype-specific pericentromeres on chromosomes,suggesting a distinct evolutionary trajectory of potato homologous centromeres.Furthermore,we detected double reduction events that are unevenly distributed on haplotypes in 1021 of 1034 selfing progeny,a feature of autopolyploid inheritance.By distinguishing maternal and paternal haplotype sets in C88,we simulated the origin of heterosis in cultivated tetraploid with a survey of 3110 tetra-allelic loci with deleterious mutations,which were masked in the heterozygous condition bytwo parents.This study provides insights into the genomic architecture of autopolyploids and will guide their breeding.展开更多
Alternative splicing(AS)of pre-mRNAs increases transcriptome and proteome diversity,regulates gene expression through multiple mechanisms,and plays important roles in plant development and stress responses.However,the...Alternative splicing(AS)of pre-mRNAs increases transcriptome and proteome diversity,regulates gene expression through multiple mechanisms,and plays important roles in plant development and stress responses.However,the prevalence of genome-wide plant AS changes during infection and the mechanisms by which pathogens modulate AS remain poorly understood.Here,we examined the global AS changes in tomato leaves infected with Phytophthora infestans,the infamous Irish famine pathogen.We show that more than 2000 genes exhibiting significant changes in AS are not differentially expressed,indicating that AS is a distinct layer of transcriptome reprogramming during plant-pathogen interactions.Furthermore,our results show that P.infestans subverts host immunity by repressing the AS of positive regulators of plant immunity and promoting the AS of susceptibility factors.To study the underlying mechanism,we established a luminescence-based AS reporter system in Nicotiana benthamiana to screen pathogen effectors modulating plant AS.We identified nine splicing regulatory effectors(SREs)from 87 P.infestans effectors.Further studies revealed that SRE3 physically binds U1-70K to manipulate the plant AS machinery and subsequently modulates AS-mediated plant immunity.Our study not only unveils genome-wide plant AS reprogramming during infection but also establishes a novel AS screening tool to identify SREs from a wide range of plant pathogens,providing opportunities to understand the splicing regulatory mechanisms through which pathogens subvert plant immunity.展开更多
Plant pathogens rely on effector proteins to suppress host innate immune responses and facilitate colonization.Although the Phytophthora sojae RxLR effector Avh241 promotes Phytophthora infection,the molecular basis o...Plant pathogens rely on effector proteins to suppress host innate immune responses and facilitate colonization.Although the Phytophthora sojae RxLR effector Avh241 promotes Phytophthora infection,the molecular basis of Avh241 virulence remains poorly understood.Here we identified non-race specific disease resistance 1(NDR1)-like proteins,the critical components in plant effector-triggered immunity(ETI)responses,as host targets of Avh241.Avh241 interacts with NDR1 in the plasma membrane and suppresses NDR1-participated ETI responses.Silencing of GmNDR1s increases the susceptibility of soybean to P.sojae infection,and overexpression of GmNDR1s reduces infection,which supports its positive role in plant immunity against P.sojae.Furthermore,we demonstrate that GmNDR1 interacts with itself,and Avh241 probably disrupts the self-association of GmNDR1.These data highlight an effective counter-defense mechanism by which a Phytophthora effector suppresses plant immune responses,likely by disturbing the function of NDR1 during infection.展开更多
Pathogen avirulence(Avr) effectors interplay with corresponding plant resistance(R) proteins and activate robust plant immune responses. Although the expression pattern of Avr genes has been tied to their functions fo...Pathogen avirulence(Avr) effectors interplay with corresponding plant resistance(R) proteins and activate robust plant immune responses. Although the expression pattern of Avr genes has been tied to their functions for a long time, it is still not clear how Avr gene expression patterns impact plant-microbe interactions. Here, we selected Ps Avr3b, which shows a typical effector gene expression pattern from a soybean root pathogen Phytophthora sojae. To modulate gene expression, we engineered Ps Avr3b promoter sequences by in situ substitution with promoter sequences from Actin(constitutive expression), Ps XEG1(early expression), and Ps NLP1(later expression) using the CRISPR/Cas9. Ps Avr3b driven by different promoters resulted in distinct expression levels across all R the tested infection time points. Importantly, those mutants with low Ps Avr3b expression successfully colonized soybean plants carrying the cognate R gene Rps3b. To dissect the difference in plant responses to the Ps Avr3b expression level, we conducted RNA-sequencing of different infection samples at 24 h postinfection and found soybean immune genes,including a few previously unknown genes that are associated with resistance. Our study highlights that fine-tuning in Avr gene expression impacts the compatibility of plant disease and provides clues to improve crop resistance in disease control management.展开更多
