While autonomous vehicles are vital components of intelligent transportation systems,ensuring the trustworthiness of decision-making remains a substantial challenge in realizing autonomous driving.Therefore,we present...While autonomous vehicles are vital components of intelligent transportation systems,ensuring the trustworthiness of decision-making remains a substantial challenge in realizing autonomous driving.Therefore,we present a novel robust reinforcement learning approach with safety guarantees to attain trustworthy decision-making for autonomous vehicles.The proposed technique ensures decision trustworthiness in terms of policy robustness and collision safety.Specifically,an adversary model is learned online to simulate the worst-case uncertainty by approximating the optimal adversarial perturbations on the observed states and environmental dynamics.In addition,an adversarial robust actor-critic algorithm is developed to enable the agent to learn robust policies against perturbations in observations and dynamics.Moreover,we devise a safety mask to guarantee the collision safety of the autonomous driving agent during both the training and testing processes using an interpretable knowledge model known as the Responsibility-Sensitive Safety Model.Finally,the proposed approach is evaluated through both simulations and experiments.These results indicate that the autonomous driving agent can make trustworthy decisions and drastically reduce the number of collisions through robust safety policies.展开更多
Ultrafast imaging tools are of great importance for determining the dynamic density distribution in high energy density(HED)matter.In this work,we designed a high energy electron radiography(HEER)system based on a lin...Ultrafast imaging tools are of great importance for determining the dynamic density distribution in high energy density(HED)matter.In this work,we designed a high energy electron radiography(HEER)system based on a linear electron accelerator to evaluate its capability for imaging HED matter.40 MeV electron beams were used to image an aluminum target to study the density resolution and spatial resolution of HEER.The results demonstrate a spatial resolution of tens of micrometers.The interaction of the beams with the target and the beam transport of the transmitted electrons are further simulated with EGS5 and PARMELA codes,with the results showing good agreement with the experimental resolution.Furthermore,the experiment can be improved by adding an aperture at the Fourier plane.展开更多
Multiple sets of thick coal beds characterized by simple structure and shallow burial depth were developed in the Early and Middle Jurassic strata of the Ordos Basin, northwestern China. The huge reserves of this high...Multiple sets of thick coal beds characterized by simple structure and shallow burial depth were developed in the Early and Middle Jurassic strata of the Ordos Basin, northwestern China. The huge reserves of this high quality coal have a high commercial value. We studied the coal＇s petrologic characteristics and its maceral distribution to determine the maceral＇s contribution to generation of oil and gas. The results show that the Jurassic coals in the Ordos Basin have special petrological features because of the Basin＇s unique depo- sitional environment which was mainly a series of high-stand swamps in the upper fluvial system. These petro- graphic features are a result of the development of typical inland lakes where some sand bodies were formed by migrating rivers. After burial, the peat continued to undergo oxidizing conditions, this process generated extensive higher inertinite contents in the coals and the vitrinite components were altered to semi-vitrinite. The macroscopic petrographic types of these Jurassic coals are mainly semi-dull coal, dull coal, semilustrous and lustrous coal. The proportions of semi-dull coal and dull coal are higher in the basin margins, especially in the area near the northern margin. The numbers of semilustrous and lustrous coals increase southwards and towards the central basin. This situation indicates that different coal-forming swamp environments have major controlling effects on the coal components. Another observation is that in the Ordos＇ coal sequences, especially in the lower part, some sandstone beds are thick, up to 20 m with a coarse grain size. The higher fusinite content in the macerals accompanies a higher semi-vitrinite content with more complete and regular plant cell structure. The fusinite structure is clear and well preserved. After burial, the lithology of the roof and floor rocks can continue to affect the evolution of coal petrology. The sand bodies in the roof and floor exhibit good physical conditions so that pore water can maintain a long-term state of oxidation, circulation and connection to the coal. So coal components remain in an oxidation environment for a long time. Conversely, in the basin center, lacustrine facies developed and peat was rapidly covered by mudstone after burial and subsequent coal beds rapidly entered a reducing environment. As a result, abundant gelatification occurred and the vitrinite content increased. E^inite often accumulated in a specific position in the coal bed. Although the average exinite content is not high on the whole, it does significantly contribute to the total hydrocarbon generation. The exinite content has been underestimated, especially the amorphous bituminous fluid and its importance is emphasized here. The reason is that the fluid flows easily into fusinite which has strong rigidity, or flows into some fissures, where it is commonly neglected.展开更多
High-energy electron radiography(HEER)is a promising diagnostic tool for high-energy-density physics,as an alternative to tools such as X/γ-ray shadowgraphy and high-energy proton radiography.Impressive progress has ...High-energy electron radiography(HEER)is a promising diagnostic tool for high-energy-density physics,as an alternative to tools such as X/γ-ray shadowgraphy and high-energy proton radiography.Impressive progress has been made in the development and application ofHEER in the past fewyears,and its potential for high-resolution imaging of static opaque objects has been proved.In this study,by taking advantage of the short pulse duration and tunable time structure of high-energy electron probes,time-resolved imaging measurements of high-energy-density gold irradiated by ultrashort intense laser pulses are performed.Phenomena at different time scales frompicoseconds to microseconds are observed,thus proving the feasibility of this technique for imaging of static and dynamic objects.展开更多
