Agronomic measures are the key to promote the sustainable development of ratoon rice by reducing the damage from mechanical crushing to the residual stubble of the main crop, thereby mitigating the impact on axillary ...Agronomic measures are the key to promote the sustainable development of ratoon rice by reducing the damage from mechanical crushing to the residual stubble of the main crop, thereby mitigating the impact on axillary bud sprouting and yield formation in ratoon rice. This study used widely recommended conventional rice Jiafuzhan and hybrid rice Yongyou 2640 as the test materials to conduct a four-factor block design field experiment in a greenhouse of the experimental farm of Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, China from 2018 to 2019.The treatments included fertilization and no fertilization, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and continuous water flooding irrigation, and plots with and without artificial crushing damage on the rice stubble. At the same time, a 13C stable isotope in-situ detection technology was used to fertilize the pot experiment. The results showed significant interactions among varieties, water management, nitrogen application and stubble status.Relative to the long-term water flooding treatment, the treatment with sequential application of nitrogen fertilizer coupled with moderate field drought for root-vigor and tiller promotion before and after harvesting of the main crop, significantly improved the effective tillers from low position nodes. This in turn increased the effective panicles per plant and grains per panicle by reducing the influence of artificial crushing damage on rice stubble and achieving a high yield of the regenerated rice. Furthermore, the partitioning of 13C assimilates to the residual stubble and its axillary buds were significantly improved at the mature stage of the main crop, while the translocation rate to roots and rhizosphere soil was reduced at the later growth stage of ratooning season rice. This was triggered by the metabolism of hormones and polyamines at the stem base regulated by the interaction of water and fertilizer at this time. We therefore suggest that to achieve a high yield of ratoon rice with low stubble height under mechanized harvesting, the timely application of nitrogen fertilizer is fundamental,coupled with moderate field drying for root-vigor preservation and tiller promotion before and after the mechanical harvesting of the main crop.展开更多
We explored Q-switching mechanism for the newly proposed Tm/Ho composite laser via developing a hybrid resonator for separating the intra-cavity Tm laser modulated by the saturable absorber(SA).With a Cr:ZnSe SA,succe...We explored Q-switching mechanism for the newly proposed Tm/Ho composite laser via developing a hybrid resonator for separating the intra-cavity Tm laser modulated by the saturable absorber(SA).With a Cr:ZnSe SA,successful passively Q-switching process with the maximum average output power of 474 mW and the shortest pulse width of 145 ns were obtained at the pulse repetition frequency of 7.14 kHz,where dual wavelength oscillation in both 2090 nm and 2097 nm was observed.This work provides an effective way for a direct laser diode(LD)pumped Q-switched Ho laser,which is compact and accessible.Furthermore,the current SA could be replaced by the 2D materials with broadband saturable absorption such as topological insulators or transition-metal dichalcogenides for seeking novel PQS lasers.展开更多
Dear Editor,SUMOylation,which transfers a small ubiquitin-like protein to the lysine residues of target proteins,is an important type of posttranslational modification in eukaryotic cells.This modification plays a cri...Dear Editor,SUMOylation,which transfers a small ubiquitin-like protein to the lysine residues of target proteins,is an important type of posttranslational modification in eukaryotic cells.This modification plays a critical role in plant development and stress responses(Miura and Hasegawa,2010);thus,the efficient identification of SUMOylation substrates in plant cells is a fundamental issue in the field.In Arabidopsis,hundreds of SUMOylated proteins have been identified by a mass spectrometry(MS)approach in which modified targets in transgenic plants harboring an H89R variant of SUMO1 are enriched via affinity chromatography and a four-residue footprint is left on the substrates after trypsin digestion for MS analysis(Miller et al.,2010).Given that antibodies generated against SUMO molecules are not very specific,it is impractical to catch endogenous SUMO moieties via antibody-based one-step purification.Thus,it is difficult to obtain SUMOylation substrates via existing approaches in plant species that cannot be efficiently transformed.Given that SUMOylation is highly reversible(Yates et al.,2016),another problem is that the modification may be removed quickly during sample preparation.In addition,based on the efficiency and sensitivity of affinity enrichment and MS,substrates with low protein levels may be missed in the analyses.展开更多
Laser has been demonstrated to be a mature and versatile tool that presents great flexibility and applicability for the precision engineering of a wide range of materials over other established micromachining techniqu...Laser has been demonstrated to be a mature and versatile tool that presents great flexibility and applicability for the precision engineering of a wide range of materials over other established micromachining techniques.Past decades have witnessed its rapid development and extensive applications ranging from scientific researches to industrial manufacturing.Transparent hard materials remain several major technical challenges for conventional laser processing techniques due to their high hardness,great brittleness,and low optical absorption.A variety of hybrid laser processing technologies,such as laser-induced plasma-assisted ablation,laser-induced backside wet etching,and etching assisted laser micromachining,have been developed to overcome these barriers by introducing additional medium assistance or combining different process steps.This article reviews the basic principles and characteristics of these hybrid technologies.How these technologies are used to precisely process transparent hard materials and their recent advancements are introduced.These hybrid technologies show remarkable benefits in terms of efficiency,accuracy,and quality for the fabrication of microstructures and functional devices on the surface of or inside the transparent hard substrates,thus enabling widespread applications in the fields of microelectronics,bio-medicine,photonics,and microfluidics.A summary and outlook of the hybrid laser technologies are also highlighted.展开更多
