While a plethora of studies has been conducted to explore demotivation and its impact on mental health in second language(L2)education,scanty research focuses on demotivation in L2 speaking learning.Particularly,littl...While a plethora of studies has been conducted to explore demotivation and its impact on mental health in second language(L2)education,scanty research focuses on demotivation in L2 speaking learning.Particularly,little research explores the measures to quantify L2 speaking demotivation.The present two-phase study attempts to develop and validate an English Speaking Demotivation Scale(ESDS).To this end,an independent sample of 207 Chinese tertiary learners of English as a Foreign Language(EFL)participated in the development phase,and another group of 188 Chinese EFL learners was recruited for the validation of the scale.Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA)and Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA)were employed to determine the factor structure of the scale.The EFA results revealed a six-factor solution with Teacher-related Factors in Learning Spoken English(TFLSE),Interest and Valence in Learning Spoken English(IVLSE),Self-efficacy in Learning Spoken English(SELSE),Negative Peer Influence in Learning Spoken English(NPILSE),Undesirable Environment for Learning Spoken English(UELSE),and Negative Influence of Assessment and Learning Materials in speaking class(NIALM).In the validation phase,Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA)was performed to validate the internal structure of the scale.The CFA results showed that the model fits the data well.Overall,the ESDS is a robust and trustworthy psychometric tool that could be utilized to examine L2 speaking demotivation.Implications for diminishing EFL learners’demotivation,lessening their aversive emotions and promoting their mental health are also discussed.展开更多
天然气资源丰富、价格低廉,因而被广泛用作燃料.天然气的主要成分是甲烷,未燃烧完的甲烷所产生的温室效应是二氧化碳的21倍,所带来的环境问题引起越来越多的研究者关注.但甲烷是最稳定的非极性有机小分子,C–H键能高达434 k J/mol,大多...天然气资源丰富、价格低廉,因而被广泛用作燃料.天然气的主要成分是甲烷,未燃烧完的甲烷所产生的温室效应是二氧化碳的21倍,所带来的环境问题引起越来越多的研究者关注.但甲烷是最稳定的非极性有机小分子,C–H键能高达434 k J/mol,大多数催化剂很难将其在很低的温度在完全转化.C?H键的活化解离是催化甲烷燃烧最关键的一步,而活化C–H键方式主要有两大类:(1)均裂活化机制,一般用在贵金属催化剂上;(2)异裂活化机制,往往发生在过渡金属氧化物上.比较而言,贵金属催化剂,尤其是Pd,往往具有更优异的低温催化活性,但价格昂贵,从而限制了其广泛使用.因此,开发更加高效的非贵金属催化剂用于废气中未转化的甲烷完全氧化是亟待解决的问题.含有Co和Ni的尖晶石氧化物具有良好的催化甲烷燃烧活性,有望代替贵金属催化剂,但要求在低于400°C完全转化,仍具有一定挑战.另一方面,Ni^(3+)和Co^(3+)哪个是活性中心,还具有一定争议.因此,我们通过水热法和共沉淀法合成一系列表面暴露不同数目的Ni^(3+)和Co^(3+)来探究表面高氧化态Co和Ni跟活性之间的关系.XRD和TEM结果表明,相比于水热法合成的水热法合成的发生明显的晶格收缩现象,这是由于在尖晶石体相中大量小半径Ni^(3+)(0.053 nm)取代了大半径Co^(3+)(0.055 nm)所致.同时还发现,水热合成的尖晶石具有多孔纳米片层结构,相比于共沉淀法合成的尖晶石具有更大的比表面积,催化活性也更高.XPS分析发现,催化甲烷燃烧的活性随着表面含量增加而提高.结合文献分析和本文的实验结果推测,表面的Ni^(3+)和Co^(3+)都可作为解离C?H键的活性中心.水热60小时合成的纳米片表面的数量最多,所以具有最优异的催化性能,大约在280°C甲烷转化50%.当加入10%(体积比)的水,在高空速工况下对催化活性影响不大,主要是因为长时间水热合成的尖晶石表面缺陷少,对水的吸附弱,这可通过O 1s图谱得到印证.总之,这些研究结果能够给甲烷活化和开发更加高效和低成本催化剂一些启示.展开更多
Background:Circular RNA(circRNA)is a type of closed circular noncoding RNA(ncRNA),mostly formed by back-splicing or alternative splicing of pre-messenger RNA(mRNA).The aim of this study was to explore the expression p...Background:Circular RNA(circRNA)is a type of closed circular noncoding RNA(ncRNA),mostly formed by back-splicing or alternative splicing of pre-messenger RNA(mRNA).The aim of this study was to explore the expression profile of circRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)of patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS)and discover potential molecular markers of AS.Methods:The circRNA microarray technology was used to detect the expression of circRNAs in the peripheral blood of 6 patients with AS and 6 healthy controls(HC).To screen the differentially expressed circRNAs by fold change(FC)andP value,these differentially expressed circRNAs were analyzed by bioinformatics.In 60 cases of AS and 30 cases of HC,4 circRNAs were subjected to real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR),and their correlation with various clinical indicators was analyzed.Finally,the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze their potential as AS diagnostic markers.Results:The microarray results showed that there were 1369 significantly differently expressed(P<0.05,FC>1.5)circRNAs between the AS and HC groups(675 upregulated and 694 downregulated).The results of bioinformatics analysis suggested that they were mainly involved in"enzyme binding,""adenosine ribonucleotide binding,""MAPK signaling pathway",etc.The RT-qPCR results showed that the expressions of hsacircRNA001544(U=486.5,P<0.05)and hsacircRNA102532(U=645,P<0.05)were significantly different between the AS group and the HC group.The AS group was further divided into two subgroups:active AS(ASA)and stable AS(ASS).After analysis,it was found that compared with the HC group,hsacircRNA001544 was significantly increased in both ASA(U=214,P<0.05)and ASS groups(U=273,P<0.05),while hsacircRNA008961(U=250,P<0.05)and hsacircRNA102532(U=295,P<0.05)were only significantly increased in the ASA group.Furthermore,hsacircRNA012732 was significantly different between the ASA and ASS groups(U=194,P<0.05),and there was no statistical significance among the remaining groups.Correlation analysis results showed that hsacircRNA012732 was negatively correlated with Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index(BASDAI),high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hsCRP),and globulin(GLOB)and positively correlated with lymphocyte count(LY),mean corpusular volume,and albumin(ALB),and hsacircRNA008961 was negatively correlated with platelet(PLT)count.ROC curve analysis showed that hsacircRNA001544(95%CI=0.610-0.831,P<0.05)and hsacircRNA102532(95%CI=0.521-0.762,P<0.05)were statistically significant,and their area under curve(AUC)values were 0.720 and 0.642,respectively.Conclusions:There are differentially expressed circRNAs in PBMCs of AS patients,and they may be involved in the occurrence and development of AS.Among these differentially expressed circRNAs,hsacircRNA012732 has the potential to become an indicator of disease activity,and hsacircRNA001544 has the potential to become a molecular marker for AS diagnosis.展开更多
基金the Humanities and Social Sciences Project,China’s Ministry of Education(Grant Number:22YJA740016)the Key Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education Philosophy and Social Science Research Fund(No.21ZD051)the Teaching and Research Fund of Hubei University of Technology(No.Xiao2022018).