In the mammalian central nervous system,nerve-glia antigen 2(NG2)glia are considered the fourth glial population in addition to astrocytes,oligodendrocytes and microglia.The fate of NG2 glia in vivo has been carefully...In the mammalian central nervous system,nerve-glia antigen 2(NG2)glia are considered the fourth glial population in addition to astrocytes,oligodendrocytes and microglia.The fate of NG2 glia in vivo has been carefully studied in several transgenic mouse models using the Cre/loxP strategy.There is a clear agreement that NG2 glia mainly serve as progenitors for oligodendrocytes and a subpopulation of astrocytes mainly in the ventral forebrain,whereas the existence of a neurogenic potential of NG2 glia is lack of adequate evidence.This mini review summarizes the findings from recent studies regarding the fate of NG2 glia during development.We will highlight the age-and-region-dependent heterogeneity of the NG2 glia differentiation potential.We will also discuss putative reasons for inconsistent findings in various transgenic mouse lines of previous studies.展开更多
Lead is a potentially harmful element that has caused serious environmental pollution during its mining and use along with serious human health problems.This study assessed lead in Chinese coals based on published lit...Lead is a potentially harmful element that has caused serious environmental pollution during its mining and use along with serious human health problems.This study assessed lead in Chinese coals based on published literature,with a particular focus on data reported since 2004.The analysis included 9447 individual samples from 103 coalfields or mines in 28 provinces in China.The arithmetic mean content of lead in the studied coals was 15.0μg/g.Considering the coal reserves,the weighted-average lead concentration in Chinese coals was calculated to be 19.6μg/g.Lead was significantly enriched in the coals from Henan Province and enriched in the coals from the Tibet Autonomous Region.The coals from Tibet–Western Yunnan and the southern areas of China had elevated lead concentrations.Sulfides are the primary hosts of lead in Chinese coals,although other hosts include silicates,organic matter,carbonates,and other minerals.Source rocks in the sediment-source region and marine environments may be the most significant factors contributing to lead enrichment in Chinese coals.Hydrothermal fluids and peat-forming plants also contribute to lead enrichment in some Chinese coals.展开更多
This paper introduces a mobile phone short message control method in smart home based on GSM (Global System for Mobile communications). AT commands and the system structure is illustrated in detail. The hardware syste...This paper introduces a mobile phone short message control method in smart home based on GSM (Global System for Mobile communications). AT commands and the system structure is illustrated in detail. The hardware system including STC89C51 and TC35i is presented. The software framework is also analyzed clearly in this paper. In addition, some other potential application areas and its direction of development in future are given at last.展开更多
Effective silique number per plant(ESN), seeds per silique(SS), thousand seeds weight(TSW), silique length(SL) and silique density(SD) are important seed yield potential determinant traits in rapeseed(Brassica napus L...Effective silique number per plant(ESN), seeds per silique(SS), thousand seeds weight(TSW), silique length(SL) and silique density(SD) are important seed yield potential determinant traits in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.), which are controlled by quantitative trait loci(QTL). Mapping QTL to delimited chromosomal region offers an effective method for genetic dissection of these traits. A set of 96 double haploid(DH) lines were developed by crossing 2 Brassica napus lines R1 and R2, and an immortalized F_2(IF_2) population containing 124 combinations was developed by crossing those DH lines. DH populations were planted at 2 locations for 2 years and IF_2 populations were planted in 2 locations for 1 year. Based on the established 2,217.2 cM length high density genetic map, 42 QTLs were identified, with 26 QTLs detected repeatedly in different environments or populations, including 8 for SL, 7 for TSW, 4 for ESN, 4 for SS and 3 for SD. Among these identified QTLs, 3, 4, 1, 1 and 3 QTLs were considered as major QTLs for SL, TSW, ESN, SS and SD, respectively. In addition, 2 QTLs on A9 chromosome which control multiple traits were identified. These results warrant further study of fine mapping for yield and yield components.展开更多
Due to the complex conditions and strong heterogeneity of tight sandstone reservoirs,the reservoirs should be classified and the controlling factors of physical properties should be studied.Cast thin section observati...Due to the complex conditions and strong heterogeneity of tight sandstone reservoirs,the reservoirs should be classified and the controlling factors of physical properties should be studied.Cast thin section observations,cathodoluminescence,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI)were used to classify and optimize the reservoir.The Brooks-Corey model and stepwise regression were used to study the fractal dimension and main controlling factors of the physical properties of the high-quality reservoir.The results show that the reservoirs in the study area can be divided into four types,and the high-quality reservoir has the best physical properties and pore-throat characteristics.In the high-quality reservoir,the homogeneity of transitional pores was the best,followed by that of micropores,and the worst was mesopores.The porosity was controlled by depth and kaolinite.The model with standardized coefficients is y=12.454−0.778×(Depth)+0.395×(Kaolinite).The permeability was controlled by depth,illite/montmorillonite,and siliceous cement,and the model with standardized coefficients is y=1.689−0.683×(Depth)−0.395×(Illite/Montmorillonite)−0.337×(Siliceous Cement).The pore-throat evolutionary model shows that the early-middle diagenetic period was when the reservoir physical properties were at their best,and the kaolinite intercrystalline pores and residual intergranular pores were the most important.展开更多
