The role of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in ischemic and reperfusion(I/R)injury of the heart has been discussed for more than 40 years.It has been demonstrated that reperfusion triggers a multiple increase in free radi...The role of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in ischemic and reperfusion(I/R)injury of the heart has been discussed for more than 40 years.It has been demonstrated that reperfusion triggers a multiple increase in free radical generation in the isolated heart.Antioxidants were found to have the ability to mitigate I/R injury of the heart.However,it is unclear whether their cardioprotective effect truly depends on the decrease of ROS levels in myocardial tissues.Since high doses and high concentrations of antioxidants were experimentally used,it is highly likely that the cardioprotective effect of antioxidants depends on their interaction not only with free radicals but also with other molecules.It has been demonstrated that the antioxidant N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine or NDPH oxidase knockout abolished the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning.Consequently,there is evidence that ROS protect the heart against the I/R injury.展开更多
Reproductive tract infections pose an immense public health concern worldwide as over 600 million new cases are recorded annually along with several complications,including infertility,ectopic pregnancy,preterm delive...Reproductive tract infections pose an immense public health concern worldwide as over 600 million new cases are recorded annually along with several complications,including infertility,ectopic pregnancy,preterm delivery,and neonatal death.Despite improved understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenic invasion,the etiopathogenesis of reproductive tract infections is yet to be completely understood.Recent data has suggested a critical role of bitter taste receptors of the reproductive tract in etiopathogenesis of reproductive tract infections.Here,we review the literature on current etiopathogenesis of reproductive tract infections and the role of bitter taste receptors of the reproductive tract in etiopathogenesis of reproductive tract infections.Emerging evidence suggests a critical role of microbiota disorder of the reproductive tract in reproductive tract infections.Several bacterial,protozoan parasitic,helminthic parasitic and viral pathogens have been identified as causative agents of reproductive tract infections.These pathogens subvert host defenses and activate specific architectural units of the uroepithelium such as Toll-like receptors,which recognize conserved motifs on the pathogens.The activated Toll-like receptors mediate downstream signaling,stimulating nuclear factor-κB,which in turn activates the production of proinflammatory cytokines.This pathway is also associated with recruitment of immunocytes to the site of aggression and release of proteinases,which drive tissue damage in the reproductive tract.Defects in detection of pathogenic components by the bitter taste receptors of the reproductive tract may play a critical role in the etiopathogenesis of reproductive tract infections.This review provides important information for identification of novel frontiers for the treatment of reproductive tract infections.展开更多
文摘The role of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in ischemic and reperfusion(I/R)injury of the heart has been discussed for more than 40 years.It has been demonstrated that reperfusion triggers a multiple increase in free radical generation in the isolated heart.Antioxidants were found to have the ability to mitigate I/R injury of the heart.However,it is unclear whether their cardioprotective effect truly depends on the decrease of ROS levels in myocardial tissues.Since high doses and high concentrations of antioxidants were experimentally used,it is highly likely that the cardioprotective effect of antioxidants depends on their interaction not only with free radicals but also with other molecules.It has been demonstrated that the antioxidant N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine or NDPH oxidase knockout abolished the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning.Consequently,there is evidence that ROS protect the heart against the I/R injury.
文摘Reproductive tract infections pose an immense public health concern worldwide as over 600 million new cases are recorded annually along with several complications,including infertility,ectopic pregnancy,preterm delivery,and neonatal death.Despite improved understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenic invasion,the etiopathogenesis of reproductive tract infections is yet to be completely understood.Recent data has suggested a critical role of bitter taste receptors of the reproductive tract in etiopathogenesis of reproductive tract infections.Here,we review the literature on current etiopathogenesis of reproductive tract infections and the role of bitter taste receptors of the reproductive tract in etiopathogenesis of reproductive tract infections.Emerging evidence suggests a critical role of microbiota disorder of the reproductive tract in reproductive tract infections.Several bacterial,protozoan parasitic,helminthic parasitic and viral pathogens have been identified as causative agents of reproductive tract infections.These pathogens subvert host defenses and activate specific architectural units of the uroepithelium such as Toll-like receptors,which recognize conserved motifs on the pathogens.The activated Toll-like receptors mediate downstream signaling,stimulating nuclear factor-κB,which in turn activates the production of proinflammatory cytokines.This pathway is also associated with recruitment of immunocytes to the site of aggression and release of proteinases,which drive tissue damage in the reproductive tract.Defects in detection of pathogenic components by the bitter taste receptors of the reproductive tract may play a critical role in the etiopathogenesis of reproductive tract infections.This review provides important information for identification of novel frontiers for the treatment of reproductive tract infections.
