Background Although the link between gut microbiota and depression has been suggested,changes of gut microbiota vary largely among individuals with depression.Aims Explore the heterogeneity of microbiota-gut-brain axi...Background Although the link between gut microbiota and depression has been suggested,changes of gut microbiota vary largely among individuals with depression.Aims Explore the heterogeneity of microbiota-gut-brain axis and new pathogenic characteristics in murine models of depression.Methods Adolescent female mice were randomly divided into control(CON)group(n=10),chronic unexpected mild stress(CUMS)group(n=15)and dexamethasone(DEX)group(n=15).Mice in the DEX group were gavaged twice a day with 0.2 mg/kg of DEX for 5 weeks,whereas CON mice were given the same amount of solvent.Mice in the CUMS group were exposed to stressors.After behavioural evaluations,all mice were sacrificed for harvesting tissues and blood samples.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was conducted for measuring levels of corticosterone(CORT)and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)in sera,whereas levels of protein expression in colon and hippocampal tissues were examined by western blot.Faecal microbial communities were analysed by sequencing 16S rDNAs.Results Mice in CUMS and DEX groups exhibited severe depression-like behaviours.Compared with CON mice,CUMS-exposed mice showed a significant increase in bothαandβdiversity.Prevotellaceae and Desulfovibrio were enriched,whereas Bacilli were decreased in the faeces of mice in the CUMS group.DEX-treated mice had a decrease in the abundance of Clostridium XVIII.Levels of occludin in colon tissue of DEX-treated mice were reduced.Relative to mice in the CON and CUMS groups,DEX-treated mice contained higher serum levels of CORT and IL-1β.Compared with CON mice,mice in the DEX and CUMS groups had higher levels of IL-1βin sera and lower levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP),Nestin,Synapsin-1 and P2Y12 receptor in the hippocampus.Conclusions Changes of gut microbiota diversity,intestinal integrity and neuroinflammation in the brain contribute to CUMS-induced depression,whereas pathobionts and excessive immunosuppression with damaged neuronal synapses is a basis of the DEX-induced depression.展开更多
Hydroxy gas (HHO) is one of the potential alternative fuels for spark ignition (SI) engine,notably due to simultaneous increase in engine performance and reduction in exhaust emissions.However,impact of HHO gas on lub...Hydroxy gas (HHO) is one of the potential alternative fuels for spark ignition (SI) engine,notably due to simultaneous increase in engine performance and reduction in exhaust emissions.However,impact of HHO gas on lubrication oil for longer periods of engine operation has not yet been studied.Current study focuses on investigation of the effect of gasoline,CNG and CNG-HHO blend on lubrication oil deterioration along with engine performance and emissions in SI engine.HHO unit produces HHO gas at 4.72 L/min by using 6 g/L of KOH in the aqueous solution.CNG was supplied to the test engine at a pressure of 0.11 MPa using an electronically controlled solenoid valve.Engine tests were carried out at different speeds at 80%open throttle condition and various performance parameters such as brake power (BP),brake specific fuel consumption(BSFC),brake thermal efficiency (BTE),exhaust gas temperature and exhaust emissions (HC,CO_(2),CO and NO_(x))were investigated.In addition,various lubrication oil samples were extracted over 120 h of engine running while topping for drain out volume and samples were analyzed as per ASTM standards.CNG-HHO blend exhibited better performance i.e.,15.4%increase in average BP in comparison to CNG,however,15.1%decrease was observed when compared to gasoline.CNG-HHO outperformed gasoline and CNG in the case of HC,CO_(2),CO and brake specific fuel consumption (31.1%decrease in comparison to gasoline).On the other hand,CNG-HHO produced higher average NO_(x) (12.9%) when compared to CNG only.Furthermore,lubrication oil condition(kinematic viscosity,water contents,flash point and total base number (TBN)),wear debris (Iron (Fe),Aluminum(Al),Copper (Cu),Chromium (Cr)) and additives depletion (Zinc (Zn),Calcium (Ca)) presented a significant degradation in the case of CNG-HHO blend as compared to gasoline and CNG.Lubrication oil analyses illustrated 19.6%,12.8%and 14.2%decrease in average viscosity,flash point and TBN for CNG-HHO blend respectively.However,average water contents,Fe,Al and Cu mass concentration appeared 2.7%,25×10^(-6),19×10^(-6),and 22×10^(-6) in lubrication oil for CNG-HHO respectively.展开更多
基金This project was supported by the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders(NO.13dz2260500)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81871122)Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(ZH2018QNA59).
