问题的提出面对低生育率,许多政府的主导思想是努力提高至适当水平,而非“生生不息”。因此,在已生育理想子女数量后采用安全有效的长期避孕方式,是民众和政府的共同需求。自20世纪70年代起,就技术而言,男性结扎已发展成为最可靠的永久...问题的提出面对低生育率,许多政府的主导思想是努力提高至适当水平,而非“生生不息”。因此,在已生育理想子女数量后采用安全有效的长期避孕方式,是民众和政府的共同需求。自20世纪70年代起,就技术而言,男性结扎已发展成为最可靠的永久避孕方式,意外怀孕率只有1.5%o(World Health Organization 2011)。与女性结扎相比,男性结扎在实施难易度、避孕效果、术后并发症、避孕失败率等方面也明显占优势。然而,在目前全世界已婚或同居伴侣所用的全部现代避孕方式中,男性结扎只占5%(United Nations2012)。展开更多
In the first half of the 20th century, during China's rapid transition from tradition to modernity, three major historical events occurred successively in Ding County, Hebei Province. These events illustrate the g...In the first half of the 20th century, during China's rapid transition from tradition to modernity, three major historical events occurred successively in Ding County, Hebei Province. These events illustrate the gradual broadening of the horizons of some rural women: shifting from the Confucian expectation that "women's rightful place is in the home" to a gradual extension into the public domain. The Zhaicheng village system took the first small step in breaking the Confucian gender norms by promoting female education in public spaces, yet it did not truly challenge the fundamental gender order of males outside the home and females within it. The Mass Education Movement saw the emergence of the first group of professional women in rural Ding County. However, they faced social exclusion as a consequence of entering the public domain. The Zhaicheng system and the gender-based teaching practices during the Mass Education Movement sowed the seeds of the impending tension and conflict experienced by women juggling dual roles within and outside the family. Amidst the bloodshed of the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation(wars of Resistance and Liberation), female warriors, through sacrifice and devotion, ventured into the newly expanded public sphere of war, yet traditional gender norms continued to confine their broadened horizons to a transient phase in their lives. A collective examination of these three major occurrences shows that the gradual broadening of horizons for rural women in Ding County during the first half of the 20th century was inherent in the developmental trajectory of the village, embodying the idea that the modern nation was gradually emerging within the village in the concept of "nation from village."展开更多
Keeping up with China's low birth rate and the ensuing caregiving dilemma is a major public concern and a key goal of the country's social security policy framework in the new era. Given the close relationship...Keeping up with China's low birth rate and the ensuing caregiving dilemma is a major public concern and a key goal of the country's social security policy framework in the new era. Given the close relationship between gender and fertility, and the growing global consensus since the late 20th century that addressing low birth rates requires gender equality.展开更多
Paternity leave,a social policy first implemented in China some twenty years ago,has a direct bearing on fatherhood.It marks a preliminary attempt to promote the transition from fathers’lack of involvement to engagem...Paternity leave,a social policy first implemented in China some twenty years ago,has a direct bearing on fatherhood.It marks a preliminary attempt to promote the transition from fathers’lack of involvement to engagement founded on cultural recognition and economic and political redistribution.The intergenerational continuity of the absent father,the reproduction of this absence through the extended family,the limited fatherhood created by employers through a consensus about human feelings,and the way local governments are taking the lead in paternity leave,ahead of the central government,jointly build the mainstream model of the absent father.Fathers should indeed provide day-to-day care for their children,but only as helpers;this means that short-term paternity leave is an appropriate way for new fathers to take on their responsibilities.This notion,however,not only fails to meet the new needs,responsibilities and rights of some fathers who wish to actively care for and bond with their children,but also further consolidates the gender division of labor(in which men are innately breadwinners and women homemakers),a division that is inextricably linked with people’s interests,ethics and emotions in contemporary China.The low fertility in today’s world calls for a significant change in the gender division of labor.Actively embracing a caring role is not only a work right and an emotional right for fathers,but also heralds emerging civil rights and marks a new development in social emotions.In this sense,the transition to care-giving fathers should not be that difficult.展开更多
文摘问题的提出面对低生育率,许多政府的主导思想是努力提高至适当水平,而非“生生不息”。因此,在已生育理想子女数量后采用安全有效的长期避孕方式,是民众和政府的共同需求。自20世纪70年代起,就技术而言,男性结扎已发展成为最可靠的永久避孕方式,意外怀孕率只有1.5%o(World Health Organization 2011)。与女性结扎相比,男性结扎在实施难易度、避孕效果、术后并发症、避孕失败率等方面也明显占优势。然而,在目前全世界已婚或同居伴侣所用的全部现代避孕方式中,男性结扎只占5%(United Nations2012)。
基金the National Social Science Fund project "Research on the Formative Mechanism and Governance of Absent Fatherhood from the Perspective of Early Childhood Education"(21BSH118)。
文摘In the first half of the 20th century, during China's rapid transition from tradition to modernity, three major historical events occurred successively in Ding County, Hebei Province. These events illustrate the gradual broadening of the horizons of some rural women: shifting from the Confucian expectation that "women's rightful place is in the home" to a gradual extension into the public domain. The Zhaicheng village system took the first small step in breaking the Confucian gender norms by promoting female education in public spaces, yet it did not truly challenge the fundamental gender order of males outside the home and females within it. The Mass Education Movement saw the emergence of the first group of professional women in rural Ding County. However, they faced social exclusion as a consequence of entering the public domain. The Zhaicheng system and the gender-based teaching practices during the Mass Education Movement sowed the seeds of the impending tension and conflict experienced by women juggling dual roles within and outside the family. Amidst the bloodshed of the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation(wars of Resistance and Liberation), female warriors, through sacrifice and devotion, ventured into the newly expanded public sphere of war, yet traditional gender norms continued to confine their broadened horizons to a transient phase in their lives. A collective examination of these three major occurrences shows that the gradual broadening of horizons for rural women in Ding County during the first half of the 20th century was inherent in the developmental trajectory of the village, embodying the idea that the modern nation was gradually emerging within the village in the concept of "nation from village."
文摘Keeping up with China's low birth rate and the ensuing caregiving dilemma is a major public concern and a key goal of the country's social security policy framework in the new era. Given the close relationship between gender and fertility, and the growing global consensus since the late 20th century that addressing low birth rates requires gender equality.
文摘Paternity leave,a social policy first implemented in China some twenty years ago,has a direct bearing on fatherhood.It marks a preliminary attempt to promote the transition from fathers’lack of involvement to engagement founded on cultural recognition and economic and political redistribution.The intergenerational continuity of the absent father,the reproduction of this absence through the extended family,the limited fatherhood created by employers through a consensus about human feelings,and the way local governments are taking the lead in paternity leave,ahead of the central government,jointly build the mainstream model of the absent father.Fathers should indeed provide day-to-day care for their children,but only as helpers;this means that short-term paternity leave is an appropriate way for new fathers to take on their responsibilities.This notion,however,not only fails to meet the new needs,responsibilities and rights of some fathers who wish to actively care for and bond with their children,but also further consolidates the gender division of labor(in which men are innately breadwinners and women homemakers),a division that is inextricably linked with people’s interests,ethics and emotions in contemporary China.The low fertility in today’s world calls for a significant change in the gender division of labor.Actively embracing a caring role is not only a work right and an emotional right for fathers,but also heralds emerging civil rights and marks a new development in social emotions.In this sense,the transition to care-giving fathers should not be that difficult.
