To capitalize on the synergies between the Econometrics course and the Environmental Economics major,this paper aims to enhance students’ability to conduct empirical analysis and practical application using econometr...To capitalize on the synergies between the Econometrics course and the Environmental Economics major,this paper aims to enhance students’ability to conduct empirical analysis and practical application using econometric models.It also seeks to promote collaborative teaching through case studies and model research.The primary focus is on the hot research issues within the field of environmental economics,utilizing the econometric model as a vehicle for instruction.To achieve this,the paper proposes the development of a comprehensive case library specific to environmental economics.This resource will serve to optimize the case teaching approach,incorporating the use of econometric software,and fostering interactive teaching models between educators and students.By implementing these strategies,the paper outlines a path and mode for collaborative teaching that effectively bridges the gap between econometrics and environmental economics.展开更多
China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China....China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China.We have analyzed the three-decade progress of air pollution controls in China,highlighting a strategic transformation from emission control toward air quality management.Emission control of sulfur dioxide(SO2)resolved the deteriorating acid rain issue in China in 2007.Since 2013,control actions on multiple precursors and sectors have targeted the reduction of the concentration of fine particulate matter(PM2.5),marking a transition to an air-quality-oriented strategy.Increasing ozone(O3)pollution further requires O3 and PM2.5 integrated control strategies with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions.Fundamental improvement of air quality in China,as a key indicator for the success of ecological civilization construction,demands the deep de-carbonization of China’s energy system as well as more synergistic pathways to address air pollution and global climate change simultaneously.展开更多
1.Introduction China has announced that it will adopt forceful policies and measures and strive to achieve peak carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060—aims that are largely cons...1.Introduction China has announced that it will adopt forceful policies and measures and strive to achieve peak carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060—aims that are largely consistent with the goal to limit warming to 1.5C[1].Achieving this target requires the deep decarbonization of China’s entire economy,with a particular focus on coal-fired power plants(CFPPs).展开更多
Objective:To study the multi-slice CT(MSCT) and magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreatography(MRCP) features of intraductal papillary mucinous tumor(IPMT) of the pancreas.Methods:The clinical information,laboratory val...Objective:To study the multi-slice CT(MSCT) and magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreatography(MRCP) features of intraductal papillary mucinous tumor(IPMT) of the pancreas.Methods:The clinical information,laboratory val-ues,imaging features and pathological findings of 8 cases were reviewed.Results:There were 6 males and 2 females with average 71.3 years old in this series.These lesions involved pancreatic branch ducts or main duct.Among them,2 cases were involved in the pancreatic uncinate process,1 case in the pancreatic head,1 in the pancreatic body,2 in the pancreatic tail and 2 cases involved multiple pancreatic duct.The common complaint was chronic upper abdominal pain.The imaging features included cystic lesion and it's association with the dilated pancreatic main duct,and bulging of the duodenal papilla.Mucin plug,septa or mural nodule were found in these cystic lesions.5 cases were confirmed with endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography(ERCP).3 cases had undergone surgery.Pathological findings of the 3 cases were adenoma,adenocarcinoma and borderline tumor,respectively.Conclusion:The MSCT and MRCP features of IPMT are somewhat characteristic,and the correct diagnosis can be made with the combination of clinical features.Diameter of branch duct ≥ 3 cm with multiple or large mural nodules,or severe dilated main duct indicates the probability of malignant IPMT.展开更多