Humic acid(HA)is a typical refractory organicmatter,so it is of great significance to investigate its effect on the performance of Anammox granular sludge.When the dosage ofHA≤50 mg/L,HA promotes the total nitrogen r...Humic acid(HA)is a typical refractory organicmatter,so it is of great significance to investigate its effect on the performance of Anammox granular sludge.When the dosage ofHA≤50 mg/L,HA promotes the total nitrogen removal rate(NRR)to 1.45 kg/(m^(3)·day).When HA was between 50 and 100 mg/L,the NRR of Anammox was stable.At this time,the adsorption of HA causes the sludge to gradually turn fromred to brown,but the activities of heme and enzymes showed that its capacitywas not affected.When HA levels reached 250 mg/L,the NRR dropped to 0.11 kg/(m^(3)·day).Moderate HA levels promoted the release of extracellular polymeric substance(EPS),but excessive HA levels lead to a decrease in EPS concentrations.HA inhibited Anammox activity,which indirectly hindered the transmission of substrate and accumulated substrate toxicity.Although HA promoted the increase of heterotrophicmicrobial abundance in Anammox system,the microbial diversity decreased gradually.With the increase of HA concentration,the abundance of Candidatus_Brocadia,the main functional microorganism of Anammox system,decreased gradually,while the abundance of Candidatus_Kuenenia increased gradually.展开更多
All-fiber coherent beam combiners based on the self-imaging effect can achieve a near-perfect single laser beam,which can provide a promising way to overcome the power limitation of a single-fiber laser.One of the key...All-fiber coherent beam combiners based on the self-imaging effect can achieve a near-perfect single laser beam,which can provide a promising way to overcome the power limitation of a single-fiber laser.One of the key points is combining efficiency,which is determined by various mismatches during fabrication.A theoretical model has been built,and the mismatch error is analyzed numerically for the first time.The mismatch errors have been numerically studied with the beam quality and combining efficiency being chosen as the evaluation criteria.The tolerance of each mismatch error for causing 1%loss is calculated to guide the design of the beam combiners.The simulation results are consistent with the experimental results,which show that the mismatch error of the square-core fiber is the main cause of the efficiency loss.The results can provide useful guidance for the fabrication of all-fiber coherent beam combiners.展开更多
Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)is characterized by disruptions in cell death pathways and impaired clearance of apoptotic cells,resulting in immune dysregulation and tissue damage.This review explores the complex in...Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)is characterized by disruptions in cell death pathways and impaired clearance of apoptotic cells,resulting in immune dysregulation and tissue damage.This review explores the complex interplay of regulated cell death(RCD)mechanisms,including apoptosis,necroptosis,pyroptosis,NETosis,autophagy,and ferroptosis,in the pathogenesis of SLE.These pathways release autoantigens and danger signals,triggering autoimmune reactions and inflammation.Six various RCDs have mutual associates to support immune dysregulation and are associated with SLE.Apoptosis intrinsically induces immune tolerance by packaging dying cells into immunologically inert fragments.Deficiencies in apoptotic clearance will result in impaired tolerance.Necroptosis,pyroptosis,NETosis,and ferroptosis lead to cell membrane destruction,production of intracellular immunostimulatory components,and triggering a strong inflammatory immune reaction.Abnormal autophagic activity affects the development,differentiation,function,and metabolism of many immune cell subpopulations.Investigating the interconnections between cell death pathways and SLE sheds light on the disease's underlying mechanisms and provides opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions.The convergence of precision medicine and innovative strategies targeting these intricate pathways holds promise for expanding the landscape of SLE treatment.展开更多
Background and Aims:The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is 25%.This study aimed to explore differences in the gut microbial community and blood lipids between normal livers and those affect...Background and Aims:The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is 25%.This study aimed to explore differences in the gut microbial community and blood lipids between normal livers and those affected by NAFLD using 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing.Methods:Gut microbiome profiles of 40 NAFLD and 20 non-NAFLD controls were analyzed.Information about four blood lipids and 13 other clinical features was collected.Patients were divided into three groups by ultrasound and FibroScan,those with a normal liver,mild FL(FL1),and moderate-to-severe FL(FL2).FL1 and FL2 patients were divided into two groups,those with either hyperlipidemia or non-hyperlipidemia based on their blood lipids.Potential keystone species within the groups were identified using univariate analysis and a specificity–occupancy plot.Significant difference in biochemical parameters ion NAFLD patients and healthy individuals were identified by detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis.Results:Decreased gut bacterial diversity was found in patients with NAFLD.Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes decreased as NAFLD progressed.Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus 2 were the most representative fatty-related bacteria.Glutamate pyruvic transaminase,aspartate aminotransferase,and white blood cell count were selected as the most significant biochemical indexes.Calculation of areas under the curve identified two microbiomes combined with the three biochemical indexes that identified normal liver and FL2 very well but performed poorly in diagnosing FL1.Conclusions:Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus 2,combined with glutamate pyruvic transaminase,aspartate aminotransferase,and white blood cell count distinguished NAFLD.We speculate that regulating the health of gut microbiota may release NAFLD,in addition to providing new targets for clinicians to treat NAFLD.展开更多
