The X field is located in the southwestern part of block NX89 of Kentan Basin in Libya.This field is produced from Hailan multilayer consolidated sandstone with moderate rock property and a relatively low energy suppl...The X field is located in the southwestern part of block NX89 of Kentan Basin in Libya.This field is produced from Hailan multilayer consolidated sandstone with moderate rock property and a relatively low energy supplying.The reserve of subsurface energy sources is declining with years.Therefore,techniques were combined to achieve the energy optimization and increase hydrocarbon recovery.In order to understand the subsurface formation of the reservoir and facilitate oil production,global hydraulic element technique was used to quantify the reservoir rock types.In addition,stratigraphic modified Lorenz plot was used for reservoir layering.Reservoir heterogeneity was identified using stratigraphic modified Lorenz plot and Dykstra-Parsons coefficient.Leverett J-functionwas used to average the 13 capillary pressure curves into four main curves to represent the whole reservoir based on flow zone indicator values.Capillary pressure was calculated and plotted with normalized water saturation;a single average curve was defined to represent the rest of the curves.Water saturation was calculated using single and multiple J-functions and compared with the available logs.With multiple J-functions,the matching results were good for both high and low-quality layers,whereas using a single J-function,the match was poor,especially for low FZI layers such as H4c and H6a.Four rock types were identified for this reservoir ranging from medium to good reservoir quality and six different layers were obtained.The reservoir was heterogeneous with a Lorenz coefficient value of approximately 0.72 and a Dykstra-Parsons value of 0.70.All approaches used in this paper were validated and showed improved hydrocarbon recovery factor.展开更多
Fluid flow in fractured media has been studied for decades and received considerable attention in the oil and gas industry because of the high productivity of naturally fractured reservoirs.Due to formation complexity...Fluid flow in fractured media has been studied for decades and received considerable attention in the oil and gas industry because of the high productivity of naturally fractured reservoirs.Due to formation complexity and reservoir heterogeneity,characterizing fluid flow with an appropriate reservoir model presents a challenging task that differs relatively from homogeneous conventional reservoirs in many aspects of view,including geological,petrophysical,production,and economics.In most fractured reservoirs,fracture networks create complex pathways that affect hydrocarbon flow,well performance,hence reservoir characterization.A better and comprehensive understanding of the available reservoir modeling approaches is much needed to accurately characterize fluid flow behavior in NFRs.Therefore,in this paper,a perspective review of the available modeling approaches was presented for fluid flow characterization in naturally fractured medium.Modeling methods were evaluated in terms of their description,application,advantages,and disadvantages.This study has also included the applications of these reservoir models in fluid flow characterizing studies and governing equations for fluid flow.Dual continuum models were proved to be better than single continuum models in the presence of large scale fractures.In comparison,discrete models were more appropriate for reservoirs that contain a smaller number of fractures.However,hybrid modeling was the best method to provide accurate and scalable fluid flow modeling.It is our understanding that this paper will bridge the gap between the fundamental understanding and application of NFRs modeling approaches and serve as a useful reference for engineers and researchers for present and future applications.展开更多
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM)under UTM Transdiciplinary Research Grant(Q.J130000.3551.06G68)which made this research effective and viable.
文摘The X field is located in the southwestern part of block NX89 of Kentan Basin in Libya.This field is produced from Hailan multilayer consolidated sandstone with moderate rock property and a relatively low energy supplying.The reserve of subsurface energy sources is declining with years.Therefore,techniques were combined to achieve the energy optimization and increase hydrocarbon recovery.In order to understand the subsurface formation of the reservoir and facilitate oil production,global hydraulic element technique was used to quantify the reservoir rock types.In addition,stratigraphic modified Lorenz plot was used for reservoir layering.Reservoir heterogeneity was identified using stratigraphic modified Lorenz plot and Dykstra-Parsons coefficient.Leverett J-functionwas used to average the 13 capillary pressure curves into four main curves to represent the whole reservoir based on flow zone indicator values.Capillary pressure was calculated and plotted with normalized water saturation;a single average curve was defined to represent the rest of the curves.Water saturation was calculated using single and multiple J-functions and compared with the available logs.With multiple J-functions,the matching results were good for both high and low-quality layers,whereas using a single J-function,the match was poor,especially for low FZI layers such as H4c and H6a.Four rock types were identified for this reservoir ranging from medium to good reservoir quality and six different layers were obtained.The reservoir was heterogeneous with a Lorenz coefficient value of approximately 0.72 and a Dykstra-Parsons value of 0.70.All approaches used in this paper were validated and showed improved hydrocarbon recovery factor.
文摘Fluid flow in fractured media has been studied for decades and received considerable attention in the oil and gas industry because of the high productivity of naturally fractured reservoirs.Due to formation complexity and reservoir heterogeneity,characterizing fluid flow with an appropriate reservoir model presents a challenging task that differs relatively from homogeneous conventional reservoirs in many aspects of view,including geological,petrophysical,production,and economics.In most fractured reservoirs,fracture networks create complex pathways that affect hydrocarbon flow,well performance,hence reservoir characterization.A better and comprehensive understanding of the available reservoir modeling approaches is much needed to accurately characterize fluid flow behavior in NFRs.Therefore,in this paper,a perspective review of the available modeling approaches was presented for fluid flow characterization in naturally fractured medium.Modeling methods were evaluated in terms of their description,application,advantages,and disadvantages.This study has also included the applications of these reservoir models in fluid flow characterizing studies and governing equations for fluid flow.Dual continuum models were proved to be better than single continuum models in the presence of large scale fractures.In comparison,discrete models were more appropriate for reservoirs that contain a smaller number of fractures.However,hybrid modeling was the best method to provide accurate and scalable fluid flow modeling.It is our understanding that this paper will bridge the gap between the fundamental understanding and application of NFRs modeling approaches and serve as a useful reference for engineers and researchers for present and future applications.