Plants not only provide food and natural materials for humankind, but also constitute an indispensable part of the ecological system of this planet:without plants, life as we know it would simply not be possible. Thro...Plants not only provide food and natural materials for humankind, but also constitute an indispensable part of the ecological system of this planet:without plants, life as we know it would simply not be possible. Through their lifespans,plants interact with a plethora of other organisms, including beneficial microbes and potential pathogens. Dissecting the underlying mechanisms determining the outcome of plant biotic interactions is a cornerstone for the design of rational management strategies to secure global food production and ecological balance.展开更多
Breeding of disease-resistant and high-yield crops is essential to meet the increasing food demand of the global population.However,the breeding of such crops remains a significant challenge for scientists and breeder...Breeding of disease-resistant and high-yield crops is essential to meet the increasing food demand of the global population.However,the breeding of such crops remains a significant challenge for scientists and breeders.Two recent discoveries may help to overcome this challenge:the discovery of a novel molecular framework to fine-tune disease resistance and yields that includes epigenetic regulation of antagonistic immune receptors,and the discovery of a Ca^(2+)sensor-mediated immune repression network that enables the transfer of subspecies-specific and broad-spectrum disease resistance.These breakthroughs provide a promising roadmap for the future breeding of disease resistant crops.展开更多
Alternative splicing(AS)regulation of pre-mRNA has been proven to be one of the fundamental layers of plant immune system.How pathogens disrupt plant AS process to suppress plant immunity by secreted effectors remain ...Alternative splicing(AS)regulation of pre-mRNA has been proven to be one of the fundamental layers of plant immune system.How pathogens disrupt plant AS process to suppress plant immunity by secreted effectors remain poorly understood.In the recent study,Gui et al.revealed that a previously identified effector PSR1 of Phytophthora interferes with host RNA splicing machinery to modulate small RNA biogenesis,leading to compromised plant immu-nity.The study provided a novel insight into the importance of AS process during pathogen-host interactions.展开更多
Correction to:Stress Biol 1,21(2021)https://doi.org/10.1007/s44154-021-00023-0 Following publication of this article(Wang&Dong,2021),it is reported that this article contained two errors.1.The name of the 2nd auth...Correction to:Stress Biol 1,21(2021)https://doi.org/10.1007/s44154-021-00023-0 Following publication of this article(Wang&Dong,2021),it is reported that this article contained two errors.1.The name of the 2nd author should be‘Suomeng Dong’and this has been reflected in this Correction;2.The reference‘Hout B et al.,2014’and its corresponding citation should be removed.展开更多
Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat(NLR)proteins make up the largest immune receptor family in plants.Although many studies have put effort into revealing the working mechanism of NLRs,the activation det...Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat(NLR)proteins make up the largest immune receptor family in plants.Although many studies have put effort into revealing the working mechanism of NLRs,the activation details of plant NLRs still remain obscure.Recently,two remarkable works resolved the structures of a plant NLR protein,the Arabidopsis thaliana HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE1(ZAR1),both in resting and activation states.The activated ZAR1 with its partner proteins form a wheel-like pentamer called resistosome that is thought to be able to trigger cell death by perturbing plasma membrane integrity.These findings greatly further our understanding of plant immune system.展开更多
In the article by Shi et al.,published online on December 06,2019,the figure of the stepwise activation of ZAR1 unexpectedly resembled Fig.1 of the article of Adachi et al.(Adachi H,Kamoun S,Maqbool A.Nat Plants,2019,...In the article by Shi et al.,published online on December 06,2019,the figure of the stepwise activation of ZAR1 unexpectedly resembled Fig.1 of the article of Adachi et al.(Adachi H,Kamoun S,Maqbool A.Nat Plants,2019,5(5):457–458).To avoid any confusion,the authors replaced Fig.1 with a revised version and amended the figure caption.展开更多
基金supported bythe National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1001500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32102172)and(31721004)+1 种基金the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX2021130)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M700074).
