Data from a survey in the Hasi Mountain areas of Jinyuan County in Gansu province of China showed that 83.3% white birch(Betula platyphylla) stand was infested by the Asian longhorned beete,Anoplophroa glabripennis.Th...Data from a survey in the Hasi Mountain areas of Jinyuan County in Gansu province of China showed that 83.3% white birch(Betula platyphylla) stand was infested by the Asian longhorned beete,Anoplophroa glabripennis.The longevity of the beetles was(41.2±11.5) days for a male and(39.1±13.1) days for a female when twigs of white birch were used as a sole source of food for the adult beetles.The area of twig barks consumed by a pair of beetles in their life time was(9.93±8.15) cm2.A female can make(12.4±12.1) egg pits in average during the period when they were alive and caged.If removal of the infested tree is used as a management measure,it must be excuted consecutively for two years to be effective.Field tests were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to treat infested trees with imidacloprid through trunk injection,soil injection,and soil drench.The results showed that the number of dead adults under the treated trees was 6.3 times for trunk injection,5.1 times for soil injection,and 4.9 times for soil drench more than that under the untreated control.The number of live larvae decreased by 95.8% for trunk injection,83.3% for soil injection,and 85.5% for soil drench in comparison with larva mortality in control.The number of egg pits made on tree trunks by an adult was decreased by 87.1%、77.4%and 82.6%for imidacloprid trough trunk injection,soil injection,and soil drench,respectively,compared with the untreated control.展开更多
We reported in this paper the results of our test of four insecticides used through cover spray for controlling the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motsch.). The four insecticides were ASTRO (A. I. ...We reported in this paper the results of our test of four insecticides used through cover spray for controlling the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motsch.). The four insecticides were ASTRO (A. I. 36 8% permethrin) by FMC Corp., AllPro DURSBAN 4E (A. I. 44 9% chlorpyrifos) by Sureco Inc., ORTHENE 75 S (A.I. 75% acephate) by VALENT USA Corp., and SEVINXLR PLUS (A. I. 44 1% carbaryl) by Rhone_Poulenc AG Co. (now part of Bayer CropScience). The insecticides were sprayed onto 1 5 years old poplar ( Populus sp . ) trees until insecticide run_off from twigs. Twigs were collected from treated trees once every 3 d until the 21 st day after insecticide application to feed caged adult beetles. Adult mortality was recorded once every day for 3 d. Leaf and twig samples of treated poplar were collected from each treatment 3, 6, 9, 20, 40 d after spray to determine the levels of insecticides in these parts of trees. Although all insecticides showed promise for short term efficacy (>95% 3 d mortality for adults feed on twigs collected 1 after application), permethrin (concentration 920 mg·kg -1 ) was the best among the 4 tested insecticides for longer residual activity with 3 d cumulative mortality>95% for adults feed on twigs collected within 15 days after application. Chlorpyrifos (2 245 mg·kg -1 ) was the least effective with 3 d cumulative mortality around 60% for adults feed on twigs collected within 6 d after application, while the mortality was around 90% and 75% for acephate (7 500 mg·kg -1 ) and carbaryl (17 640 mg·kg -1 ), respectively. However, high concentrations of acephate and carbaryl are not feasible for controlling adult beetles, especially in urban areas. In general, levels of insecticides were higher in leaves than in twigs for the 4 insecticide. Levels in leaf 3～9 d after application was 0 9～4 1 mg·kg -1 for permethrin,2 5～1 6 mg·kg -1 for chlorpyrifos,2 6～2 3 mg·kg -1 for acephate, and 35 2 ～49 6 mg·kg -1 for carbaryl. Residual levels 20～40 d after application were 2 8～1 9 mg·kg -1 ,1 4～1 2 mg·kg -1 , 1 9～1 4 mg·kg -1 and 40 9～39 7 mg·kg -1 for permethrin, chlorprrifos, acephate, and carbaryl. Based on the relationship of the mortality of adult beetles and residual levels of insecticides, mortality may reach 95% when the level of permethrin reaches 4 mg·kg -1 in leaf, 1 4 mg·kg -1 in twig. For acephate, a level of 2 5 mg·kg -1 in leaves or 2 1 mg·kg -1 in twigs will achieve 90% mortality of adult beetles.展开更多
This study was conducted following research on metallogenesis in the Zhangjiajie-Xuanhua and East Hebei mantle branch structure zones. The Fuping mantle branch structure zone is one where Au, Cu and Ag poly-metallic o...This study was conducted following research on metallogenesis in the Zhangjiajie-Xuanhua and East Hebei mantle branch structure zones. The Fuping mantle branch structure zone is one where Au, Cu and Ag poly-metallic ore resources are concentrated in North Hebei. However, there has existed a long-standing controversy on the temporal-spatial distribution of ore resources and their ore-forming material sources. In terms of age dating and the comprehensive analysis of S, Pb, O, C and Si isotopes, it is considered that the temporal-spatial distribution of ore resources in this mantle branch structure zone is obviously controlled by the Fuping mantle branch structure. In space there is developed such a metallogenic pattern as to be Ag, Pb and Zn polymetallic ore deposits with gold appearing inside and copper appearing outside. Metallogenesis is dated mainly at Yanshanian, the ore-forming materials were derived predominantly from the deep interior of the Earth, and ore-forming fluids were derived largely from Yanshanian magmatism.展开更多
