Bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4))is an excellent photoanode material for photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting system,possessing high theoretical photoelectrocatalytic conversion efficiency.However,the actual PEC activity...Bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4))is an excellent photoanode material for photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting system,possessing high theoretical photoelectrocatalytic conversion efficiency.However,the actual PEC activity and stability of BiVO_(4)are faced with great challenges due to factors such as severe charge recombination and slow water oxidation kinetics at the interface.Therefore,various interface regulation strategies have been adopted to optimize the BiVO_(4)photoanode.This review provides an in-depth analysis for the mechanism of interface regulation strategies from the perspective of factors affecting the PEC performance of BiVO_(4)photoanodes.These interface regulation strategies improve the PEC performance of BiVO_(4)photoanode by promoting charge separation and transfer,accelerating interfacial reaction kinetics,and enhancing stability.The research on the interface regulation strategies of BiVO_(4)photoanode is of great significance for promoting the development of PEC water splitting technology.At the same time,it also has inspiration for providing new ideas and methods for designing and preparing efficient and stable catalytic materials.展开更多
This study proposed three types of Al—Hf reactive materials with particle size ratios(a),which were almost completely dense(porosity of<5.40%)owing to their preparation using hot-pressing technology.Microstructure...This study proposed three types of Al—Hf reactive materials with particle size ratios(a),which were almost completely dense(porosity of<5.40%)owing to their preparation using hot-pressing technology.Microstructure characteristics and phase composition were analyzed,and the influence of particle size ratios on dynamic mechanical behavior and damage mechanism were investigated.The prepared sample with a=0.1 exhibited continuous wrapping of the Hf phase by the Al phase.Hf—Hf contact(continuous Hf phase)within the sample gradually increased with increasing a,and a small amount of fine Hf appeared for the sample with a=1.The reactive materials exhibited clear strain-rate sensitivity,with flow stressσ0.05and failure strainεfincreasing approximately linearly with increasing strain rate.ε.It is found that the plastic deformation of the material increased with increasing strain rate.As a increased from 0.1 to 1,the flow stress gradually increased.Impact failure of the material was dominated by ductile fracture with a large Al phase plastic deformation band for lower a,while brittle fracture with crushed Hf particles occurred at higher a.Finally,a constitutive model based on BP neural network was proposed to describe the stress-strain relationships of the materials,with an average relative error of 2.22%.展开更多
For study the energy output law of cylindrical charge with shell induced by different input energies,four different black powder masses were selected to ignite the main charge.Fragmentation degree of the shell was qua...For study the energy output law of cylindrical charge with shell induced by different input energies,four different black powder masses were selected to ignite the main charge.Fragmentation degree of the shell was qualitatively analyzed by the area of holes on the witness plate and the recovered fragments mass.Through theoretical analysis,established the functional relationship between the average mass of fragments and the relative energy output of warhead,obtained how the relative energy output of charge changed with different initial energy input.The results showed that the change of input energy could lead to obvious variation in fragment characteristics,and could also control the output of charge.When the igniter mass increases from 1.55 g to 5.00 g,the relative energy output of the charge increases by 26.28%.Excessive initial input energy will destroy the shell confine in advance,resulting in a decrease in the relative energy output of charge.展开更多
The relationship between air pollution and charitable donations of companies has received little attention from academia.To make up for this defect,we use a regression discontinuity design based on the spatial discont...The relationship between air pollution and charitable donations of companies has received little attention from academia.To make up for this defect,we use a regression discontinuity design based on the spatial discontinuity in air pollution created by China's winter heating policy in the north of Qinling Mountains–Huai River line to examine whether severe air pollution may cause polluting companies to make charitable donations.Our results consistently show that air pollution has a positive impact on the donations of polluting companies,regardless of whether the absolute donations,the relative donations,or the willingness to donate are used to measure donations.A series of robustness tests confirm that this relationship is causal.Furthermore,we find that under severe air pollution,the motivations of polluting companies to implement donation behaviors are to decrease the probability of environmental penalties,reduce environmental pollution costs,and decrease the extent to which air pollution affects company reputations.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52202261)Outstanding Youth Foundation of Shandong Province,China(ZR2019JQ 14)Taishan Scholar Young Talent Program(tsqn201909114).
