Branched polyolefins with controllable topology structures were generated from the chain-walking(co)polymerizations of ethylene,1-pentene(1P)and 2-pentene(2P)using Brookhart-typeα-diimine Ni(II)-based catalysts posse...Branched polyolefins with controllable topology structures were generated from the chain-walking(co)polymerizations of ethylene,1-pentene(1P)and 2-pentene(2P)using Brookhart-typeα-diimine Ni(II)-based catalysts possessing different para-substituted groups,{[(4-R-2-Et-6-Me-C6H2N=C)2Nap]NiBr2,Nap:1,8-naphthdiyl;R=CHMePh,Ni1;R=Ph,Ni2;R=H,Ni3}.The X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the crystalline structure of Ni1′is in centrosymmetric dimer structure mode with the bimetallic Ni center connected by two bromide bridges.The para-sec-phenethyl moiety in the catalyst Ni1 obviously improved its catalytic performance and thermal stability in the ethylene polymerization.The Ni1/Et2AlCl system showed great catalytic activities(up to 7.73×106 g·mol-1·h-1)and achieved polyethylene(PE)with alkyl chains,including Me,Et,n-Pr,n-Bu,sec-Bu branches and longer chains(Lg).Compared with the 1-pentene polymerization,this catalyst system successfully mediated the polymerization of 2P to give highly branched polymers with approximately 195 branches/1000C possessing Me,Et,and n-Pr branches and a long methylene sequence due to the monomer isomerization.The Et branches derived from 2,3-insertion is slightly less than the sum of Me and n-Pr branches derived from 3,2-insertion,indicating that the 3,2-insertion mode is a slightly favorable pathway in the polymerization of 2P.展开更多
Moringa oleifera is one of the most widespread species belonging to family Moringaceae. Almost each part of this tree has enormous properties in nutrition, medicine, or other industrial purposes. This review mainly in...Moringa oleifera is one of the most widespread species belonging to family Moringaceae. Almost each part of this tree has enormous properties in nutrition, medicine, or other industrial purposes. This review mainly introduces nutritional ingredients, bioactive compounds, applications, and potentials of this tree,including leaves, seeds, pods, flowers, root barks, and gum, in order to bring convenience to industries and researchers all over the world focusing on each part of this amazing plant. Moreover, the review also analyzes the current application situation of M. oleifera in China. After summarizing the recent researches of M. oleifera, we conclude that most current researches focus on the leaves and seeds of this plant, and the most concerned property of M. oleifera is the antioxidant ability. However, the molecular mechanisms under its multiple properties need further studies.展开更多
Aims Interspecific and intraspecific variation in flower color in natural populations provides an opportunity for us to understand the evolu-tion and maintenance of diversity of floral traits.Compared to cor-olla colo...Aims Interspecific and intraspecific variation in flower color in natural populations provides an opportunity for us to understand the evolu-tion and maintenance of diversity of floral traits.Compared to cor-olla color,little is known about the color polymorphism of sexual organs in flowering plants.to explore evolutionary transitions of androecium color and polymorphism within species,interspecific and intraspecific variation in androecium(anther and pollen)color in the genus Epimedium(Berberidaceae)was investigated.Methods to explore the geographical patterns of anther/pollen color variation in Epimedium species,data of 45 species were collected and their phyl-ogeny was constructed based on available DNA sequences.to investi-gate whether intraspecific variation in androecium color relates to habitat preference,three environmental factors were measured in the field popu-lation of Epimedium pubescens in northeastern Sichuan,China,which plants had green or yellow androecia.Vegetative and reproductive traits of this species were compared between the two color morphs.Important Findings Androecium(anther and pollen)color polymorphism in field populations of Epimedium pubescens is reported here where nine populations are monomorphic with a green androecium but three populations are dimorphic with individuals having either a green or a yellow androecium.Inflorescence stalk height,stalk diameter,leaf number,flower number and spur length(as well as spur and nectar volume)were not significantly different between two morphs.Compared to the yellow morph,the green morph had relatively larger leaves and anthers,but smaller sepals.the green morph produced more pollen and larger seeds,but the same number of ovules.Seed set was not significantly different between green and yellow morph.Investigations of environmental factors in the color dimorphic popu-lations of E.pubescens indicated that the green morph was more likely to occur in habitats with relatively lower light intensity.the distribution survey of 45 Epimedium species showed that species with a green androecium tended to appear at lower elevations.Comparative phylogenetic analysis showed that transitions from yellow to a green androecium or to androecial color dimorphism occurred at least seven times.this genus,characterized by anther color diversity and containing some species with anther color polymorphism,provides a model system in which to study the evolution and maintenance of colorful sexual organs in flowering plants.展开更多
Objective Using authentic raw herbal materials is fundamental to herbal medicine quality. Cuscuta chinensis and C. australis are two important species of Cuscutae Semen recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Due to having...Objective Using authentic raw herbal materials is fundamental to herbal medicine quality. Cuscuta chinensis and C. australis are two important species of Cuscutae Semen recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Due to having tiny bodies of seeds, it is extremely difficult to differentiate them from adulterants and closely related species by morphologic characteristics, leading to serious safety problems. Methods In this study, we developed a fast and efficient method to identify Cuscutae Semen on the market. First, a total of 207 ITS2 sequences representing 45 related species of Cuscutae Semen were collected to construct a standard DNA barcode database, then 33 commercial samples purchased from markets were analyzed by BLAST, and Neighbor-joining tree was used to verify the efficacy of the database. Results The percentage of counterfeits and adulterants in the 33 commercial samples were up to 69.7%, and only 10 commercial products were found to be genuine. The adulterated species included 11 species （Amaranthus hybridus, Brassica carinata, Brassica juncea var. megarrhiza, Chenopodium album, Corispermum heptapotamicum, Cuscuta alata, Cuscuta japonica, Cuscuta monogyna, Foeniculum vulgare, Glycine max, and Medicago sativa）. Conclusion DNA barcoding is a fast and efficient method to identify Cuscutae Semen on the market.展开更多