To the Editor,We present a case involving a 44-year-old male patient who has suffered from psoriasis for over 30 years and developed recurrent pericardial effusions over the past 4 years.Psoriasis has been linked to a...To the Editor,We present a case involving a 44-year-old male patient who has suffered from psoriasis for over 30 years and developed recurrent pericardial effusions over the past 4 years.Psoriasis has been linked to an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease due to the shared interleukin(IL)-23/T helper type 17(Th17)immune pathway.1 Notably,inflammatory cells Th17 are persistently exposed to the pro-inflammatory factor IL-23.The inhibition of downstream effector cytokine IL-17A by secukinumab can mitigate the excessive skin response to inflammatory factors,potentially reducing the cardiovascular risk in psoriasis patients.展开更多
Introduction:Agents that can be used for the treatment of neuropsychiatric lupus(NPSLE)are lacking in the therapeutic armamentarium.Belimumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the B-cell activating factor(BAFF)and is...Introduction:Agents that can be used for the treatment of neuropsychiatric lupus(NPSLE)are lacking in the therapeutic armamentarium.Belimumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the B-cell activating factor(BAFF)and is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as an additional treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus patients with persistent disease activity and lupus nephritis(LN);however,severe active central nervous system manifestations were excluded.Case Report:We report on a treatment-naïve LN patient with refractory NPSLE complicated with progressive posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome(PRES)who was successfully treated via the combination of mycophenolate and belimumab,resulting in reversal of persistent headache and neuroradiologic manifestations.Conclusion:Research on this topic could be relevant for identifying a possible correlation between BAFF and psychiatric NPSLE manifestations.展开更多
The self-imaging effect in a square core fiber has been investigated, and an integrated all-fiber combiner has been proposed based on a large mode area double clad fiber, which can be employed to construct high power ...The self-imaging effect in a square core fiber has been investigated, and an integrated all-fiber combiner has been proposed based on a large mode area double clad fiber, which can be employed to construct high power coherent beam combining sources in the all-fiber format. The influence of various parameters on beam quality(M^(2)) and efficiency of the all-fiber coherent beam combiner has been studied numerically, which reveals that the near diffraction-limited laser beam can be achieved. A principle demonstration of the self-imaging effect has been carried out experimentally in a square core fiber, which proves the feasibility of beam combining with the square fiber, and that it is a promising way to develop high power coherent beam combination sources.展开更多
Background Tsinghua Thomson Scattering X-ray Source Phase II is a Thomson scattering-based X-ray source currently under development at Accelerator Laboratory in Tsinghua University.Purpose The purpose of this paper is...Background Tsinghua Thomson Scattering X-ray Source Phase II is a Thomson scattering-based X-ray source currently under development at Accelerator Laboratory in Tsinghua University.Purpose The purpose of this paper is to design a L-band cavity for the storage ring and to study the coupled bunch instability induced by the HOMs of the cavity.Methods The growth rates and tune shifts of the coupled bunch instability are calculated with approximation formulas and simulated with particle tracking code.The frequency of HOMs is optimized that the Landau damping can suppress the coupled bunch instability.A prototype cavity is manufactured and cold-tested.Results The HOM frequencies can be tuned away from beam spectrum,and the CBI instability can be easily suppressed with Landau damping.Conclusion Without HOM dampers or feedback system,the HOMs can be tuned during design phase such that the CBI instability can be suppressed.展开更多
Coherent pulse stacking（CPS） is a new time-domain coherent addition technique that stacks several optical pulses into a single output pulse, enabling high pulse energy and high average power. A Z-domain model target...Coherent pulse stacking（CPS） is a new time-domain coherent addition technique that stacks several optical pulses into a single output pulse, enabling high pulse energy and high average power. A Z-domain model targeting the pulsed laser is assembled to describe the optical interference process. An algorithm, extracting the cavity phase and pulse phases from limited data, where only the pulse intensity is available, is developed to diagnose optical cavity resonators. We also implement the algorithm on the cascaded system of multiple optical cavities,achieving phase errors less than 1.0°（root mean square）, which could ensure the stability of CPS.展开更多
Magnetic particle imaging(MPI)is an emerging technique to visualize the spatial distribution of super-paramagnetic iron oxide with high temporal–spatial resolution,high sensitivity,unlimited image depth,and true quan...Magnetic particle imaging(MPI)is an emerging technique to visualize the spatial distribution of super-paramagnetic iron oxide with high temporal–spatial resolution,high sensitivity,unlimited image depth,and true quantitative information.MPI is based on the nonlinear response of superparamagnetic iron oxide in an alter-nating magnetic field without tissue background noise.It is a promising imaging modality for various applica-tions,including vascular imaging,cell tracking,tumor imaging,and catheter navigation.Many applications of liver imaging could be improved or created with MPI.In this review,we cover the principle and construction of MPI,we evaluate the features and advantages of MPI with relation to its own rationale and via comparison with other imaging modalities,and we review MPI liver imaging applications with a view toward assisting hepatic researchers in drawing inspiration.展开更多