文摘Plant cell walls are a critical site where plants and pathogens continuously struggle for physiological domi-nance.Here we show that dynamic remodeling of pectin methylesterification of plant cell walls is a compo-nent of the physiological and co-evolutionary struggles between hosts and pathogens.A pectin methyles-terase(PsPME1)secreted by Phytophthora sojae decreases the degree of pectin methylesterification,thus synergizing with an endo-polygalacturonase(PsPG1)to weaken plant cell walls.To counter PsPME1-mediated susceptibility,a plant-derived pectin methylesterase inhibitor protein,GmPMl1,protects pectin to maintain a high methylesterification status.GmPMl1 protects plant cell walls from enzymatic degrada-tion by inhibiting both soybean and P.sojae pectin methylesterases during infection.However,constitutive expression of GmPMl1 disrupted the trade-off between host growth and defense responses.We therefore used AlphaFold structure tools to design a modified form of GmPMI1(GmPMI1R)that specifically targets and inhibits pectin methylesterases secreted from pathogens but notfrom plants.Transient expression of GmPMi1R enhanced plant resistance to oomycete and fungal pathogens.In summary,our work highlights the biochemical modification of the cell wall as an important focal point in the physiological and co-evolutionary conflict between hosts and microbes,providing an important proof of concept that Al-driven structure-based tools can accelerate the development of new strategies for plant protection.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFF1001500)National Natural Science Foundation of China (31721004, 32202261)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20210156)。
文摘Phytopathogens secrete effectors to promote colonization of their host plants.These effectors modulate host immune responses by interfering with various pathways,but little is known about their biochemical activities.Several recent reports indicate that some phytopathogen effectors have Nudix hydrolase activity,including Avr3b from Phytophthora sojae(Dong et al.,2011),AvrM14 from Melampsora lini (McCombe et al.,2023),and RipN from Ralstonia solanacearum (Sun et al.,2019).
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (3217237431721004)the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-004-PS14)。
文摘Plants can be infected by multiple pathogens concurrently in natural systems. However,pathogen–pathogen interactions have rarely been studied. In addition to the oomycete Phytophthora sojae, fungi such as Fusarium spp. also cause soybean root rot. In a 3-year field investigation, we discovered that P. sojae and Fusarium spp. frequently coexisted in diseased soybean roots. Out of 336 P. sojae–soybean–Fusarium combinations,more than 80% aggravated disease. Different Fusarium species all enhanced P. sojae infection when co-inoculated on soybean. Treatment with Fusarium secreted non-proteinaceous metabolites had an effect equal to the direct pathogen coinoculation. By screening a Fusarium graminearum mutant library, we identified Fusarium promoting factor of Phytophthora sojae infection 1(Fpp1),encoding a zinc alcohol dehydrogenase. Fpp1 is functionally conserved in Fusarium and contributes to metabolite-mediated infection promotion, in which vitamin B6(VB6) produced by Fusarium is key. Transcriptional and functional analyses revealed that Fpp1 regulates two VB6 metabolism genes, and VB6 suppresses expression of soybean disease resistance-related genes. These results reveal that co-infection with Fusarium promotes loss of P. sojae resistance in soybean, information that will inform the sustainable use of diseaseresistant crop varieties and provide new strategies to control soybean root rot.
基金supported by grants to Yuanchao Wang from the China National Funds for Innovative Research Groups(31721004)the key program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31430073)+2 种基金the Chinese Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(CARS-004-PS14)the National Key R&D Program of China(SQ2018YFD020042)Research in the W.X.laboratory is supported by the Chinese Thousand Talents Plan and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.B.G.is supported by the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX18.0662).
文摘Plants secrete defense molecules into the extracellular space (the apoplast) to combat attacking microbes. However, the mechanisms by which successful pathogens subvert plant apoplastic immunity remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that PsAvh240, a membrane-localized effector of the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae, promotes P. sojae infection in soybean hairy roots. We found that PsAvh240 interacts with the soybean-resistant aspartic protease GmAP1 in planta and suppresses the secretion of GmAP1 into the apoplast. By solving its crystal structure we revealed that PsAvh240 contain six a helices and two WY motifs. The first two a helices of PsAvh240 are responsible for its plasma membrane-localization and are required for PsAvh240's interaction with GmAP1. The second WY motifs of two PsAvh240 molecules form a handshake arrangement resulting in a handshake-like dimer. This dimerization is required for the effector's repression of GmAP1 secretion. Taken together, these data reveal that PsAvh240 localizes at the plasma membrane to interfere with GmAP1 secretion, which represents an effective mechanism by which effector proteins suppress plant apoplastic immunity.