文摘Bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4))is an excellent photoanode material for photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting system,possessing high theoretical photoelectrocatalytic conversion efficiency.However,the actual PEC activity and stability of BiVO_(4)are faced with great challenges due to factors such as severe charge recombination and slow water oxidation kinetics at the interface.Therefore,various interface regulation strategies have been adopted to optimize the BiVO_(4)photoanode.This review provides an in-depth analysis for the mechanism of interface regulation strategies from the perspective of factors affecting the PEC performance of BiVO_(4)photoanodes.These interface regulation strategies improve the PEC performance of BiVO_(4)photoanode by promoting charge separation and transfer,accelerating interfacial reaction kinetics,and enhancing stability.The research on the interface regulation strategies of BiVO_(4)photoanode is of great significance for promoting the development of PEC water splitting technology.At the same time,it also has inspiration for providing new ideas and methods for designing and preparing efficient and stable catalytic materials.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12302437)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2021M701710)。
文摘This study proposed three types of Al—Hf reactive materials with particle size ratios(a),which were almost completely dense(porosity of<5.40%)owing to their preparation using hot-pressing technology.Microstructure characteristics and phase composition were analyzed,and the influence of particle size ratios on dynamic mechanical behavior and damage mechanism were investigated.The prepared sample with a=0.1 exhibited continuous wrapping of the Hf phase by the Al phase.Hf—Hf contact(continuous Hf phase)within the sample gradually increased with increasing a,and a small amount of fine Hf appeared for the sample with a=1.The reactive materials exhibited clear strain-rate sensitivity,with flow stressσ0.05and failure strainεfincreasing approximately linearly with increasing strain rate.ε.It is found that the plastic deformation of the material increased with increasing strain rate.As a increased from 0.1 to 1,the flow stress gradually increased.Impact failure of the material was dominated by ductile fracture with a large Al phase plastic deformation band for lower a,while brittle fracture with crushed Hf particles occurred at higher a.Finally,a constitutive model based on BP neural network was proposed to describe the stress-strain relationships of the materials,with an average relative error of 2.22%.
基金financially supported by the Research Fund of State Key Laboratory for Marine Corrosion and Protection of Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute(LSMRI)(KF160413)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21301161,41376126)~~
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China No.11202103Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province No.KYCX18_0472
文摘For study the energy output law of cylindrical charge with shell induced by different input energies,four different black powder masses were selected to ignite the main charge.Fragmentation degree of the shell was qualitatively analyzed by the area of holes on the witness plate and the recovered fragments mass.Through theoretical analysis,established the functional relationship between the average mass of fragments and the relative energy output of warhead,obtained how the relative energy output of charge changed with different initial energy input.The results showed that the change of input energy could lead to obvious variation in fragment characteristics,and could also control the output of charge.When the igniter mass increases from 1.55 g to 5.00 g,the relative energy output of the charge increases by 26.28%.Excessive initial input energy will destroy the shell confine in advance,resulting in a decrease in the relative energy output of charge.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.72203180)Huazhong University of Science and Technology Double First-class Funds for Humanities and Social Sciences。
文摘The relationship between air pollution and charitable donations of companies has received little attention from academia.To make up for this defect,we use a regression discontinuity design based on the spatial discontinuity in air pollution created by China's winter heating policy in the north of Qinling Mountains–Huai River line to examine whether severe air pollution may cause polluting companies to make charitable donations.Our results consistently show that air pollution has a positive impact on the donations of polluting companies,regardless of whether the absolute donations,the relative donations,or the willingness to donate are used to measure donations.A series of robustness tests confirm that this relationship is causal.Furthermore,we find that under severe air pollution,the motivations of polluting companies to implement donation behaviors are to decrease the probability of environmental penalties,reduce environmental pollution costs,and decrease the extent to which air pollution affects company reputations.