基金supported in part by the Start-Up Grant-Nanyang Assistant Professorship Grant of Nanyang Technological Universitythe Agency for Science,Technology and Research(A*STAR)under Advanced Manufacturing and Engineering(AME)Young Individual Research under Grant(A2084c0156)+2 种基金the MTC Individual Research Grant(M22K2c0079)the ANR-NRF Joint Grant(NRF2021-NRF-ANR003 HM Science)the Ministry of Education(MOE)under the Tier 2 Grant(MOE-T2EP50222-0002)。
文摘While autonomous vehicles are vital components of intelligent transportation systems,ensuring the trustworthiness of decision-making remains a substantial challenge in realizing autonomous driving.Therefore,we present a novel robust reinforcement learning approach with safety guarantees to attain trustworthy decision-making for autonomous vehicles.The proposed technique ensures decision trustworthiness in terms of policy robustness and collision safety.Specifically,an adversary model is learned online to simulate the worst-case uncertainty by approximating the optimal adversarial perturbations on the observed states and environmental dynamics.In addition,an adversarial robust actor-critic algorithm is developed to enable the agent to learn robust policies against perturbations in observations and dynamics.Moreover,we devise a safety mask to guarantee the collision safety of the autonomous driving agent during both the training and testing processes using an interpretable knowledge model known as the Responsibility-Sensitive Safety Model.Finally,the proposed approach is evaluated through both simulations and experiments.These results indicate that the autonomous driving agent can make trustworthy decisions and drastically reduce the number of collisions through robust safety policies.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11435015 and 11505251)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2016YFE0104900)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.28Y740010 and 113462KYSB20160036)
文摘Ultrafast imaging tools are of great importance for determining the dynamic density distribution in high energy density(HED)matter.In this work,we designed a high energy electron radiography(HEER)system based on a linear electron accelerator to evaluate its capability for imaging HED matter.40 MeV electron beams were used to image an aluminum target to study the density resolution and spatial resolution of HEER.The results demonstrate a spatial resolution of tens of micrometers.The interaction of the beams with the target and the beam transport of the transmitted electrons are further simulated with EGS5 and PARMELA codes,with the results showing good agreement with the experimental resolution.Furthermore,the experiment can be improved by adding an aperture at the Fourier plane.
基金supported by Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology Project(No.2006CB202202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40972106 and No.40772095)
文摘Multiple sets of thick coal beds characterized by simple structure and shallow burial depth were developed in the Early and Middle Jurassic strata of the Ordos Basin, northwestern China. The huge reserves of this high quality coal have a high commercial value. We studied the coal＇s petrologic characteristics and its maceral distribution to determine the maceral＇s contribution to generation of oil and gas. The results show that the Jurassic coals in the Ordos Basin have special petrological features because of the Basin＇s unique depo- sitional environment which was mainly a series of high-stand swamps in the upper fluvial system. These petro- graphic features are a result of the development of typical inland lakes where some sand bodies were formed by migrating rivers. After burial, the peat continued to undergo oxidizing conditions, this process generated extensive higher inertinite contents in the coals and the vitrinite components were altered to semi-vitrinite. The macroscopic petrographic types of these Jurassic coals are mainly semi-dull coal, dull coal, semilustrous and lustrous coal. The proportions of semi-dull coal and dull coal are higher in the basin margins, especially in the area near the northern margin. The numbers of semilustrous and lustrous coals increase southwards and towards the central basin. This situation indicates that different coal-forming swamp environments have major controlling effects on the coal components. Another observation is that in the Ordos＇ coal sequences, especially in the lower part, some sandstone beds are thick, up to 20 m with a coarse grain size. The higher fusinite content in the macerals accompanies a higher semi-vitrinite content with more complete and regular plant cell structure. The fusinite structure is clear and well preserved. After burial, the lithology of the roof and floor rocks can continue to affect the evolution of coal petrology. The sand bodies in the roof and floor exhibit good physical conditions so that pore water can maintain a long-term state of oxidation, circulation and connection to the coal. So coal components remain in an oxidation environment for a long time. Conversely, in the basin center, lacustrine facies developed and peat was rapidly covered by mudstone after burial and subsequent coal beds rapidly entered a reducing environment. As a result, abundant gelatification occurred and the vitrinite content increased. E^inite often accumulated in a specific position in the coal bed. Although the average exinite content is not high on the whole, it does significantly contribute to the total hydrocarbon generation. The exinite content has been underestimated, especially the amorphous bituminous fluid and its importance is emphasized here. The reason is that the fluid flows easily into fusinite which has strong rigidity, or flows into some fissures, where it is commonly neglected.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC Grant Nos.11435015 and 11505251).