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal disorder characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and obstruction. The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) family hydrolyzes cyclic AMP (cAMP) and is comprised of four subtypes (PD...Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal disorder characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and obstruction. The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) family hydrolyzes cyclic AMP (cAMP) and is comprised of four subtypes (PDE4A–D). Previous studies have shown the beneficial effects of pan-PDE4 inhibitors in rodent PH;however, this class of drugs is associated with side effects owing to the broad inhibition of all four PDE4 isozymes. Here, we demonstrate that PDE4B is the predominant PDE isozyme in lungs and that it was upregulated in rodent and human PH lung tissues. We also confirmed that PDE4B is mainly expressed in the lung endothelial cells (ECs). Evaluation of PH in Pde4b wild type and knockout mice confirmed that Pde4b is important for the vascular remodeling associated with PH. In vivo EC lineage tracing demonstrated that Pde4b induces PH development by driving endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and mechanistic studies showed that Pde4b regulates EndMT by antagonizing the cAMP-dependent PKA–CREB–BMPRII axis. Finally, treating PH rats with a PDE4B-specific inhibitor validated that PDE4B inhibition has a significant pharmacological effect in the alleviation of PH. Collectively, our findings indicate a critical role for PDE4B in EndMT and PH, prompting further studies of PDE4B-specific inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy for PH.展开更多
Data on the viral rebound and safety of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in lung transplant(LTx)recipients are limited.The study prospectively followed four LTx recipients.Clinical characteristics,viral RNA dynamic in throat sw...Data on the viral rebound and safety of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in lung transplant(LTx)recipients are limited.The study prospectively followed four LTx recipients.Clinical characteristics,viral RNA dynamic in throat swabs,and tacrolimus blood concentration were monitored regularly.All four LTx recipients,aged 35–74 years,were not vaccinated against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS‐CoV‐2).They got coronavirus disease 2019(COVID‐19)after more than one week of admission during the era of Omicron.All cases received nirmatrelvir/ritonavir(NM/r)within two days of infection,and the relative viral RNA copies dropped quickly.Viral load rebound was observed in all four cases after discontinuation of the first five days of NM/r treatment.Three of them received another 5‐days antiviral therapy with NM/r.The duration of positive viral PCR testing was 25‐28 days.None of them progressed into severe or critical COVID‐19.Tacrolimus was stopped 12 h before NM/r and held during the 5‐day course of antiviral therapy.Blood concentration of tacrolimus were maintained at a baseline level during these five days.Tacrolimus was re‐initiated at its baseline daily dose 3‐4 days after NM/r therapy.However,during the second round of antiviral therapy with NM/r,the concentration of tacrolimus fluctuated wildly.In conclusion,the 5‐day course of NM/r treatment was not sufficient for LTx recipients and the viral rebound was common.More data are needed to clarify whether LTx recipients with SARS‐CoV‐2 viral rebound could benefit from additional treatment with NM/r.展开更多
In this study, magnesium matrix composites reinforced with different loading of AlN particles were fabricated by the powder metallurgy technique. The microstructure, bending strength and fracture behavior of the resul...In this study, magnesium matrix composites reinforced with different loading of AlN particles were fabricated by the powder metallurgy technique. The microstructure, bending strength and fracture behavior of the resulting Mg-Al/Al N composites were investigated. It showed that the 5 wt% AlN reinforcements led to the highest densification and bending strength. The total strengthening effect of AlN particles was predicted by considering the contributions of CTE mismatch between the matrix and the particles,load bearing and Hall–Petch mechanism. The results revealed that the increase of dislocation density,the change of Mg17Al12 phase morphology, and the effective load transfer were the major strengthening contributors to the composites. The fracture of the composites altered from plastic to brittle mode with increasing reinforcement content. The regions of clustered particles in the composites were easy to be damaged under external load, and the fracture occurred mainly along grain boundaries.展开更多
Background:Acute kidney injury(AKI)is a common and serious complication following lung transplantation(LTx),and it is associated with high mortality and morbidity.This study assessed the incidence of AKI after LTx and...Background:Acute kidney injury(AKI)is a common and serious complication following lung transplantation(LTx),and it is associated with high mortality and morbidity.This study assessed the incidence of AKI after LTx and analyzed the associated perioperative factors and clinical outcomes.Methods:This retrospective study included all adult LTx recipients at the China-Japan Friendship Hospital in Beijing between March 2017 and December 2019.The outcomes were AKI incidence,risk factors,mortality,and kidney recovery.Multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors.Survival analysis was presented using the Kaplan-Meier curves.Results:AKI occurred in 137 of the 191 patients(71.7%),with transient AKI in 43(22.5%)and persistent AKI in 94(49.2%).AKI stage 1 occurred in 27/191(14.1%),stage 2 in 46/191(24.1%),and stage 3 in 64/191(33.5%)of the AKI patients.Renal replacement therapy(RRT)was administered to 