Under the guidance of the theory of mantle-branch structure-associated metallogenesis and on the basis of the geological characteristics, analysis of the ore-forming and ore-controlling structures, the geochemical cha...Under the guidance of the theory of mantle-branch structure-associated metallogenesis and on the basis of the geological characteristics, analysis of the ore-forming and ore-controlling structures, the geochemical characteristics of metallogenesis, the source of ore-forming materials, changes in the physical and chemical conditions of metallogenesis, changes in the vertical width of ore veins, and changes in gold grade of the Shihu gold deposit, the mechanism of its metallogenesis was discussed and the rules of vertical variation of ore veins were summarized in this study. It is pointed out that the orebodies under exploitation at present time should be in the middle and upper portions of gold veins in the Shihu gold mining district. Particularly on the basis of the characteristics of mantle-branch structure-associated metallogenesis, it is indicated that metallogenesis is controlled mainly by such ore-forming conditions as temperature and pressure. Deep-seated ore-forming fluids are characterized mainly by injection and precipitation. So the vein bodies in the adjacent metallogenic structures are of obvious comparability, and there would be great prospects for ore search both at depth and in the periphery of the Shihu gold deposit. Therefore, ore prospecting should be strengthened both at depth and in the peripheries.展开更多
The northwest of Jiaodong peninsula is characterized by its greatest gold concentration area, enormous gold reserves and limited time interval （115±5Ma） of gold mineralization in China. Studies show that the ea...The northwest of Jiaodong peninsula is characterized by its greatest gold concentration area, enormous gold reserves and limited time interval （115±5Ma） of gold mineralization in China. Studies show that the east area of north China began its mantle plume evolution since the Yanshanian movement, and the Laiyang sub-mantle plume and its surrounding mantle branches such as those in Guojiadian, Aishan and Panshidian were formed in the mineralization concentration area of northwestern Jiaodong peninsula. With the development of mantle plume →sub-mantle plume → mantle branch→ favorable expending structures, the deep-derived hydrothermal fluid moved up to the favorable places, such as brittle-ductile or ductile-brittle shearing zones, the internal and external contact zones of intrusions, dense fracturing zones and the contact zones between dikes and countryrocks, and concentrated into deposits. Then the gold mineralization concentration zones that are centralized on mantle branches were formed. This study takes Guojiadian mantle branch as an example to discuss their metallogenetism and conclude the metallogenetic mode.展开更多
The Xishimen gold deposit is located in the tectonic zone southeast to the Shihu gold deposit, both of which belong to the same orefield. Then, how is the prospecting potential for the Xishimen gold deposit? A com-par...The Xishimen gold deposit is located in the tectonic zone southeast to the Shihu gold deposit, both of which belong to the same orefield. Then, how is the prospecting potential for the Xishimen gold deposit? A com-parison was made between the Xishimen gold deposit and the Shihu gold deposit on the basis of their geological background of metallogenesis, geological characteristics of the ore deposits, the sources of ore-forming materials, etc. The results showed that both the deposits possess many similarities in the respects mentioned above. And their met-allogeneses can be compared. Therefore, there is great potential for ore prospection in the periphery or at the deep levels of the Xishimen gold deposit. Ore exploration should be well programmed on the basis of a better dissection of the tectonic setting of the orefield. A breakthrough in ore prospection of the Xishimen gold deposit will be of great instructive significance in regionally geological prospecting.展开更多
Mantle branch structure is the third tectonic unit of multiple evolution of a mantle branch. It is not only the main mechanism of intercontinental orogeny, but also an important ore-forming and ore-control structure. ...Mantle branch structure is the third tectonic unit of multiple evolution of a mantle branch. It is not only the main mechanism of intercontinental orogeny, but also an important ore-forming and ore-control structure. Studies on geotectonic evolution, regional geological characteristics and oreforming and ore-control structures have shown that since the Mesozoic the Da Hinggan Mts. region has entered a typical intercontinental orogenic stage, and it is closely related to mantle branch activities. The south-central segment of the Da Hinggan Mts. is a typical mantle branch structure and possesses obvious magmatic-metamorphic complexes in the core, detachment slip beds in the periphery and overlapped fault depression basins. Moreover, all of these are the principal factors leading to ore formation and ore control in the region. This paper also further explores the mechanism of mineralization in the south-central segment of the Da Hinggan, summaries the rules of mineralization, puts forward the models of mineralization and points out future ore-exploring orientation.展开更多
