Subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to a series of pathological changes,including vascular spasm,cellular apoptosis,blood–brain barrier damage,cerebral edema,and white matter injury.Microglia,which are the key immune cells...Subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to a series of pathological changes,including vascular spasm,cellular apoptosis,blood–brain barrier damage,cerebral edema,and white matter injury.Microglia,which are the key immune cells in the central nervous system,maintain homeostasis in the neural environment,support neurons,mediate apoptosis,participate in immune regulation,and have neuroprotective effects.Increasing evidence has shown that microglia play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of subarachnoid hemorrhage and affect the process of injury and the prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage.Moreover,microglia play certain neuroprotective roles in the recovery phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage.Several approaches aimed at modulating microglia function are believed to attenuate subarachnoid hemorrhage injury.This provides new targets and ideas for the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage.However,an in-depth and comprehensive summary of the role of microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage is still lacking.This review describes the activation of microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage and their roles in the pathological processes of vasospasm,neuroinflammation,neuronal apoptosis,blood–brain barrier disruption,cerebral edema,and cerebral white matter lesions.It also discusses the neuroprotective roles of microglia during recovery from subarachnoid hemorrhage and therapeutic advances aimed at modulating microglial function after subarachnoid hemorrhage.Currently,microglia in subarachnoid hemorrhage are targeted with TLR inhibitors,nuclear factor-κB and STAT3 pathway inhibitors,glycine/tyrosine kinases,NLRP3 signaling pathway inhibitors,Gasdermin D inhibitors,vincristine receptorαreceptor agonists,ferroptosis inhibitors,genetic modification techniques,stem cell therapies,and traditional Chinese medicine.However,most of these are still being evaluated at the laboratory stage.More clinical studies and data on subarachnoid hemorrhage are required to improve the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage.展开更多
T cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies are specifically designed to bind to tumor-associated antigens,thereby engaging with CD3 on the T cell receptor.This linkage between tumor cells and T cells actively triggers T...T cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies are specifically designed to bind to tumor-associated antigens,thereby engaging with CD3 on the T cell receptor.This linkage between tumor cells and T cells actively triggers T cell activation and initiates targeted killing of the identified tumor cells.These antibodies have emerged as one of the most promising avenues within tumor immunotherapy.However,despite success in treating hematological malignancies,significant advancements in solid tumors have yet to be explored.In this review,we aim to address the critical challenges associated with T cellredirecting bispecific antibodies and explore novel strategies to overcome these obstacles,with the ultimate goal of expanding the application of this therapy to include solid tumors.展开更多
The 19th Asian Games astounded global audiences with an opening spectacle that showcased stunning digital fireworks(International Olympic Committee,2021;Zhe,2023).The groundbreaking display was brought to life through...The 19th Asian Games astounded global audiences with an opening spectacle that showcased stunning digital fireworks(International Olympic Committee,2021;Zhe,2023).The groundbreaking display was brought to life through virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR)technologies.It sets a pioneering example to replace conventional fireworks in major international events as well as in other large-scale entertainment activities,marking a historic milestone in the pursuit of a sustainable and healthy future.展开更多
Antibody–drug conjugates(ADCs)are biologically targeted drugs composed of antibodies and cytotoxic drugs connected by linkers.These innovative compounds enable precise drug delivery to tumor cells,minimizing harm to ...Antibody–drug conjugates(ADCs)are biologically targeted drugs composed of antibodies and cytotoxic drugs connected by linkers.These innovative compounds enable precise drug delivery to tumor cells,minimizing harm to normal tissues and offering excellent prospects for cancer treatment.However,monoclonal antibody-based ADCs still present challenges,especially in terms of balancing efficacy and safety.Bispecific antibodies are alternatives to monoclonal antibodies and exhibit superior internalization and selectivity,producing ADCs with increased safety and therapeutic efficacy.In this review,we present available evidence and future prospects regarding the use of bispecific ADCs for cancer treatment,including a comprehensive overview of bispecific ADCs that are currently in clinical trials.We offer insights into the future development of bispecific ADCs to provide novel strategies for cancer treatment.展开更多