35/191(18.3%)of the patients.Male sex,older age,mechanical ventilation(MV),severe hypotension,septic shock,multiple organ dysfunction(MODS),prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO),reintubation,and nephrotoxic agents were associated with AKI(P<0.050).Persistent AKI was independently associated with pre-operative pulmonary hypertension,severe hypotension,post-operative MODS,and nephrotoxic agents.Severe hypotension,septic shock,MODS,reintubation,prolonged MV,and ECMO during or after LTx were related to severe AKI(stage 3)(P<0.050).Patients with persistent and severe AKI had a significantly longer duration of MV,longer duration in the intensive care unit(ICU),worse downstream kidney function,and reduced survival(P<0.050).Conclusions:AKI is common after LTx,but the pathogenic mechanism of AKI is complicated,and prerenal causes are important.Persistent and severe AKI were associated with poor short-and long-term kidney function and reduced survival in LTx patients.展开更多
The porous structure in pomelo peel is believed to be responsible for the protection of its fruit from damage during the free falling from a tree.The quantitative understanding of the relationship between the deformat...The porous structure in pomelo peel is believed to be responsible for the protection of its fruit from damage during the free falling from a tree.The quantitative understanding of the relationship between the deformation behavior and the porous structure could pave the way for the design of porous structures for efficient energy absorption.Here,a universal feature of pore distribution in pomelo peels along the radial direction is extracted from three varieties of pomelos,which shows strong correlation to the deformation behavior of the peels under compression.Guided by the porous design found in pomelo peels,porous polyether-ether-ketone(PEEK)cube is additively manufactured and possesses the highest ability to absorb energy during compression as compared to the non-pomelo-inspired geometries,which is further confirmed by the finite element simulation.The nature-optimized porous structure revealed here could guide the design of lightweight and high-energy-dissipating materials/devices.展开更多
Drug delivery with customized combinations of drugs,controllable drug dosage,and on-demand release kinetics is critical for personalized medicine.In this study,inspired by successive opening of layered structures and ...Drug delivery with customized combinations of drugs,controllable drug dosage,and on-demand release kinetics is critical for personalized medicine.In this study,inspired by successive opening of layered structures and compartmentalized structures in plants,we designed a multiple compartmentalized capsular structure for controlled drug delivery.The structure was designed as a series of compartments,defined by the gradient thickness of their external walls and internal divisions.Based on the careful choice and optimization of bioinks composed of gelatin,starch,and alginate,the capsular structures were successfully manufactured by fused deposition modeling three-dimensional(3 D)printing.The capsules showed fusion and firm contact between printed layers,forming complete structures without significant defects on the external walls and internal joints.Internal cavities with different volumes were achieved for different drug loading as designed.In vitro swelling demonstrated a successive dissolving and opening of external walls of different capsule compartments,allowing successive drug pulses from the capsules,resulting in the sustained release for about 410 min.The drug release was significantly prolonged compared to a single burst release from a traditional capsular design.The bioinspired design and manufacture of multiple compartmentalized capsules enable customized drug release in a controllable fashion with combinations of different drugs,drug doses,and release kinetics,and have potential for use in personalized medicine.展开更多
Adrenomyeloneuropathy(AMN)is a kind of varied disease caused by ABCD1 gene mutation and characterized by very-long-chain fatty acids(VLCFA)accumulation.It is diag-nosed by clinical features,high VLCFAs levels and ABCD...Adrenomyeloneuropathy(AMN)is a kind of varied disease caused by ABCD1 gene mutation and characterized by very-long-chain fatty acids(VLCFA)accumulation.It is diag-nosed by clinical features,high VLCFAs levels and ABCD1 gene mutation.AMN is rarely reported in Chinese population.In this study,we report the genetic and clinical features of a Chinese pure AMN patient.Meanwhile,we conducted a literature review of AMN cases to summarize the characteristics of AMN.We report a rare Chinese pure AMN case with slowly progressive weakness of the lower extremities,caused by a novel c.1202G>A mutation in ABCD1 gene.The literature review indicates that spastic paraplegia is the mainly clinical manifestation in patients with AMN.VLCFAs and ABCD1 gene test should be performed in patients with spastic paraplegia of the lower limbs to diagnose AMN.展开更多
基金supported by the Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science Project(21YJC630009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72104116).