The Huangtuliang gold deposit is characterized by its wide and large ore belt,stable extension and closely spaced orebodies.Unfortunately,no orebody was found by deep drilling.As a result,ore prospecting in this regio...The Huangtuliang gold deposit is characterized by its wide and large ore belt,stable extension and closely spaced orebodies.Unfortunately,no orebody was found by deep drilling.As a result,ore prospecting in this region was once put into dilemma.Detailed analysis of ore-forming and ore-controlling structures in the mining district by the authors has revealed that the ore-forming and ore-controlling structure in this mining district is a steeply dipping(85°-110°/∠70°-85° N-NNE),spade-shaped ductile shear zone,and the ore-controlling structures are a series of nearly erected second-ordered faults which are developed in the upper part of the ductile shear zone,intersecting with the ductile shear zone.Deep cutting of the ductile shear zone made it possible the ascending of ore fluids from the mantle plume at depth and these ore fluids would migrate upwards along the ductile shear zone under certain temperature and pressure conditions.Along their ascending path,the ore fluids would extract ore-forming elements from the country rocks and the extracted ore-forming elements would be deposited as ores in the hanging-wall second-ordered faults.The reason why no orebody was found in early prospecting at depth is that northward-dipping drilling in the southern part of the shear zone extended so deeply as to be beneath the shear zone.Only shallow-level orebodies could be found by southward-dipping drilling practice in the northern part of the shear zone.The location where deep-seated orebodies occurred shifted northwards and the orebodies occurred at greater depth.Therefore,it is natural that no orebody could be found when drill core passed through the shear zone.After the ore-forming and ore-controlling structures were well understood,the focus of ore prospecting was placed on the deep-level,northward-penetrating veins.In this way a number of new blind orebodies of great thickness have been found.On the basis of research development in the mining district,a prospecting plan has been made for ore prospecting in the periphery of eastern mining district.Prospecting practice has shown that there occur generally continuous engineering orebodies at large intervals.So,the Huangtuliang gold deposit has turned at one stroke from a medium sized to a large-sized,even a super-large gold deposit between prospecting lines 30-98.展开更多
Metallogenesis in the gold ore-concentrated zone of Northwest Shandong Peninsula is closely related to deep processes.The region in the eastern part of North China entered into the stage of mantle plume evolution duri...Metallogenesis in the gold ore-concentrated zone of Northwest Shandong Peninsula is closely related to deep processes.The region in the eastern part of North China entered into the stage of mantle plume evolution during the Yanshanian movement,following the long-time stage of stable platform evolution during Paleozoic time.At that time,the ore-concentrated zone of Northwest Shandong Peninsula just entered into the development-evolution stage of the Laiyang sub-mantle plume and the Guojiadian mantle branch structure in its periphery.The core-mantle-source gold was present in the gas-liquid form,and it migrated through mantle plume→sub-mantle plume→mantle branch structure→favorable tectonic expansion zone to the favorable loci of the mantle branch structure,where gold was deposited as ores,thereafter constituting a series of large-to medium-sized gold deposits distributed around the Guojiadian mantle branch structure.This study also dealt with the Jiaojia fault as the main detachment(fault altered rock) belt on the northwestern margin of the mantle branch structure and also presented a basic cognition about the fact that the Sanshandao fault as the listric fault on the hanging wall of the detachment belt.Furthermore,on this basis,this study also pointed out the orientation for further ore prospecting in this region.展开更多
In recent years big strides have been made in the exploration of ores in the central-south segment of the Da Hinggan Ling Range,though some debates still exist on the metallogenesis and sources of ore-forming material...In recent years big strides have been made in the exploration of ores in the central-south segment of the Da Hinggan Ling Range,though some debates still exist on the metallogenesis and sources of ore-forming materials.Pyrite and other sulfides in direct relation to the Pb-Zn-Ag ore deposits were chosen for the He and Ar isotopic analysis of ore-forming fluids,and the first He and Ar isotope data have been obtained from the study region.3He/4He ratios in 14 samples collected from 7 mining districts are 2.17×10-6-12.52×10-6,averaging 6.86×10-6 and their R/Ra ratios are 1.56-9.01 Ra,averaging 4.37 Ra.By projecting the data points onto the 3He-4He concentrations diagram,all the points fall near the mantle helium area.The calculated mantle-source helium ratios are within the range of 19.58%-76.96%,with an average of 49.52%.Argon isotopic characteristics are close to those of mantle source,indicating that the ore-forming material was transport upwards via the multi-stage evolution of mantle plume and concentrated as ores in the favorable loci of mantle branch structures.展开更多
The Mujicun Cu (Mo) ore deposit at Laiyuan, Hebei Province, is a currently proven large-sized Cu (Mo) polymetallic ore deposit and it is located in the second-ordered fault depression basin of the ditachment belt on t...The Mujicun Cu (Mo) ore deposit at Laiyuan, Hebei Province, is a currently proven large-sized Cu (Mo) polymetallic ore deposit and it is located in the second-ordered fault depression basin of the ditachment belt on the hanging-wall on the western side at the juncture of the Laiyuan dumbell-shaped complex in the northern part of the Fuping mantle-branch structure. Metallogenesis is controlled by diorite porphyrite in intrusive relation with the fault depression basin and other relevant fault structure systems and intenstive wall-rock alteration zones. This study, in conjunction with the most recent exploration data, analyzed the geological background of metallogenesis of this deposit, summaried the geological characteristics of typical ore deposits, determined the alteration zonation of the deposit, investigated regional metallogenesis and the genesis of typical ore deposits, discussed the regional ore-forming and ore-controlling structures, and generalized the regional ore-controlling model and metallogenic model of the deposit. It is considered that the Mujicun porphry Cu (Mo) deposit, the Tieling, Futuyu, Xiaoligou and other skarn-type Fe-Cu deposits and the He'ergou hydrothermal-type Pb-Zn-Ag deposit jointly constitute a three-in-one polymetallic orefield, with the characteristics of typical metallogenic series.展开更多