文摘High-energy electron radiography(HEER)is a promising diagnostic tool for high-energy-density physics,as an alternative to tools such as X/γ-ray shadowgraphy and high-energy proton radiography.Impressive progress has been made in the development and application ofHEER in the past fewyears,and its potential for high-resolution imaging of static opaque objects has been proved.In this study,by taking advantage of the short pulse duration and tunable time structure of high-energy electron probes,time-resolved imaging measurements of high-energy-density gold irradiated by ultrashort intense laser pulses are performed.Phenomena at different time scales frompicoseconds to microseconds are observed,thus proving the feasibility of this technique for imaging of static and dynamic objects.
基金This work was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG Sino-German joint project(Kl 503/14-1)to WH,DFG FOR 2289 to ASfrom the Saarland University Medical Faculty HOMFOR2015 and HOMFORexzellenz2016 to AS and WH,respectivelyWH was also supported by DFG SFB 894 and the European Commission EC-H2020 FET ProAct Neurofibres.
文摘In the mammalian central nervous system,nerve-glia antigen 2(NG2)glia are considered the fourth glial population in addition to astrocytes,oligodendrocytes and microglia.The fate of NG2 glia in vivo has been carefully studied in several transgenic mouse models using the Cre/loxP strategy.There is a clear agreement that NG2 glia mainly serve as progenitors for oligodendrocytes and a subpopulation of astrocytes mainly in the ventral forebrain,whereas the existence of a neurogenic potential of NG2 glia is lack of adequate evidence.This mini review summarizes the findings from recent studies regarding the fate of NG2 glia during development.We will highlight the age-and-region-dependent heterogeneity of the NG2 glia differentiation potential.We will also discuss putative reasons for inconsistent findings in various transgenic mouse lines of previous studies.
基金This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.4197217,41472136)Special thanks are given to Shifeng Dai and two anonymous reviewers for their useful suggestions and comments.
文摘Lead is a potentially harmful element that has caused serious environmental pollution during its mining and use along with serious human health problems.This study assessed lead in Chinese coals based on published literature,with a particular focus on data reported since 2004.The analysis included 9447 individual samples from 103 coalfields or mines in 28 provinces in China.The arithmetic mean content of lead in the studied coals was 15.0μg/g.Considering the coal reserves,the weighted-average lead concentration in Chinese coals was calculated to be 19.6μg/g.Lead was significantly enriched in the coals from Henan Province and enriched in the coals from the Tibet Autonomous Region.The coals from Tibet–Western Yunnan and the southern areas of China had elevated lead concentrations.Sulfides are the primary hosts of lead in Chinese coals,although other hosts include silicates,organic matter,carbonates,and other minerals.Source rocks in the sediment-source region and marine environments may be the most significant factors contributing to lead enrichment in Chinese coals.Hydrothermal fluids and peat-forming plants also contribute to lead enrichment in some Chinese coals.
文摘This paper introduces a mobile phone short message control method in smart home based on GSM (Global System for Mobile communications). AT commands and the system structure is illustrated in detail. The hardware system including STC89C51 and TC35i is presented. The software framework is also analyzed clearly in this paper. In addition, some other potential application areas and its direction of development in future are given at last.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFD0101300)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Group No.118)+1 种基金the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-12)Hubei Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center(201620000001048)
文摘Effective silique number per plant(ESN), seeds per silique(SS), thousand seeds weight(TSW), silique length(SL) and silique density(SD) are important seed yield potential determinant traits in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.), which are controlled by quantitative trait loci(QTL). Mapping QTL to delimited chromosomal region offers an effective method for genetic dissection of these traits. A set of 96 double haploid(DH) lines were developed by crossing 2 Brassica napus lines R1 and R2, and an immortalized F_2(IF_2) population containing 124 combinations was developed by crossing those DH lines. DH populations were planted at 2 locations for 2 years and IF_2 populations were planted in 2 locations for 1 year. Based on the established 2,217.2 cM length high density genetic map, 42 QTLs were identified, with 26 QTLs detected repeatedly in different environments or populations, including 8 for SL, 7 for TSW, 4 for ESN, 4 for SS and 3 for SD. Among these identified QTLs, 3, 4, 1, 1 and 3 QTLs were considered as major QTLs for SL, TSW, ESN, SS and SD, respectively. In addition, 2 QTLs on A9 chromosome which control multiple traits were identified. These results warrant further study of fine mapping for yield and yield components.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41972172 and U1910205).