文摘To capitalize on the synergies between the Econometrics course and the Environmental Economics major,this paper aims to enhance students’ability to conduct empirical analysis and practical application using econometric models.It also seeks to promote collaborative teaching through case studies and model research.The primary focus is on the hot research issues within the field of environmental economics,utilizing the econometric model as a vehicle for instruction.To achieve this,the paper proposes the development of a comprehensive case library specific to environmental economics.This resource will serve to optimize the case teaching approach,incorporating the use of econometric software,and fostering interactive teaching models between educators and students.By implementing these strategies,the paper outlines a path and mode for collaborative teaching that effectively bridges the gap between econometrics and environmental economics.
基金the National Key Research Development Program of China(2016YFC0208901 and 2017YFC0212100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71722003 and 71690244)。
文摘China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China.We have analyzed the three-decade progress of air pollution controls in China,highlighting a strategic transformation from emission control toward air quality management.Emission control of sulfur dioxide(SO2)resolved the deteriorating acid rain issue in China in 2007.Since 2013,control actions on multiple precursors and sectors have targeted the reduction of the concentration of fine particulate matter(PM2.5),marking a transition to an air-quality-oriented strategy.Increasing ozone(O3)pollution further requires O3 and PM2.5 integrated control strategies with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions.Fundamental improvement of air quality in China,as a key indicator for the success of ecological civilization construction,demands the deep de-carbonization of China’s energy system as well as more synergistic pathways to address air pollution and global climate change simultaneously.
基金This work was supported by the major consulting research projects of the Chinese Academy of Engineering“Research on the Strategy of Carbon Sequestration and Resource Utilization,”the Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science project(21YJC630009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72104116,72025401,71974108,and 71690244)the Tsinghua University-INDITEX Sustainable Development Fund.
文摘1.Introduction China has announced that it will adopt forceful policies and measures and strive to achieve peak carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060—aims that are largely consistent with the goal to limit warming to 1.5C[1].Achieving this target requires the deep decarbonization of China’s entire economy,with a particular focus on coal-fired power plants(CFPPs).
文摘Objective:To study the multi-slice CT(MSCT) and magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreatography(MRCP) features of intraductal papillary mucinous tumor(IPMT) of the pancreas.Methods:The clinical information,laboratory val-ues,imaging features and pathological findings of 8 cases were reviewed.Results:There were 6 males and 2 females with average 71.3 years old in this series.These lesions involved pancreatic branch ducts or main duct.Among them,2 cases were involved in the pancreatic uncinate process,1 case in the pancreatic head,1 in the pancreatic body,2 in the pancreatic tail and 2 cases involved multiple pancreatic duct.The common complaint was chronic upper abdominal pain.The imaging features included cystic lesion and it's association with the dilated pancreatic main duct,and bulging of the duodenal papilla.Mucin plug,septa or mural nodule were found in these cystic lesions.5 cases were confirmed with endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography(ERCP).3 cases had undergone surgery.Pathological findings of the 3 cases were adenoma,adenocarcinoma and borderline tumor,respectively.Conclusion:The MSCT and MRCP features of IPMT are somewhat characteristic,and the correct diagnosis can be made with the combination of clinical features.Diameter of branch duct ≥ 3 cm with multiple or large mural nodules,or severe dilated main duct indicates the probability of malignant IPMT.
基金This work was supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation[Z220019 to Jing Wang,China]National High Level of Hospital Clinical Research Funding[2022-PUMCH-D-002 to Jing Wang,China]+3 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China Grants[2019YFA0801703 and 2019YFA0801804 to Jing Wang]Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences[2022-I2M-JB-007 to Chen Wang,2021-I2M-1-016 to Hongmei Zhao,2021-I2M-1-049 to Jing Wang,2021-I2M-1-005 to Yanjiang Xing,China]Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem Innovation Fund[22HHXBSS00010 to Jing Wang,China]National Natural Science Foundation of China[82241004 to Jing Wang].