The region of Northwest Hebei is an area where Au-Ag polymetallic ore depsits are concentrated in Hebei Province. There were divided the Au ore-concentrated region with the magmatic-metamorphic diamictite zone as the ...The region of Northwest Hebei is an area where Au-Ag polymetallic ore depsits are concentrated in Hebei Province. There were divided the Au ore-concentrated region with the magmatic-metamorphic diamictite zone as the center and the perpheral cover-strata zone and Ag-polymetallic metallogenic zone along the line of Xuanhua-Songli-Chicheng. Research on mantle branch structure indicates that Au-Ag polymetallic ore-forming materials come mainly from the deep interior of the Earth. The ore-forming materials tend to migrate upwards through the multi-stage evolution of mantle plume, and are concentrated as ores in the favourable tectonic expansion zone of a mantle branch structure. As viewed in plane, from the center to the periphery and as viewed in space, from the lower part to the upper part there exists Au-Ag-Pb-Zn zonation, as evidenced by drilling data from a number of mines. So, there is still great potential for ore prospecting in the region of Northwest Hebei.展开更多
The problem of ore-bearing potentiality of the strata involves metallogenic theory and ore-search orientation.Studies of the spatial distribution of endogenic Au-Ag polymetallic ore deposits in North Hebei indicated t...The problem of ore-bearing potentiality of the strata involves metallogenic theory and ore-search orientation.Studies of the spatial distribution of endogenic Au-Ag polymetallic ore deposits in North Hebei indicated that the strata in which ore deposits occurred range in age from Paleozoic,Proterozoic to Mesozoic.In addition the ore deposits are characterized as being strata-bound in nature.The arise and establishment of "extracting" viewpoint may be attributed to the following three reasons:1) influence by the idea of "ore-source bed";2) limitation of analytical techniques in the 1980s'(especially gold element);and 3) a small number of samples(sampling locations were mostly disturbed by mineralization).Studies have shown that ore-forming materials would most probably come from the deep interior of the Earth.Deep-seated ore-bearing materials including Au-Ag polymetals were brought to the shallow levels by way of mantle plume-mantle sub-plume-mantle branch structure multi-stage evolution,finally leading to the formation of ore deposits.展开更多
The role of He and Ar isotopes in tracing the source of ore fluids has aroused great attention of the broad masses of the geological researchers. On the basis of lots of test and measurement of He and Ar isotopes in s...The role of He and Ar isotopes in tracing the source of ore fluids has aroused great attention of the broad masses of the geological researchers. On the basis of lots of test and measurement of He and Ar isotopes in sulfides from Au, Ag polymetallic ore deposits in northern China, statistics has been made on the published He and Ar isotope data from 27 gold deposits, 13 silver polymetallic ore deposits, 8 polymetallic ore deposits, 1 rare-earth deposit, 3 oceanic incrustations, 3 volcanic springs and their wall rocks and granites. The statistical results indicate that the 3 He/ 4 Ar (×10-6 ) values of the Au, Ag polymetallic ore deposits are within the range of 0.24 9.39, with an average of 3.34×10-6 ; the He/Ar values, 0.007 6.01,with an average of 2.37; the 40 Ar/ 36 Ar values, 265.75 2361, with an average of 699.0; the 4 He/ 40 Ar values, 0.0020 643.86, with an average of 5.85, the 3 He/ 4 Ar (×10-6 ) values of gneiss and granite surrounding the mining area, 0.001 1.79, with an average of 1.00×10-6 , reflecting great differences in source. Mantle-source He in 48 Au, Ag polymetallic ore deposits accounts for 4.55% 83.06%, averaging 29.91%. It falls near the mantle-source region which can be seen in the He isotopic concentration diagram and the 3 He/ 4 He(R/Ra) 40 Ar/ 36 Ar plot. Studies suggested that the ore-forming materials for endogenic Au, Ag polymetallic ore deposits should be derived from the deep interior of the Earth, and with the multi-stage evolution of mantle plumes the deep-seated ore fluids would be transported from the deep interior of the Earth to the shallow levels. During this process the mixing of crust/mantle-source fluids would inevitably occur, therefore, the value range always lies between the mantle and the crust.展开更多
The Dajing Cu-Sn-polymetallic ore deposit is famous for its large scale, abundant associated elements, narrow and closely-spaced development of ore veins and high grade, but exploration within the mining district and ...The Dajing Cu-Sn-polymetallic ore deposit is famous for its large scale, abundant associated elements, narrow and closely-spaced development of ore veins and high grade, but exploration within the mining district and its deeper parts has revealed no Yanshanian rockbody. Therefore, there have been proposed a diversity of hypotheses on the genesis of the deposit. The authors, from the angle of mantle-branch structure, provided evidence showing that the mining district is located in the core of the Da Hinggan Ling mantle-branch structure, the multi-stage evolution of mantle plume paved the way for the ascending of deep-source ore fluids and these fluids extracted part of the ore-forming materials. Then, these ore-forming materials were concentrated in the favorable structural loci (e.g. structural fissures) to form ores. The orientation of ore-forming and ore-controlling fissures is closely related to the regionally structural stress field at the metallogenic stage. The zonation of Sn, Cu, Au, Ag, Pb, and Zn within the mining district appears to be related to metallogenesis and the crystallization temperature of ore-forming materials. Mineralization of Sn, Cu, Au, etc. which require relatively high crystallization temperature and pressure is in most cases recognized in the central part of the mining district, while that of Ag, Pb, Zn, etc. which require relatively low crystallization temperature and pressure is, for the most part, produced in the periphery of the mining district.展开更多