基金supported by the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(2021B0301030004)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ZDRW202101)to S.H.This work was also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.31561143006 to G.L.and 32001601 to Y.L.).
文摘Potato(Solanum tuberosum)is the most consumed non-cereal food crop.Most commercial potato cultivars are autotetraploids with highly heterozygous genomes,severely hampering genetic analyses and improvement.By leveraging the state-of-the-art sequencing technologies and polyploid graph binning,we achieved a chromosome-scale,haplotype-resolved genome assembly of a cultivated potato,Cooperation-88(C88).lntra-haplotype comparative analyses revealed extensive sequence and expression differences in this tetraploid genome.We identified haplotype-specific pericentromeres on chromosomes,suggesting a distinct evolutionary trajectory of potato homologous centromeres.Furthermore,we detected double reduction events that are unevenly distributed on haplotypes in 1021 of 1034 selfing progeny,a feature of autopolyploid inheritance.By distinguishing maternal and paternal haplotype sets in C88,we simulated the origin of heterosis in cultivated tetraploid with a survey of 3110 tetra-allelic loci with deleterious mutations,which were masked in the heterozygous condition bytwo parents.This study provides insights into the genomic architecture of autopolyploids and will guide their breeding.
基金the Chinese National Science Fund(31901862,31772144,31721004)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(SBK2019040604)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M640494)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Uni-versities(JCQY201904,KYXK202010).
文摘Alternative splicing(AS)of pre-mRNAs increases transcriptome and proteome diversity,regulates gene expression through multiple mechanisms,and plays important roles in plant development and stress responses.However,the prevalence of genome-wide plant AS changes during infection and the mechanisms by which pathogens modulate AS remain poorly understood.Here,we examined the global AS changes in tomato leaves infected with Phytophthora infestans,the infamous Irish famine pathogen.We show that more than 2000 genes exhibiting significant changes in AS are not differentially expressed,indicating that AS is a distinct layer of transcriptome reprogramming during plant-pathogen interactions.Furthermore,our results show that P.infestans subverts host immunity by repressing the AS of positive regulators of plant immunity and promoting the AS of susceptibility factors.To study the underlying mechanism,we established a luminescence-based AS reporter system in Nicotiana benthamiana to screen pathogen effectors modulating plant AS.We identified nine splicing regulatory effectors(SREs)from 87 P.infestans effectors.Further studies revealed that SRE3 physically binds U1-70K to manipulate the plant AS machinery and subsequently modulates AS-mediated plant immunity.Our study not only unveils genome-wide plant AS reprogramming during infection but also establishes a novel AS screening tool to identify SREs from a wide range of plant pathogens,providing opportunities to understand the splicing regulatory mechanisms through which pathogens subvert plant immunity.