Crop allelopathy is a promising and environmentally friendly method in weed control;however,the inducible genetic trait for allelopathy in the suppression of weeds needs to be overcome for practical use.Further study ...Crop allelopathy is a promising and environmentally friendly method in weed control;however,the inducible genetic trait for allelopathy in the suppression of weeds needs to be overcome for practical use.Further study needs to be directed to this end to elucidate the molecular genetics and its physiologic mechanism.In this paper,the authors review recent advances in the investigation of rice allelopathy and its molecular regulatory mechanism,especially in responses to stressful conditions including biotic and abiotic factors in China.Previous studies show that rice allelopathy could be enhanced when the rice accession was exposed to stressful conditions,and further analysis by the transcriptomics and proteomics approaches conducted in our laboratory indicated that the increase in allelopathic potential of rice,when exposed to the stresses,was attributed to increased expression level of genes involved in phenolic synthetic metabolism.The increasing phenolic compounds have been confirmed as the main allelochemicals and they jointly act to suppress the target,especially in responses to stressful condition,but it seems to be the primary effect in phenolic allelopathy.We still wonder how the exudates from rice root,which were released into rhizosphere soil,are transformed by soil microorganism to produce the higher secondary effect of phenolic allelopathy in the suppression of weeds.Therefore,the authors suggest that rhizosphere biologic properties of allelopathy in rice and its mechanism are being the key research areas in the world now,and systems biology and its approaches,such as metagenomics and metaproteomics,would be helpful to reveal the process and its molecular ecological mechanism regarding rhizospheric biology of rice allelopathy.展开更多
Tm^(3+)-doped 2-μm lasers benefit many applications such as atmospheric sensing,medical treatment,and spectroscopy[1-3].Therefore,in the past two decades,both continuous-wave(CW)and pulse operations have
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China,the National Key Research and Development Program of China(302001109,2016YFD0300508,2017YFD0301602,2018YFD0301105)the Fujian and Taiwan Cultivation Resources Development and Green Cultivation Coordination Innovation Center,China(Fujian 2011 Project,2015-75)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(2022J01142)。
文摘Agronomic measures are the key to promote the sustainable development of ratoon rice by reducing the damage from mechanical crushing to the residual stubble of the main crop, thereby mitigating the impact on axillary bud sprouting and yield formation in ratoon rice. This study used widely recommended conventional rice Jiafuzhan and hybrid rice Yongyou 2640 as the test materials to conduct a four-factor block design field experiment in a greenhouse of the experimental farm of Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, China from 2018 to 2019.The treatments included fertilization and no fertilization, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and continuous water flooding irrigation, and plots with and without artificial crushing damage on the rice stubble. At the same time, a 13C stable isotope in-situ detection technology was used to fertilize the pot experiment. The results showed significant interactions among varieties, water management, nitrogen application and stubble status.Relative to the long-term water flooding treatment, the treatment with sequential application of nitrogen fertilizer coupled with moderate field drought for root-vigor and tiller promotion before and after harvesting of the main crop, significantly improved the effective tillers from low position nodes. This in turn increased the effective panicles per plant and grains per panicle by reducing the influence of artificial crushing damage on rice stubble and achieving a high yield of the regenerated rice. Furthermore, the partitioning of 13C assimilates to the residual stubble and its axillary buds were significantly improved at the mature stage of the main crop, while the translocation rate to roots and rhizosphere soil was reduced at the later growth stage of ratooning season rice. This was triggered by the metabolism of hormones and polyamines at the stem base regulated by the interaction of water and fertilizer at this time. We therefore suggest that to achieve a high yield of ratoon rice with low stubble height under mechanized harvesting, the timely application of nitrogen fertilizer is fundamental,coupled with moderate field drying for root-vigor preservation and tiller promotion before and after the mechanical harvesting of the main crop.
基金We are grateful for financial supports from National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFB1104500)Natural National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant No.61875200)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2018M642575)。
文摘We explored Q-switching mechanism for the newly proposed Tm/Ho composite laser via developing a hybrid resonator for separating the intra-cavity Tm laser modulated by the saturable absorber(SA).With a Cr:ZnSe SA,successful passively Q-switching process with the maximum average output power of 474 mW and the shortest pulse width of 145 ns were obtained at the pulse repetition frequency of 7.14 kHz,where dual wavelength oscillation in both 2090 nm and 2097 nm was observed.This work provides an effective way for a direct laser diode(LD)pumped Q-switched Ho laser,which is compact and accessible.Furthermore,the current SA could be replaced by the 2D materials with broadband saturable absorption such as topological insulators or transition-metal dichalcogenides for seeking novel PQS lasers.