文摘Data from a survey in the Hasi Mountain areas of Jinyuan County in Gansu province of China showed that 83.3% white birch(Betula platyphylla) stand was infested by the Asian longhorned beete,Anoplophroa glabripennis.The longevity of the beetles was(41.2±11.5) days for a male and(39.1±13.1) days for a female when twigs of white birch were used as a sole source of food for the adult beetles.The area of twig barks consumed by a pair of beetles in their life time was(9.93±8.15) cm2.A female can make(12.4±12.1) egg pits in average during the period when they were alive and caged.If removal of the infested tree is used as a management measure,it must be excuted consecutively for two years to be effective.Field tests were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to treat infested trees with imidacloprid through trunk injection,soil injection,and soil drench.The results showed that the number of dead adults under the treated trees was 6.3 times for trunk injection,5.1 times for soil injection,and 4.9 times for soil drench more than that under the untreated control.The number of live larvae decreased by 95.8% for trunk injection,83.3% for soil injection,and 85.5% for soil drench in comparison with larva mortality in control.The number of egg pits made on tree trunks by an adult was decreased by 87.1%、77.4%and 82.6%for imidacloprid trough trunk injection,soil injection,and soil drench,respectively,compared with the untreated control.
文摘We reported in this paper the results of our test of four insecticides used through cover spray for controlling the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motsch.). The four insecticides were ASTRO (A. I. 36 8% permethrin) by FMC Corp., AllPro DURSBAN 4E (A. I. 44 9% chlorpyrifos) by Sureco Inc., ORTHENE 75 S (A.I. 75% acephate) by VALENT USA Corp., and SEVINXLR PLUS (A. I. 44 1% carbaryl) by Rhone_Poulenc AG Co. (now part of Bayer CropScience). The insecticides were sprayed onto 1 5 years old poplar ( Populus sp . ) trees until insecticide run_off from twigs. Twigs were collected from treated trees once every 3 d until the 21 st day after insecticide application to feed caged adult beetles. Adult mortality was recorded once every day for 3 d. Leaf and twig samples of treated poplar were collected from each treatment 3, 6, 9, 20, 40 d after spray to determine the levels of insecticides in these parts of trees. Although all insecticides showed promise for short term efficacy (>95% 3 d mortality for adults feed on twigs collected 1 after application), permethrin (concentration 920 mg·kg -1 ) was the best among the 4 tested insecticides for longer residual activity with 3 d cumulative mortality>95% for adults feed on twigs collected within 15 days after application. Chlorpyrifos (2 245 mg·kg -1 ) was the least effective with 3 d cumulative mortality around 60% for adults feed on twigs collected within 6 d after application, while the mortality was around 90% and 75% for acephate (7 500 mg·kg -1 ) and carbaryl (17 640 mg·kg -1 ), respectively. However, high concentrations of acephate and carbaryl are not feasible for controlling adult beetles, especially in urban areas. In general, levels of insecticides were higher in leaves than in twigs for the 4 insecticide. Levels in leaf 3～9 d after application was 0 9～4 1 mg·kg -1 for permethrin,2 5～1 6 mg·kg -1 for chlorpyrifos,2 6～2 3 mg·kg -1 for acephate, and 35 2 ～49 6 mg·kg -1 for carbaryl. Residual levels 20～40 d after application were 2 8～1 9 mg·kg -1 ,1 4～1 2 mg·kg -1 , 1 9～1 4 mg·kg -1 and 40 9～39 7 mg·kg -1 for permethrin, chlorprrifos, acephate, and carbaryl. Based on the relationship of the mortality of adult beetles and residual levels of insecticides, mortality may reach 95% when the level of permethrin reaches 4 mg·kg -1 in leaf, 1 4 mg·kg -1 in twig. For acephate, a level of 2 5 mg·kg -1 in leaves or 2 1 mg·kg -1 in twigs will achieve 90% mortality of adult beetles.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40872137)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (GrantNo.D2007000751)
文摘This study was conducted following research on metallogenesis in the Zhangjiajie-Xuanhua and East Hebei mantle branch structure zones. The Fuping mantle branch structure zone is one where Au, Cu and Ag poly-metallic ore resources are concentrated in North Hebei. However, there has existed a long-standing controversy on the temporal-spatial distribution of ore resources and their ore-forming material sources. In terms of age dating and the comprehensive analysis of S, Pb, O, C and Si isotopes, it is considered that the temporal-spatial distribution of ore resources in this mantle branch structure zone is obviously controlled by the Fuping mantle branch structure. In space there is developed such a metallogenic pattern as to be Ag, Pb and Zn polymetallic ore deposits with gold appearing inside and copper appearing outside. Metallogenesis is dated mainly at Yanshanian, the ore-forming materials were derived predominantly from the deep interior of the Earth, and ore-forming fluids were derived largely from Yanshanian magmatism.