文摘Background Although the link between gut microbiota and depression has been suggested,changes of gut microbiota vary largely among individuals with depression.Aims Explore the heterogeneity of microbiota-gut-brain axis and new pathogenic characteristics in murine models of depression.Methods Adolescent female mice were randomly divided into control(CON)group(n=10),chronic unexpected mild stress(CUMS)group(n=15)and dexamethasone(DEX)group(n=15).Mice in the DEX group were gavaged twice a day with 0.2 mg/kg of DEX for 5 weeks,whereas CON mice were given the same amount of solvent.Mice in the CUMS group were exposed to stressors.After behavioural evaluations,all mice were sacrificed for harvesting tissues and blood samples.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was conducted for measuring levels of corticosterone(CORT)and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)in sera,whereas levels of protein expression in colon and hippocampal tissues were examined by western blot.Faecal microbial communities were analysed by sequencing 16S rDNAs.Results Mice in CUMS and DEX groups exhibited severe depression-like behaviours.Compared with CON mice,CUMS-exposed mice showed a significant increase in bothαandβdiversity.Prevotellaceae and Desulfovibrio were enriched,whereas Bacilli were decreased in the faeces of mice in the CUMS group.DEX-treated mice had a decrease in the abundance of Clostridium XVIII.Levels of occludin in colon tissue of DEX-treated mice were reduced.Relative to mice in the CON and CUMS groups,DEX-treated mice contained higher serum levels of CORT and IL-1β.Compared with CON mice,mice in the DEX and CUMS groups had higher levels of IL-1βin sera and lower levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP),Nestin,Synapsin-1 and P2Y12 receptor in the hippocampus.Conclusions Changes of gut microbiota diversity,intestinal integrity and neuroinflammation in the brain contribute to CUMS-induced depression,whereas pathobionts and excessive immunosuppression with damaged neuronal synapses is a basis of the DEX-induced depression.
文摘Hydroxy gas (HHO) is one of the potential alternative fuels for spark ignition (SI) engine,notably due to simultaneous increase in engine performance and reduction in exhaust emissions.However,impact of HHO gas on lubrication oil for longer periods of engine operation has not yet been studied.Current study focuses on investigation of the effect of gasoline,CNG and CNG-HHO blend on lubrication oil deterioration along with engine performance and emissions in SI engine.HHO unit produces HHO gas at 4.72 L/min by using 6 g/L of KOH in the aqueous solution.CNG was supplied to the test engine at a pressure of 0.11 MPa using an electronically controlled solenoid valve.Engine tests were carried out at different speeds at 80%open throttle condition and various performance parameters such as brake power (BP),brake specific fuel consumption(BSFC),brake thermal efficiency (BTE),exhaust gas temperature and exhaust emissions (HC,CO_(2),CO and NO_(x))were investigated.In addition,various lubrication oil samples were extracted over 120 h of engine running while topping for drain out volume and samples were analyzed as per ASTM standards.CNG-HHO blend exhibited better performance i.e.,15.4%increase in average BP in comparison to CNG,however,15.1%decrease was observed when compared to gasoline.CNG-HHO outperformed gasoline and CNG in the case of HC,CO_(2),CO and brake specific fuel consumption (31.1%decrease in comparison to gasoline).On the other hand,CNG-HHO produced higher average NO_(x) (12.9%) when compared to CNG only.Furthermore,lubrication oil condition(kinematic viscosity,water contents,flash point and total base number (TBN)),wear debris (Iron (Fe),Aluminum(Al),Copper (Cu),Chromium (Cr)) and additives depletion (Zinc (Zn),Calcium (Ca)) presented a significant degradation in the case of CNG-HHO blend as compared to gasoline and CNG.Lubrication oil analyses illustrated 19.6%,12.8%and 14.2%decrease in average viscosity,flash point and TBN for CNG-HHO blend respectively.However,average water contents,Fe,Al and Cu mass concentration appeared 2.7%,25×10^(-6),19×10^(-6),and 22×10^(-6) in lubrication oil for CNG-HHO respectively.