文摘Due to the complex conditions and strong heterogeneity of tight sandstone reservoirs,the reservoirs should be classified and the controlling factors of physical properties should be studied.Cast thin section observations,cathodoluminescence,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI)were used to classify and optimize the reservoir.The Brooks-Corey model and stepwise regression were used to study the fractal dimension and main controlling factors of the physical properties of the high-quality reservoir.The results show that the reservoirs in the study area can be divided into four types,and the high-quality reservoir has the best physical properties and pore-throat characteristics.In the high-quality reservoir,the homogeneity of transitional pores was the best,followed by that of micropores,and the worst was mesopores.The porosity was controlled by depth and kaolinite.The model with standardized coefficients is y=12.454−0.778×(Depth)+0.395×(Kaolinite).The permeability was controlled by depth,illite/montmorillonite,and siliceous cement,and the model with standardized coefficients is y=1.689−0.683×(Depth)−0.395×(Illite/Montmorillonite)−0.337×(Siliceous Cement).The pore-throat evolutionary model shows that the early-middle diagenetic period was when the reservoir physical properties were at their best,and the kaolinite intercrystalline pores and residual intergranular pores were the most important.
基金This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51938010)the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment(No.XTCXSZ2022-1).
文摘Humic acid(HA)is a typical refractory organicmatter,so it is of great significance to investigate its effect on the performance of Anammox granular sludge.When the dosage ofHA≤50 mg/L,HA promotes the total nitrogen removal rate(NRR)to 1.45 kg/(m^(3)·day).When HA was between 50 and 100 mg/L,the NRR of Anammox was stable.At this time,the adsorption of HA causes the sludge to gradually turn fromred to brown,but the activities of heme and enzymes showed that its capacitywas not affected.When HA levels reached 250 mg/L,the NRR dropped to 0.11 kg/(m^(3)·day).Moderate HA levels promoted the release of extracellular polymeric substance(EPS),but excessive HA levels lead to a decrease in EPS concentrations.HA inhibited Anammox activity,which indirectly hindered the transmission of substrate and accumulated substrate toxicity.Although HA promoted the increase of heterotrophicmicrobial abundance in Anammox system,the microbial diversity decreased gradually.With the increase of HA concentration,the abundance of Candidatus_Brocadia,the main functional microorganism of Anammox system,decreased gradually,while the abundance of Candidatus_Kuenenia increased gradually.
文摘All-fiber coherent beam combiners based on the self-imaging effect can achieve a near-perfect single laser beam,which can provide a promising way to overcome the power limitation of a single-fiber laser.One of the key points is combining efficiency,which is determined by various mismatches during fabrication.A theoretical model has been built,and the mismatch error is analyzed numerically for the first time.The mismatch errors have been numerically studied with the beam quality and combining efficiency being chosen as the evaluation criteria.The tolerance of each mismatch error for causing 1%loss is calculated to guide the design of the beam combiners.The simulation results are consistent with the experimental results,which show that the mismatch error of the square-core fiber is the main cause of the efficiency loss.The results can provide useful guidance for the fabrication of all-fiber coherent beam combiners.
基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(Grant/Award Numbers:2019A1515011094,2022A1515010471)Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province,China(Grant/Award Number:202102010139).
文摘Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)is characterized by disruptions in cell death pathways and impaired clearance of apoptotic cells,resulting in immune dysregulation and tissue damage.This review explores the complex interplay of regulated cell death(RCD)mechanisms,including apoptosis,necroptosis,pyroptosis,NETosis,autophagy,and ferroptosis,in the pathogenesis of SLE.These pathways release autoantigens and danger signals,triggering autoimmune reactions and inflammation.Six various RCDs have mutual associates to support immune dysregulation and are associated with SLE.Apoptosis intrinsically induces immune tolerance by packaging dying cells into immunologically inert fragments.Deficiencies in apoptotic clearance will result in impaired tolerance.Necroptosis,pyroptosis,NETosis,and ferroptosis lead to cell membrane destruction,production of intracellular immunostimulatory components,and triggering a strong inflammatory immune reaction.Abnormal autophagic activity affects the development,differentiation,function,and metabolism of many immune cell subpopulations.Investigating the interconnections between cell death pathways and SLE sheds light on the disease's underlying mechanisms and provides opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions.The convergence of precision medicine and innovative strategies targeting these intricate pathways holds promise for expanding the landscape of SLE treatment.
基金supported by the Commission of Science and Technology of Shenzhen(GJHZ20200731095401004)the Medjaden Academy&Research Foundation for Young Scientists(Grant No.MJA202306057).
文摘Background and Aims:The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is 25%.This study aimed to explore differences in the gut microbial community and blood lipids between normal livers and those affected by NAFLD using 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing.Methods:Gut microbiome profiles of 40 NAFLD and 20 non-NAFLD controls were analyzed.Information about four blood lipids and 13 other clinical features was collected.Patients were divided into three groups by ultrasound and FibroScan,those with a normal liver,mild FL(FL1),and moderate-to-severe FL(FL2).FL1 and FL2 patients were divided into two groups,those with either hyperlipidemia or non-hyperlipidemia based on their blood lipids.Potential keystone species within the groups were identified using univariate analysis and a specificity–occupancy plot.Significant difference in biochemical parameters ion NAFLD patients and healthy individuals were identified by detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis.Results:Decreased gut bacterial diversity was found in patients with NAFLD.Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes decreased as NAFLD progressed.Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus 2 were the most representative fatty-related bacteria.Glutamate pyruvic transaminase,aspartate aminotransferase,and white blood cell count were selected as the most significant biochemical indexes.Calculation of areas under the curve identified two microbiomes combined with the three biochemical indexes that identified normal liver and FL2 very well but performed poorly in diagnosing FL1.Conclusions:Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus 2,combined with glutamate pyruvic transaminase,aspartate aminotransferase,and white blood cell count distinguished NAFLD.We speculate that regulating the health of gut microbiota may release NAFLD,in addition to providing new targets for clinicians to treat NAFLD.