文摘Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal disorder characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and obstruction. The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) family hydrolyzes cyclic AMP (cAMP) and is comprised of four subtypes (PDE4A–D). Previous studies have shown the beneficial effects of pan-PDE4 inhibitors in rodent PH;however, this class of drugs is associated with side effects owing to the broad inhibition of all four PDE4 isozymes. Here, we demonstrate that PDE4B is the predominant PDE isozyme in lungs and that it was upregulated in rodent and human PH lung tissues. We also confirmed that PDE4B is mainly expressed in the lung endothelial cells (ECs). Evaluation of PH in Pde4b wild type and knockout mice confirmed that Pde4b is important for the vascular remodeling associated with PH. In vivo EC lineage tracing demonstrated that Pde4b induces PH development by driving endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and mechanistic studies showed that Pde4b regulates EndMT by antagonizing the cAMP-dependent PKA–CREB–BMPRII axis. Finally, treating PH rats with a PDE4B-specific inhibitor validated that PDE4B inhibition has a significant pharmacological effect in the alleviation of PH. Collectively, our findings indicate a critical role for PDE4B in EndMT and PH, prompting further studies of PDE4B-specific inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy for PH.
基金CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS)(2021‐I2M‐1‐049).
文摘Data on the viral rebound and safety of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in lung transplant(LTx)recipients are limited.The study prospectively followed four LTx recipients.Clinical characteristics,viral RNA dynamic in throat swabs,and tacrolimus blood concentration were monitored regularly.All four LTx recipients,aged 35–74 years,were not vaccinated against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS‐CoV‐2).They got coronavirus disease 2019(COVID‐19)after more than one week of admission during the era of Omicron.All cases received nirmatrelvir/ritonavir(NM/r)within two days of infection,and the relative viral RNA copies dropped quickly.Viral load rebound was observed in all four cases after discontinuation of the first five days of NM/r treatment.Three of them received another 5‐days antiviral therapy with NM/r.The duration of positive viral PCR testing was 25‐28 days.None of them progressed into severe or critical COVID‐19.Tacrolimus was stopped 12 h before NM/r and held during the 5‐day course of antiviral therapy.Blood concentration of tacrolimus were maintained at a baseline level during these five days.Tacrolimus was re‐initiated at its baseline daily dose 3‐4 days after NM/r therapy.However,during the second round of antiviral therapy with NM/r,the concentration of tacrolimus fluctuated wildly.In conclusion,the 5‐day course of NM/r treatment was not sufficient for LTx recipients and the viral rebound was common.More data are needed to clarify whether LTx recipients with SARS‐CoV‐2 viral rebound could benefit from additional treatment with NM/r.
基金financially supported by the State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials (No. 20151712)
文摘In this study, magnesium matrix composites reinforced with different loading of AlN particles were fabricated by the powder metallurgy technique. The microstructure, bending strength and fracture behavior of the resulting Mg-Al/Al N composites were investigated. It showed that the 5 wt% AlN reinforcements led to the highest densification and bending strength. The total strengthening effect of AlN particles was predicted by considering the contributions of CTE mismatch between the matrix and the particles,load bearing and Hall–Petch mechanism. The results revealed that the increase of dislocation density,the change of Mg17Al12 phase morphology, and the effective load transfer were the major strengthening contributors to the composites. The fracture of the composites altered from plastic to brittle mode with increasing reinforcement content. The regions of clustered particles in the composites were easy to be damaged under external load, and the fracture occurred mainly along grain boundaries.
基金This work was supported by the Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(No.2019PT320020).