文摘While a plethora of studies has been conducted to explore demotivation and its impact on mental health in second language(L2)education,scanty research focuses on demotivation in L2 speaking learning.Particularly,little research explores the measures to quantify L2 speaking demotivation.The present two-phase study attempts to develop and validate an English Speaking Demotivation Scale(ESDS).To this end,an independent sample of 207 Chinese tertiary learners of English as a Foreign Language(EFL)participated in the development phase,and another group of 188 Chinese EFL learners was recruited for the validation of the scale.Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA)and Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA)were employed to determine the factor structure of the scale.The EFA results revealed a six-factor solution with Teacher-related Factors in Learning Spoken English(TFLSE),Interest and Valence in Learning Spoken English(IVLSE),Self-efficacy in Learning Spoken English(SELSE),Negative Peer Influence in Learning Spoken English(NPILSE),Undesirable Environment for Learning Spoken English(UELSE),and Negative Influence of Assessment and Learning Materials in speaking class(NIALM).In the validation phase,Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA)was performed to validate the internal structure of the scale.The CFA results showed that the model fits the data well.Overall,the ESDS is a robust and trustworthy psychometric tool that could be utilized to examine L2 speaking demotivation.Implications for diminishing EFL learners’demotivation,lessening their aversive emotions and promoting their mental health are also discussed.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81974250)Nanchong City Science and Technology Project(No.18SXHZ0522)。
文摘Background:Circular RNA(circRNA)is a type of closed circular noncoding RNA(ncRNA),mostly formed by back-splicing or alternative splicing of pre-messenger RNA(mRNA).The aim of this study was to explore the expression profile of circRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)of patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS)and discover potential molecular markers of AS.Methods:The circRNA microarray technology was used to detect the expression of circRNAs in the peripheral blood of 6 patients with AS and 6 healthy controls(HC).To screen the differentially expressed circRNAs by fold change(FC)andP value,these differentially expressed circRNAs were analyzed by bioinformatics.In 60 cases of AS and 30 cases of HC,4 circRNAs were subjected to real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR),and their correlation with various clinical indicators was analyzed.Finally,the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze their potential as AS diagnostic markers.Results:The microarray results showed that there were 1369 significantly differently expressed(P<0.05,FC>1.5)circRNAs between the AS and HC groups(675 upregulated and 694 downregulated).The results of bioinformatics analysis suggested that they were mainly involved in"enzyme binding,""adenosine ribonucleotide binding,""MAPK signaling pathway",etc.The RT-qPCR results showed that the expressions of hsacircRNA001544(U=486.5,P<0.05)and hsacircRNA102532(U=645,P<0.05)were significantly different between the AS group and the HC group.The AS group was further divided into two subgroups:active AS(ASA)and stable AS(ASS).After analysis,it was found that compared with the HC group,hsacircRNA001544 was significantly increased in both ASA(U=214,P<0.05)and ASS groups(U=273,P<0.05),while hsacircRNA008961(U=250,P<0.05)and hsacircRNA102532(U=295,P<0.05)were only significantly increased in the ASA group.Furthermore,hsacircRNA012732 was significantly different between the ASA and ASS groups(U=194,P<0.05),and there was no statistical significance among the remaining groups.Correlation analysis results showed that hsacircRNA012732 was negatively correlated with Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index(BASDAI),high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hsCRP),and globulin(GLOB)and positively correlated with lymphocyte count(LY),mean corpusular volume,and albumin(ALB),and hsacircRNA008961 was negatively correlated with platelet(PLT)count.ROC curve analysis showed that hsacircRNA001544(95%CI=0.610-0.831,P<0.05)and hsacircRNA102532(95%CI=0.521-0.762,P<0.05)were statistically significant,and their area under curve(AUC)values were 0.720 and 0.642,respectively.Conclusions:There are differentially expressed circRNAs in PBMCs of AS patients,and they may be involved in the occurrence and development of AS.Among these differentially expressed circRNAs,hsacircRNA012732 has the potential to become an indicator of disease activity,and hsacircRNA001544 has the potential to become a molecular marker for AS diagnosis.