In August 2023,Japan started to dump its 1.3 million tons of radioactive wastewater into the oceans[1,2].Most radioisotopes are claimed to be removed from the wastewater except tritium,which needs further dilution bef...In August 2023,Japan started to dump its 1.3 million tons of radioactive wastewater into the oceans[1,2].Most radioisotopes are claimed to be removed from the wastewater except tritium,which needs further dilution before discharge.However,this dilution does not effectively remove any tritium from the wastewater but serves as a measure to bring its abnormally high concentration down to meet emission standards.The most worrisome situation is that many more bioaccumulative long-lived radioisotopes(BLLRs),such as carbon-14 and cobalt-60,slip through the treatment process.There are attempts to reduce the concentrations of BLLRs via repurification to meet the regulatory standards[3];however,even low levels of these BLLRs can undergo biomagnification of up to 50,000 folds in marine fish species[4].展开更多
慢性乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染仍是全球主要公共卫生问题之一。尽管目前已有预防性疫苗可有效预防新发HBV感染,但全球仍有约2.5亿慢性HBV感染者,其中每年约有100多万人死于HBV相关的慢性肝病,形势仍不容乐观。抗病毒药物...慢性乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染仍是全球主要公共卫生问题之一。尽管目前已有预防性疫苗可有效预防新发HBV感染,但全球仍有约2.5亿慢性HBV感染者,其中每年约有100多万人死于HBV相关的慢性肝病,形势仍不容乐观。抗病毒药物(干扰素和核苷类似物等)可抑制病毒复制,降低乙肝相关并发症,但由于其存在耐药性难以达到临床终点。免疫检查点抑制剂作为逆转T细胞耗竭的重要策略,重建有效的功能T细胞反应将是治疗慢性乙肝患者一种有前景的免疫调节方法。本文总结了程序性死亡受体1/细胞程序性死亡-配体1(PD-1/PD-L1)、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(CTLA-4)、T细胞免疫球蛋白和ITIM结构域(TIGIT)、T细胞免疫球蛋白和粘蛋白域蛋白-3(Tim-3)、淋巴细胞活化基因-3(lag-3)五种免疫检查点分子的抑制剂在慢性乙型肝炎中的重要研究进展。展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,No.ZR2022MH124the Youth Science Foundation of Shandong First Medical University,No.202201–105(both to YX)。
文摘Subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to a series of pathological changes,including vascular spasm,cellular apoptosis,blood–brain barrier damage,cerebral edema,and white matter injury.Microglia,which are the key immune cells in the central nervous system,maintain homeostasis in the neural environment,support neurons,mediate apoptosis,participate in immune regulation,and have neuroprotective effects.Increasing evidence has shown that microglia play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of subarachnoid hemorrhage and affect the process of injury and the prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage.Moreover,microglia play certain neuroprotective roles in the recovery phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage.Several approaches aimed at modulating microglia function are believed to attenuate subarachnoid hemorrhage injury.This provides new targets and ideas for the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage.However,an in-depth and comprehensive summary of the role of microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage is still lacking.This review describes the activation of microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage and their roles in the pathological processes of vasospasm,neuroinflammation,neuronal apoptosis,blood–brain barrier disruption,cerebral edema,and cerebral white matter lesions.It also discusses the neuroprotective roles of microglia during recovery from subarachnoid hemorrhage and therapeutic advances aimed at modulating microglial function after subarachnoid hemorrhage.Currently,microglia in subarachnoid hemorrhage are targeted with TLR inhibitors,nuclear factor-κB and STAT3 pathway inhibitors,glycine/tyrosine kinases,NLRP3 signaling pathway inhibitors,Gasdermin D inhibitors,vincristine receptorαreceptor agonists,ferroptosis inhibitors,genetic modification techniques,stem cell therapies,and traditional Chinese medicine.However,most of these are still being evaluated at the laboratory stage.More clinical studies and data on subarachnoid hemorrhage are required to improve the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32070940 and 81991491)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M700115)+2 种基金the Postdoctoral Innovation Talents Support Program(No.BX20220189,China)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Fujian Province(No.2022L3080,China)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(No.2019RU022,China).
