Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.Chemotherapy is one of the major treatments for gastric cancer,but drug resistance limits the effectiveness of ch...Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.Chemotherapy is one of the major treatments for gastric cancer,but drug resistance limits the effectiveness of chemotherapy,which results in treatment failure.Resistance to chemotherapy can be present intrinsically before the administration of chemotherapy or it can develop during chemotherapy.The mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance in gastric cancer are complex and multifactorial.A variety of factors have been demonstrated to be involved in chemoresistance,including the reduced intracellular concentrations of drugs,alterations in drug targets,the dysregulation of cell survival and death signaling pathways,and interactions between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment.This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance in gastric cancer and on recent studies that have sought to overcome the underlying mechanisms of chemoresistance.展开更多
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are widely used in lung cancer therapy due to their effectiveness and minimal side effects. However, only a few lung cancer patients benefit from ICI therapy, driving the need to de...Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are widely used in lung cancer therapy due to their effectiveness and minimal side effects. However, only a few lung cancer patients benefit from ICI therapy, driving the need to develop alternative biomarkers. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) molecules expressed in tumor cells and immune cells play a key role in the immune checkpoint pathway. Therefore, PD-L1 expression is a prognostic biomarker in evaluating the effectiveness of programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 inhibitors. Nevertheless, adverse predictive outcomes suggest that other factors are implicated in the response. In this review, we present a detailed introduction of existing biomarkers concerning tumor abnormality and host immunity. PD-L1 expression, tumor mutation burden, neoantigens, specific gene mutations, circulating tumor DNA, human leukocyte antigen class I, tumor microenvironment, peripheral inflammatory cells, and microbiome are discussed in detail. To sum up, this review provides information on the current application and future prospects of ICI biomarkers.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81572411
文摘Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.Chemotherapy is one of the major treatments for gastric cancer,but drug resistance limits the effectiveness of chemotherapy,which results in treatment failure.Resistance to chemotherapy can be present intrinsically before the administration of chemotherapy or it can develop during chemotherapy.The mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance in gastric cancer are complex and multifactorial.A variety of factors have been demonstrated to be involved in chemoresistance,including the reduced intracellular concentrations of drugs,alterations in drug targets,the dysregulation of cell survival and death signaling pathways,and interactions between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment.This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance in gastric cancer and on recent studies that have sought to overcome the underlying mechanisms of chemoresistance.
文摘Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are widely used in lung cancer therapy due to their effectiveness and minimal side effects. However, only a few lung cancer patients benefit from ICI therapy, driving the need to develop alternative biomarkers. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) molecules expressed in tumor cells and immune cells play a key role in the immune checkpoint pathway. Therefore, PD-L1 expression is a prognostic biomarker in evaluating the effectiveness of programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 inhibitors. Nevertheless, adverse predictive outcomes suggest that other factors are implicated in the response. In this review, we present a detailed introduction of existing biomarkers concerning tumor abnormality and host immunity. PD-L1 expression, tumor mutation burden, neoantigens, specific gene mutations, circulating tumor DNA, human leukocyte antigen class I, tumor microenvironment, peripheral inflammatory cells, and microbiome are discussed in detail. To sum up, this review provides information on the current application and future prospects of ICI biomarkers.