基金supported by the Natural ScienceFoundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20190520)the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China(31721004,32001882)the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20180142)。
文摘Plant pathogens rely on effector proteins to suppress host innate immune responses and facilitate colonization.Although the Phytophthora sojae RxLR effector Avh241 promotes Phytophthora infection,the molecular basis of Avh241 virulence remains poorly understood.Here we identified non-race specific disease resistance 1(NDR1)-like proteins,the critical components in plant effector-triggered immunity(ETI)responses,as host targets of Avh241.Avh241 interacts with NDR1 in the plasma membrane and suppresses NDR1-participated ETI responses.Silencing of GmNDR1s increases the susceptibility of soybean to P.sojae infection,and overexpression of GmNDR1s reduces infection,which supports its positive role in plant immunity against P.sojae.Furthermore,we demonstrate that GmNDR1 interacts with itself,and Avh241 probably disrupts the self-association of GmNDR1.These data highlight an effective counter-defense mechanism by which a Phytophthora effector suppresses plant immune responses,likely by disturbing the function of NDR1 during infection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772144,31721004)。
文摘Pathogen avirulence(Avr) effectors interplay with corresponding plant resistance(R) proteins and activate robust plant immune responses. Although the expression pattern of Avr genes has been tied to their functions for a long time, it is still not clear how Avr gene expression patterns impact plant-microbe interactions. Here, we selected Ps Avr3b, which shows a typical effector gene expression pattern from a soybean root pathogen Phytophthora sojae. To modulate gene expression, we engineered Ps Avr3b promoter sequences by in situ substitution with promoter sequences from Actin(constitutive expression), Ps XEG1(early expression), and Ps NLP1(later expression) using the CRISPR/Cas9. Ps Avr3b driven by different promoters resulted in distinct expression levels across all R the tested infection time points. Importantly, those mutants with low Ps Avr3b expression successfully colonized soybean plants carrying the cognate R gene Rps3b. To dissect the difference in plant responses to the Ps Avr3b expression level, we conducted RNA-sequencing of different infection samples at 24 h postinfection and found soybean immune genes,including a few previously unknown genes that are associated with resistance. Our study highlights that fine-tuning in Avr gene expression impacts the compatibility of plant disease and provides clues to improve crop resistance in disease control management.
文摘Plants not only provide food and natural materials for humankind, but also constitute an indispensable part of the ecological system of this planet:without plants, life as we know it would simply not be possible. Through their lifespans,plants interact with a plethora of other organisms, including beneficial microbes and potential pathogens. Dissecting the underlying mechanisms determining the outcome of plant biotic interactions is a cornerstone for the design of rational management strategies to secure global food production and ecological balance.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172420)and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KYXK202009ZJ21195012).S.D.received support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(31721004).
文摘Breeding of disease-resistant and high-yield crops is essential to meet the increasing food demand of the global population.However,the breeding of such crops remains a significant challenge for scientists and breeders.Two recent discoveries may help to overcome this challenge:the discovery of a novel molecular framework to fine-tune disease resistance and yields that includes epigenetic regulation of antagonistic immune receptors,and the discovery of a Ca^(2+)sensor-mediated immune repression network that enables the transfer of subspecies-specific and broad-spectrum disease resistance.These breakthroughs provide a promising roadmap for the future breeding of disease resistant crops.
基金supported by grants from the Chinese National Science Fund(32130088,31972252)C.G.has been supported by grants from the Chinese National Science Fund(32102234)+1 种基金National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX2021131)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M681644).
文摘Alternative splicing(AS)regulation of pre-mRNA has been proven to be one of the fundamental layers of plant immune system.How pathogens disrupt plant AS process to suppress plant immunity by secreted effectors remain poorly understood.In the recent study,Gui et al.revealed that a previously identified effector PSR1 of Phytophthora interferes with host RNA splicing machinery to modulate small RNA biogenesis,leading to compromised plant immu-nity.The study provided a novel insight into the importance of AS process during pathogen-host interactions.
文摘Correction to:Stress Biol 1,21(2021)https://doi.org/10.1007/s44154-021-00023-0 Following publication of this article(Wang&Dong,2021),it is reported that this article contained two errors.1.The name of the 2nd author should be‘Suomeng Dong’and this has been reflected in this Correction;2.The reference‘Hout B et al.,2014’and its corresponding citation should be removed.
基金This study was supported by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
文摘Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat(NLR)proteins make up the largest immune receptor family in plants.Although many studies have put effort into revealing the working mechanism of NLRs,the activation details of plant NLRs still remain obscure.Recently,two remarkable works resolved the structures of a plant NLR protein,the Arabidopsis thaliana HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE1(ZAR1),both in resting and activation states.The activated ZAR1 with its partner proteins form a wheel-like pentamer called resistosome that is thought to be able to trigger cell death by perturbing plasma membrane integrity.These findings greatly further our understanding of plant immune system.
文摘In the article by Shi et al.,published online on December 06,2019,the figure of the stepwise activation of ZAR1 unexpectedly resembled Fig.1 of the article of Adachi et al.(Adachi H,Kamoun S,Maqbool A.Nat Plants,2019,5(5):457–458).To avoid any confusion,the authors replaced Fig.1 with a revised version and amended the figure caption.