基金This research project is financially granted jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 40872137)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (Grant Nos D2007000751, D2008000534)
文摘Under the guidance of the theory of mantle-branch structure-associated metallogenesis and on the basis of the geological characteristics, analysis of the ore-forming and ore-controlling structures, the geochemical characteristics of metallogenesis, the source of ore-forming materials, changes in the physical and chemical conditions of metallogenesis, changes in the vertical width of ore veins, and changes in gold grade of the Shihu gold deposit, the mechanism of its metallogenesis was discussed and the rules of vertical variation of ore veins were summarized in this study. It is pointed out that the orebodies under exploitation at present time should be in the middle and upper portions of gold veins in the Shihu gold mining district. Particularly on the basis of the characteristics of mantle-branch structure-associated metallogenesis, it is indicated that metallogenesis is controlled mainly by such ore-forming conditions as temperature and pressure. Deep-seated ore-forming fluids are characterized mainly by injection and precipitation. So the vein bodies in the adjacent metallogenic structures are of obvious comparability, and there would be great prospects for ore search both at depth and in the periphery of the Shihu gold deposit. Therefore, ore prospecting should be strengthened both at depth and in the peripheries.
基金financially supported by "Key Laboratory of Gold Mineralization Processes and Resource Utilization Subordinated to the Ministry of Land and Resources (2013001)", "Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Geological Process and Resources Utilization in Shandong Province (2013001)""the Scientific Base Research Program of China’s Typical Metallic Ore Deposits (200911007)"
文摘The northwest of Jiaodong peninsula is characterized by its greatest gold concentration area, enormous gold reserves and limited time interval （115±5Ma） of gold mineralization in China. Studies show that the east area of north China began its mantle plume evolution since the Yanshanian movement, and the Laiyang sub-mantle plume and its surrounding mantle branches such as those in Guojiadian, Aishan and Panshidian were formed in the mineralization concentration area of northwestern Jiaodong peninsula. With the development of mantle plume →sub-mantle plume → mantle branch→ favorable expending structures, the deep-derived hydrothermal fluid moved up to the favorable places, such as brittle-ductile or ductile-brittle shearing zones, the internal and external contact zones of intrusions, dense fracturing zones and the contact zones between dikes and countryrocks, and concentrated into deposits. Then the gold mineralization concentration zones that are centralized on mantle branches were formed. This study takes Guojiadian mantle branch as an example to discuss their metallogenetism and conclude the metallogenetic mode.
基金supported jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40872137)Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Nos. D2007000751 and D2008000534)
文摘The Xishimen gold deposit is located in the tectonic zone southeast to the Shihu gold deposit, both of which belong to the same orefield. Then, how is the prospecting potential for the Xishimen gold deposit? A com-parison was made between the Xishimen gold deposit and the Shihu gold deposit on the basis of their geological background of metallogenesis, geological characteristics of the ore deposits, the sources of ore-forming materials, etc. The results showed that both the deposits possess many similarities in the respects mentioned above. And their met-allogeneses can be compared. Therefore, there is great potential for ore prospection in the periphery or at the deep levels of the Xishimen gold deposit. Ore exploration should be well programmed on the basis of a better dissection of the tectonic setting of the orefield. A breakthrough in ore prospection of the Xishimen gold deposit will be of great instructive significance in regionally geological prospecting.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Project (No.40872137,40372103)Crisis Mines Study Project (No.20089948)Inner Mongolia Geological Exploring Important Project (No.2004-05)
文摘Mantle branch structure is the third tectonic unit of multiple evolution of a mantle branch. It is not only the main mechanism of intercontinental orogeny, but also an important ore-forming and ore-control structure. Studies on geotectonic evolution, regional geological characteristics and oreforming and ore-control structures have shown that since the Mesozoic the Da Hinggan Mts. region has entered a typical intercontinental orogenic stage, and it is closely related to mantle branch activities. The south-central segment of the Da Hinggan Mts. is a typical mantle branch structure and possesses obvious magmatic-metamorphic complexes in the core, detachment slip beds in the periphery and overlapped fault depression basins. Moreover, all of these are the principal factors leading to ore formation and ore control in the region. This paper also further explores the mechanism of mineralization in the south-central segment of the Da Hinggan, summaries the rules of mineralization, puts forward the models of mineralization and points out future ore-exploring orientation.
基金supported jointly by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(Grant No.D2007000751)the exploration projects of Hebei Province Resources Department(2006122,the Large-scale Geological Survey in China)(No.121201631106).