文摘T cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies are specifically designed to bind to tumor-associated antigens,thereby engaging with CD3 on the T cell receptor.This linkage between tumor cells and T cells actively triggers T cell activation and initiates targeted killing of the identified tumor cells.These antibodies have emerged as one of the most promising avenues within tumor immunotherapy.However,despite success in treating hematological malignancies,significant advancements in solid tumors have yet to be explored.In this review,we aim to address the critical challenges associated with T cellredirecting bispecific antibodies and explore novel strategies to overcome these obstacles,with the ultimate goal of expanding the application of this therapy to include solid tumors.
文摘The 19th Asian Games astounded global audiences with an opening spectacle that showcased stunning digital fireworks(International Olympic Committee,2021;Zhe,2023).The groundbreaking display was brought to life through virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR)technologies.It sets a pioneering example to replace conventional fireworks in major international events as well as in other large-scale entertainment activities,marking a historic milestone in the pursuit of a sustainable and healthy future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32070940 and 81991491)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M700115)+2 种基金Postdoctoral Innovation Talents Support Program(No.BX20220189)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(No.2019RU022)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.20720220006).
文摘Antibody–drug conjugates(ADCs)are biologically targeted drugs composed of antibodies and cytotoxic drugs connected by linkers.These innovative compounds enable precise drug delivery to tumor cells,minimizing harm to normal tissues and offering excellent prospects for cancer treatment.However,monoclonal antibody-based ADCs still present challenges,especially in terms of balancing efficacy and safety.Bispecific antibodies are alternatives to monoclonal antibodies and exhibit superior internalization and selectivity,producing ADCs with increased safety and therapeutic efficacy.In this review,we present available evidence and future prospects regarding the use of bispecific ADCs for cancer treatment,including a comprehensive overview of bispecific ADCs that are currently in clinical trials.We offer insights into the future development of bispecific ADCs to provide novel strategies for cancer treatment.
文摘In August 2023,Japan started to dump its 1.3 million tons of radioactive wastewater into the oceans[1,2].Most radioisotopes are claimed to be removed from the wastewater except tritium,which needs further dilution before discharge.However,this dilution does not effectively remove any tritium from the wastewater but serves as a measure to bring its abnormally high concentration down to meet emission standards.The most worrisome situation is that many more bioaccumulative long-lived radioisotopes(BLLRs),such as carbon-14 and cobalt-60,slip through the treatment process.There are attempts to reduce the concentrations of BLLRs via repurification to meet the regulatory standards[3];however,even low levels of these BLLRs can undergo biomagnification of up to 50,000 folds in marine fish species[4].
文摘慢性乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染仍是全球主要公共卫生问题之一。尽管目前已有预防性疫苗可有效预防新发HBV感染,但全球仍有约2.5亿慢性HBV感染者,其中每年约有100多万人死于HBV相关的慢性肝病,形势仍不容乐观。抗病毒药物(干扰素和核苷类似物等)可抑制病毒复制,降低乙肝相关并发症,但由于其存在耐药性难以达到临床终点。免疫检查点抑制剂作为逆转T细胞耗竭的重要策略,重建有效的功能T细胞反应将是治疗慢性乙肝患者一种有前景的免疫调节方法。本文总结了程序性死亡受体1/细胞程序性死亡-配体1(PD-1/PD-L1)、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(CTLA-4)、T细胞免疫球蛋白和ITIM结构域(TIGIT)、T细胞免疫球蛋白和粘蛋白域蛋白-3(Tim-3)、淋巴细胞活化基因-3(lag-3)五种免疫检查点分子的抑制剂在慢性乙型肝炎中的重要研究进展。