文摘Background:Acute kidney injury(AKI)is a common and serious complication following lung transplantation(LTx),and it is associated with high mortality and morbidity.This study assessed the incidence of AKI after LTx and analyzed the associated perioperative factors and clinical outcomes.Methods:This retrospective study included all adult LTx recipients at the China-Japan Friendship Hospital in Beijing between March 2017 and December 2019.The outcomes were AKI incidence,risk factors,mortality,and kidney recovery.Multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors.Survival analysis was presented using the Kaplan-Meier curves.Results:AKI occurred in 137 of the 191 patients(71.7%),with transient AKI in 43(22.5%)and persistent AKI in 94(49.2%).AKI stage 1 occurred in 27/191(14.1%),stage 2 in 46/191(24.1%),and stage 3 in 64/191(33.5%)of the AKI patients.Renal replacement therapy(RRT)was administered to 35/191(18.3%)of the patients.Male sex,older age,mechanical ventilation(MV),severe hypotension,septic shock,multiple organ dysfunction(MODS),prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO),reintubation,and nephrotoxic agents were associated with AKI(P<0.050).Persistent AKI was independently associated with pre-operative pulmonary hypertension,severe hypotension,post-operative MODS,and nephrotoxic agents.Severe hypotension,septic shock,MODS,reintubation,prolonged MV,and ECMO during or after LTx were related to severe AKI(stage 3)(P<0.050).Patients with persistent and severe AKI had a significantly longer duration of MV,longer duration in the intensive care unit(ICU),worse downstream kidney function,and reduced survival(P<0.050).Conclusions:AKI is common after LTx,but the pathogenic mechanism of AKI is complicated,and prerenal causes are important.Persistent and severe AKI were associated with poor short-and long-term kidney function and reduced survival in LTx patients.
基金supported by the National Key R&DProgram of China(2018YFB1105100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(51973165).
文摘The porous structure in pomelo peel is believed to be responsible for the protection of its fruit from damage during the free falling from a tree.The quantitative understanding of the relationship between the deformation behavior and the porous structure could pave the way for the design of porous structures for efficient energy absorption.Here,a universal feature of pore distribution in pomelo peels along the radial direction is extracted from three varieties of pomelos,which shows strong correlation to the deformation behavior of the peels under compression.Guided by the porous design found in pomelo peels,porous polyether-ether-ketone(PEEK)cube is additively manufactured and possesses the highest ability to absorb energy during compression as compared to the non-pomelo-inspired geometries,which is further confirmed by the finite element simulation.The nature-optimized porous structure revealed here could guide the design of lightweight and high-energy-dissipating materials/devices.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFB1105100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81871484)the Start-up Funding of Wuhan University(No.20035),China。
文摘Drug delivery with customized combinations of drugs,controllable drug dosage,and on-demand release kinetics is critical for personalized medicine.In this study,inspired by successive opening of layered structures and compartmentalized structures in plants,we designed a multiple compartmentalized capsular structure for controlled drug delivery.The structure was designed as a series of compartments,defined by the gradient thickness of their external walls and internal divisions.Based on the careful choice and optimization of bioinks composed of gelatin,starch,and alginate,the capsular structures were successfully manufactured by fused deposition modeling three-dimensional(3 D)printing.The capsules showed fusion and firm contact between printed layers,forming complete structures without significant defects on the external walls and internal joints.Internal cavities with different volumes were achieved for different drug loading as designed.In vitro swelling demonstrated a successive dissolving and opening of external walls of different capsule compartments,allowing successive drug pulses from the capsules,resulting in the sustained release for about 410 min.The drug release was significantly prolonged compared to a single burst release from a traditional capsular design.The bioinspired design and manufacture of multiple compartmentalized capsules enable customized drug release in a controllable fashion with combinations of different drugs,drug doses,and release kinetics,and have potential for use in personalized medicine.
基金The study was supported by the National key R&D Program of China[grant numbers 2017YFC1310300,2016YFC1306600]the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China[grant numbers 81301081,81601127]。
文摘Adrenomyeloneuropathy(AMN)is a kind of varied disease caused by ABCD1 gene mutation and characterized by very-long-chain fatty acids(VLCFA)accumulation.It is diag-nosed by clinical features,high VLCFAs levels and ABCD1 gene mutation.AMN is rarely reported in Chinese population.In this study,we report the genetic and clinical features of a Chinese pure AMN patient.Meanwhile,we conducted a literature review of AMN cases to summarize the characteristics of AMN.We report a rare Chinese pure AMN case with slowly progressive weakness of the lower extremities,caused by a novel c.1202G>A mutation in ABCD1 gene.The literature review indicates that spastic paraplegia is the mainly clinical manifestation in patients with AMN.VLCFAs and ABCD1 gene test should be performed in patients with spastic paraplegia of the lower limbs to diagnose AMN.