文摘The Huangtuliang gold deposit is characterized by its wide and large ore belt,stable extension and closely spaced orebodies.Unfortunately,no orebody was found by deep drilling.As a result,ore prospecting in this region was once put into dilemma.Detailed analysis of ore-forming and ore-controlling structures in the mining district by the authors has revealed that the ore-forming and ore-controlling structure in this mining district is a steeply dipping(85°-110°/∠70°-85° N-NNE),spade-shaped ductile shear zone,and the ore-controlling structures are a series of nearly erected second-ordered faults which are developed in the upper part of the ductile shear zone,intersecting with the ductile shear zone.Deep cutting of the ductile shear zone made it possible the ascending of ore fluids from the mantle plume at depth and these ore fluids would migrate upwards along the ductile shear zone under certain temperature and pressure conditions.Along their ascending path,the ore fluids would extract ore-forming elements from the country rocks and the extracted ore-forming elements would be deposited as ores in the hanging-wall second-ordered faults.The reason why no orebody was found in early prospecting at depth is that northward-dipping drilling in the southern part of the shear zone extended so deeply as to be beneath the shear zone.Only shallow-level orebodies could be found by southward-dipping drilling practice in the northern part of the shear zone.The location where deep-seated orebodies occurred shifted northwards and the orebodies occurred at greater depth.Therefore,it is natural that no orebody could be found when drill core passed through the shear zone.After the ore-forming and ore-controlling structures were well understood,the focus of ore prospecting was placed on the deep-level,northward-penetrating veins.In this way a number of new blind orebodies of great thickness have been found.On the basis of research development in the mining district,a prospecting plan has been made for ore prospecting in the periphery of eastern mining district.Prospecting practice has shown that there occur generally continuous engineering orebodies at large intervals.So,the Huangtuliang gold deposit has turned at one stroke from a medium sized to a large-sized,even a super-large gold deposit between prospecting lines 30-98.
基金supported jointly by theScientific Basic Research Program of China’s Typical Metallic Ore Deposits (No. 200911007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40872137)
文摘Metallogenesis in the gold ore-concentrated zone of Northwest Shandong Peninsula is closely related to deep processes.The region in the eastern part of North China entered into the stage of mantle plume evolution during the Yanshanian movement,following the long-time stage of stable platform evolution during Paleozoic time.At that time,the ore-concentrated zone of Northwest Shandong Peninsula just entered into the development-evolution stage of the Laiyang sub-mantle plume and the Guojiadian mantle branch structure in its periphery.The core-mantle-source gold was present in the gas-liquid form,and it migrated through mantle plume→sub-mantle plume→mantle branch structure→favorable tectonic expansion zone to the favorable loci of the mantle branch structure,where gold was deposited as ores,thereafter constituting a series of large-to medium-sized gold deposits distributed around the Guojiadian mantle branch structure.This study also dealt with the Jiaojia fault as the main detachment(fault altered rock) belt on the northwestern margin of the mantle branch structure and also presented a basic cognition about the fact that the Sanshandao fault as the listric fault on the hanging wall of the detachment belt.Furthermore,on this basis,this study also pointed out the orientation for further ore prospecting in this region.
文摘In recent years big strides have been made in the exploration of ores in the central-south segment of the Da Hinggan Ling Range,though some debates still exist on the metallogenesis and sources of ore-forming materials.Pyrite and other sulfides in direct relation to the Pb-Zn-Ag ore deposits were chosen for the He and Ar isotopic analysis of ore-forming fluids,and the first He and Ar isotope data have been obtained from the study region.3He/4He ratios in 14 samples collected from 7 mining districts are 2.17×10-6-12.52×10-6,averaging 6.86×10-6 and their R/Ra ratios are 1.56-9.01 Ra,averaging 4.37 Ra.By projecting the data points onto the 3He-4He concentrations diagram,all the points fall near the mantle helium area.The calculated mantle-source helium ratios are within the range of 19.58%-76.96%,with an average of 49.52%.Argon isotopic characteristics are close to those of mantle source,indicating that the ore-forming material was transport upwards via the multi-stage evolution of mantle plume and concentrated as ores in the favorable loci of mantle branch structures.
基金the Crisis Mine Project (20109901, 20089948) of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40872137)Scientific Base Research Program of China's Typical Metallic Ore Deposits (200911007)
文摘The Mujicun Cu (Mo) ore deposit at Laiyuan, Hebei Province, is a currently proven large-sized Cu (Mo) polymetallic ore deposit and it is located in the second-ordered fault depression basin of the ditachment belt on the hanging-wall on the western side at the juncture of the Laiyuan dumbell-shaped complex in the northern part of the Fuping mantle-branch structure. Metallogenesis is controlled by diorite porphyrite in intrusive relation with the fault depression basin and other relevant fault structure systems and intenstive wall-rock alteration zones. This study, in conjunction with the most recent exploration data, analyzed the geological background of metallogenesis of this deposit, summaried the geological characteristics of typical ore deposits, determined the alteration zonation of the deposit, investigated regional metallogenesis and the genesis of typical ore deposits, discussed the regional ore-forming and ore-controlling structures, and generalized the regional ore-controlling model and metallogenic model of the deposit. It is considered that the Mujicun porphry Cu (Mo) deposit, the Tieling, Futuyu, Xiaoligou and other skarn-type Fe-Cu deposits and the He'ergou hydrothermal-type Pb-Zn-Ag deposit jointly constitute a three-in-one polymetallic orefield, with the characteristics of typical metallogenic series.