基金GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province,China,Grant/Award Number:2019A1515011094GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province,China,Grant/Award Number:2022A1515010471Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province,China,Grant/Award Number:202102010139.
文摘To the Editor,We present a case involving a 44-year-old male patient who has suffered from psoriasis for over 30 years and developed recurrent pericardial effusions over the past 4 years.Psoriasis has been linked to an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease due to the shared interleukin(IL)-23/T helper type 17(Th17)immune pathway.1 Notably,inflammatory cells Th17 are persistently exposed to the pro-inflammatory factor IL-23.The inhibition of downstream effector cytokine IL-17A by secukinumab can mitigate the excessive skin response to inflammatory factors,potentially reducing the cardiovascular risk in psoriasis patients.
基金Nature Science Foundation Project of Guangdong Province,Grant/Award Number:2019A1515011094。
文摘Introduction:Agents that can be used for the treatment of neuropsychiatric lupus(NPSLE)are lacking in the therapeutic armamentarium.Belimumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the B-cell activating factor(BAFF)and is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as an additional treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus patients with persistent disease activity and lupus nephritis(LN);however,severe active central nervous system manifestations were excluded.Case Report:We report on a treatment-naïve LN patient with refractory NPSLE complicated with progressive posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome(PRES)who was successfully treated via the combination of mycophenolate and belimumab,resulting in reversal of persistent headache and neuroradiologic manifestations.Conclusion:Research on this topic could be relevant for identifying a possible correlation between BAFF and psychiatric NPSLE manifestations.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFB1104401)National Natural Science Foundation of China (61905226)。
文摘The self-imaging effect in a square core fiber has been investigated, and an integrated all-fiber combiner has been proposed based on a large mode area double clad fiber, which can be employed to construct high power coherent beam combining sources in the all-fiber format. The influence of various parameters on beam quality(M^(2)) and efficiency of the all-fiber coherent beam combiner has been studied numerically, which reveals that the near diffraction-limited laser beam can be achieved. A principle demonstration of the self-imaging effect has been carried out experimentally in a square core fiber, which proves the feasibility of beam combining with the square fiber, and that it is a promising way to develop high power coherent beam combination sources.
文摘Background Tsinghua Thomson Scattering X-ray Source Phase II is a Thomson scattering-based X-ray source currently under development at Accelerator Laboratory in Tsinghua University.Purpose The purpose of this paper is to design a L-band cavity for the storage ring and to study the coupled bunch instability induced by the HOMs of the cavity.Methods The growth rates and tune shifts of the coupled bunch instability are calculated with approximation formulas and simulated with particle tracking code.The frequency of HOMs is optimized that the Landau damping can suppress the coupled bunch instability.A prototype cavity is manufactured and cold-tested.Results The HOM frequencies can be tuned away from beam spectrum,and the CBI instability can be easily suppressed with Landau damping.Conclusion Without HOM dampers or feedback system,the HOMs can be tuned during design phase such that the CBI instability can be suppressed.
基金supported by the Director,Office of Science,Office of High Energy Physics,of the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11475097
文摘Coherent pulse stacking（CPS） is a new time-domain coherent addition technique that stacks several optical pulses into a single output pulse, enabling high pulse energy and high average power. A Z-domain model targeting the pulsed laser is assembled to describe the optical interference process. An algorithm, extracting the cavity phase and pulse phases from limited data, where only the pulse intensity is available, is developed to diagnose optical cavity resonators. We also implement the algorithm on the cascaded system of multiple optical cavities,achieving phase errors less than 1.0°（root mean square）, which could ensure the stability of CPS.
文摘Magnetic particle imaging(MPI)is an emerging technique to visualize the spatial distribution of super-paramagnetic iron oxide with high temporal–spatial resolution,high sensitivity,unlimited image depth,and true quantitative information.MPI is based on the nonlinear response of superparamagnetic iron oxide in an alter-nating magnetic field without tissue background noise.It is a promising imaging modality for various applica-tions,including vascular imaging,cell tracking,tumor imaging,and catheter navigation.Many applications of liver imaging could be improved or created with MPI.In this review,we cover the principle and construction of MPI,we evaluate the features and advantages of MPI with relation to its own rationale and via comparison with other imaging modalities,and we review MPI liver imaging applications with a view toward assisting hepatic researchers in drawing inspiration.