基金supported by the Major Program of Guangdong Basic and Applied Research(2019B030302006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270292,32270752,and 31970531)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong(2019A1515110330,2018B030308002,and 2021A1515011151)the Program for Changjiang Scholarsand the Guangdong Special Support Program of Young Top-Notch Talent in Science and Technology Innovation(2019TQ05N651).
文摘Dear Editor,SUMOylation,which transfers a small ubiquitin-like protein to the lysine residues of target proteins,is an important type of posttranslational modification in eukaryotic cells.This modification plays a critical role in plant development and stress responses(Miura and Hasegawa,2010);thus,the efficient identification of SUMOylation substrates in plant cells is a fundamental issue in the field.In Arabidopsis,hundreds of SUMOylated proteins have been identified by a mass spectrometry(MS)approach in which modified targets in transgenic plants harboring an H89R variant of SUMO1 are enriched via affinity chromatography and a four-residue footprint is left on the substrates after trypsin digestion for MS analysis(Miller et al.,2010).Given that antibodies generated against SUMO molecules are not very specific,it is impractical to catch endogenous SUMO moieties via antibody-based one-step purification.Thus,it is difficult to obtain SUMOylation substrates via existing approaches in plant species that cannot be efficiently transformed.Given that SUMOylation is highly reversible(Yates et al.,2016),another problem is that the modification may be removed quickly during sample preparation.In addition,based on the efficiency and sensitivity of affinity enrichment and MS,substrates with low protein levels may be missed in the analyses.
基金This work is supported by the research grant from Agency for Science,Technology,and Research,RIE2020 Advanced Manufacturing and Engineering Individual Research Grant(No.A1883c0010).
文摘Laser has been demonstrated to be a mature and versatile tool that presents great flexibility and applicability for the precision engineering of a wide range of materials over other established micromachining techniques.Past decades have witnessed its rapid development and extensive applications ranging from scientific researches to industrial manufacturing.Transparent hard materials remain several major technical challenges for conventional laser processing techniques due to their high hardness,great brittleness,and low optical absorption.A variety of hybrid laser processing technologies,such as laser-induced plasma-assisted ablation,laser-induced backside wet etching,and etching assisted laser micromachining,have been developed to overcome these barriers by introducing additional medium assistance or combining different process steps.This article reviews the basic principles and characteristics of these hybrid technologies.How these technologies are used to precisely process transparent hard materials and their recent advancements are introduced.These hybrid technologies show remarkable benefits in terms of efficiency,accuracy,and quality for the fabrication of microstructures and functional devices on the surface of or inside the transparent hard substrates,thus enabling widespread applications in the fields of microelectronics,bio-medicine,photonics,and microfluidics.A summary and outlook of the hybrid laser technologies are also highlighted.
基金This work was supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.30671220,30471028,30200170,and 30070068)Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Fujian,China(Nos.2009J05045,20020F012,and K04038).
文摘Crop allelopathy is a promising and environmentally friendly method in weed control;however,the inducible genetic trait for allelopathy in the suppression of weeds needs to be overcome for practical use.Further study needs to be directed to this end to elucidate the molecular genetics and its physiologic mechanism.In this paper,the authors review recent advances in the investigation of rice allelopathy and its molecular regulatory mechanism,especially in responses to stressful conditions including biotic and abiotic factors in China.Previous studies show that rice allelopathy could be enhanced when the rice accession was exposed to stressful conditions,and further analysis by the transcriptomics and proteomics approaches conducted in our laboratory indicated that the increase in allelopathic potential of rice,when exposed to the stresses,was attributed to increased expression level of genes involved in phenolic synthetic metabolism.The increasing phenolic compounds have been confirmed as the main allelochemicals and they jointly act to suppress the target,especially in responses to stressful condition,but it seems to be the primary effect in phenolic allelopathy.We still wonder how the exudates from rice root,which were released into rhizosphere soil,are transformed by soil microorganism to produce the higher secondary effect of phenolic allelopathy in the suppression of weeds.Therefore,the authors suggest that rhizosphere biologic properties of allelopathy in rice and its mechanism are being the key research areas in the world now,and systems biology and its approaches,such as metagenomics and metaproteomics,would be helpful to reveal the process and its molecular ecological mechanism regarding rhizospheric biology of rice allelopathy.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFB0701000)the Science and Technology Major Project of Fujian Province of China(Grant No.2014HZ0001-2)the Construction of Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Platform(Grant No.2014H2007)
文摘Tm^(3+)-doped 2-μm lasers benefit many applications such as atmospheric sensing,medical treatment,and spectroscopy[1-3].Therefore,in the past two decades,both continuous-wave(CW)and pulse operations have