基金supported jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40872137) the Natural Science Funds of Hebei Province (D2007000751, D2008000534)
文摘The region of Northwest Hebei is an area where Au-Ag polymetallic ore depsits are concentrated in Hebei Province. There were divided the Au ore-concentrated region with the magmatic-metamorphic diamictite zone as the center and the perpheral cover-strata zone and Ag-polymetallic metallogenic zone along the line of Xuanhua-Songli-Chicheng. Research on mantle branch structure indicates that Au-Ag polymetallic ore-forming materials come mainly from the deep interior of the Earth. The ore-forming materials tend to migrate upwards through the multi-stage evolution of mantle plume, and are concentrated as ores in the favourable tectonic expansion zone of a mantle branch structure. As viewed in plane, from the center to the periphery and as viewed in space, from the lower part to the upper part there exists Au-Ag-Pb-Zn zonation, as evidenced by drilling data from a number of mines. So, there is still great potential for ore prospecting in the region of Northwest Hebei.
基金supported jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 4087213)Natural Science Fund of Hebei (D 2007000751)
文摘The problem of ore-bearing potentiality of the strata involves metallogenic theory and ore-search orientation.Studies of the spatial distribution of endogenic Au-Ag polymetallic ore deposits in North Hebei indicated that the strata in which ore deposits occurred range in age from Paleozoic,Proterozoic to Mesozoic.In addition the ore deposits are characterized as being strata-bound in nature.The arise and establishment of "extracting" viewpoint may be attributed to the following three reasons:1) influence by the idea of "ore-source bed";2) limitation of analytical techniques in the 1980s'(especially gold element);and 3) a small number of samples(sampling locations were mostly disturbed by mineralization).Studies have shown that ore-forming materials would most probably come from the deep interior of the Earth.Deep-seated ore-bearing materials including Au-Ag polymetals were brought to the shallow levels by way of mantle plume-mantle sub-plume-mantle branch structure multi-stage evolution,finally leading to the formation of ore deposits.
文摘The role of He and Ar isotopes in tracing the source of ore fluids has aroused great attention of the broad masses of the geological researchers. On the basis of lots of test and measurement of He and Ar isotopes in sulfides from Au, Ag polymetallic ore deposits in northern China, statistics has been made on the published He and Ar isotope data from 27 gold deposits, 13 silver polymetallic ore deposits, 8 polymetallic ore deposits, 1 rare-earth deposit, 3 oceanic incrustations, 3 volcanic springs and their wall rocks and granites. The statistical results indicate that the 3 He/ 4 Ar (×10-6 ) values of the Au, Ag polymetallic ore deposits are within the range of 0.24 9.39, with an average of 3.34×10-6 ; the He/Ar values, 0.007 6.01,with an average of 2.37; the 40 Ar/ 36 Ar values, 265.75 2361, with an average of 699.0; the 4 He/ 40 Ar values, 0.0020 643.86, with an average of 5.85, the 3 He/ 4 Ar (×10-6 ) values of gneiss and granite surrounding the mining area, 0.001 1.79, with an average of 1.00×10-6 , reflecting great differences in source. Mantle-source He in 48 Au, Ag polymetallic ore deposits accounts for 4.55% 83.06%, averaging 29.91%. It falls near the mantle-source region which can be seen in the He isotopic concentration diagram and the 3 He/ 4 He(R/Ra) 40 Ar/ 36 Ar plot. Studies suggested that the ore-forming materials for endogenic Au, Ag polymetallic ore deposits should be derived from the deep interior of the Earth, and with the multi-stage evolution of mantle plumes the deep-seated ore fluids would be transported from the deep interior of the Earth to the shallow levels. During this process the mixing of crust/mantle-source fluids would inevitably occur, therefore, the value range always lies between the mantle and the crust.
基金This research was jointly granted by the Key Scientific Research Project of Inner Mongolia Geological Survey(2004-05)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40272088).
文摘The Dajing Cu-Sn-polymetallic ore deposit is famous for its large scale, abundant associated elements, narrow and closely-spaced development of ore veins and high grade, but exploration within the mining district and its deeper parts has revealed no Yanshanian rockbody. Therefore, there have been proposed a diversity of hypotheses on the genesis of the deposit. The authors, from the angle of mantle-branch structure, provided evidence showing that the mining district is located in the core of the Da Hinggan Ling mantle-branch structure, the multi-stage evolution of mantle plume paved the way for the ascending of deep-source ore fluids and these fluids extracted part of the ore-forming materials. Then, these ore-forming materials were concentrated in the favorable structural loci (e.g. structural fissures) to form ores. The orientation of ore-forming and ore-controlling fissures is closely related to the regionally structural stress field at the metallogenic stage. The zonation of Sn, Cu, Au, Ag, Pb, and Zn within the mining district appears to be related to metallogenesis and the crystallization temperature of ore-forming materials. Mineralization of Sn, Cu, Au, etc. which require relatively high crystallization temperature and pressure is in most cases recognized in the central part of the mining district, while that of Ag, Pb, Zn, etc. which require relatively low crystallization temperature and pressure is, for the most part, produced in the periphery of the mining district.