Rhizoma Bletillae is in high demand as a traditional Chinese medicine, and the natural resources have been severely damaged due to excessive exploitation. Because Bletilla striata seeds are small and have no endosperm...Rhizoma Bletillae is in high demand as a traditional Chinese medicine, and the natural resources have been severely damaged due to excessive exploitation. Because Bletilla striata seeds are small and have no endosperm, the seed germination rate is low in natural conditions. Traditional division propagation could not meet the demands of large-scale cultivation. Tissue culture can provide many seedlings in a short time and is more effective and convenient than other methods. Most studies on tissue culture of B. striata selected seeds as explants. This review summarized the processes of the aseptic seed germination pathway. It included such stages as seed germination, proliferation of clusters of buds, induction of root- ing and transplanting of seedlings. Influential factors as well as optimum combination and concentration of the plant growth regulators of each stage were also summarized. The further research on tissue culture of B. striata was also prospected.展开更多
Objective: Flower herbs are an important category of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, some of which are used as healthcare tea in folk. However, the increasing adulteration of medicinal herbs is threatening co...Objective: Flower herbs are an important category of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, some of which are used as healthcare tea in folk. However, the increasing adulteration of medicinal herbs is threatening consumer safety. The adulteration of flower herbs and their healthcare tea products in the market were investigated.Methods: A total of 33 flower herb samples from several retail pharmacies in China were randomly collected and 27 flower healthcare tea samples were purchased online. They were identified using ITS2-based Traditional Chinese Medicine Database(TCMD). Additionally, Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and the adulterants were compared in the ITS2 secondary structures.Results: There were one adulterant(Inulae Flos) in flower herb materials and eight adulterants in healthcare tea samples. Inula linariifolia was an adulterate species of Inulae Flos, Robinia pseudoacacia was of Sophorae Flos, and Lonicera macranthoides was of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. Sophorae Flos and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos were two healthcare tea products with high adulteration rates.Conclusion: The TCMD is powerful tool to identify flower herbs and the adulterants that frequently occurred in the flower herb market, especially online shops.展开更多
Objective To select a more suitable DNA barcode to identify the species in Artemisia L. Methods ITS, ITS2, and three other major universal barcode candidates（mat K, rbc L, and psb A-trn H） were evaluated in the iden...Objective To select a more suitable DNA barcode to identify the species in Artemisia L. Methods ITS, ITS2, and three other major universal barcode candidates（mat K, rbc L, and psb A-trn H） were evaluated in the identification efficiency using a total of 1433 sequences downloaded from Gen Bank representing 343 species in Artemisia L. ITS and ITS2 were evaluated in the PCR and sequencing rate, sequencing peak quality（Q value）, and misread rate. One hundred and twelve A. annua samples were collected from 11 populations across over China, which were amplified with universal primers on the ITS and ITS2 regions. Results ITS and ITS2 shared a higher identification efficiency and exhibited 71.43% and 64.11% detectability at the species level, respectively. The Q values of ITS and ITS2 showed that the direct PCR sequencing data were reliable for the ITS2 region and ITS exhibited poor sequencing trace quality. In certain sites, the ITS sequences exhibited reading ambiguities and errors, indicating that the misread and deletion sites in the ITS region would incorrectly inflate the identification ratio. Conclusion ITS2 is a suitable barcode for identification of species in Artemisia L., which enlarges the optimal range of divergence levels for taxonomic inferences using ITS2 sequences.展开更多
Background： Traditional Chinese medicine wogonin plays an important role in the treatment of leukemia. Recently, the application of drug-coated magnetic nanoparticles （MNPs） to increase water solubility of the drug...Background： Traditional Chinese medicine wogonin plays an important role in the treatment of leukemia. Recently, the application of drug-coated magnetic nanoparticles （MNPs） to increase water solubility of the drug and to enhance its chemotherapeutic efficiency has attracted much attention. Drugs coated with MNPs are becoming a promising way for better leukemia treatment. This study aimed to assess the possible molecular mechanisms of wogonin-coated MNP-Fe3O4 （Wog-MNPs-Fe3O4） as an antileukemia agent. Methods： After incubated for 48 h, the antiproliferative effects of MNPs, wogonin, or Wog-MNPs-Fe3O4on K562/A02 cells were determined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium （MTT） assay. The apoptotic rates of K562/A02 cells treated with either wogonin or Wog-MNPs-Fe3O4were determined by flow cytometer （FCM） assay. The cell cycle arrest in K562/A02 cells was determined by FCM assay. The elementary molecular mechanisms of these phenomena were explored by Western blot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. Results： With cell viabilities ranging from 98.76% to 101.43%, MNP-Fe3O4was nontoxic to the cell line. Meanwhile, the wogonin and Wog-MNPs-Fe3O4had little effects on normal human embryonic lung fibroblast cells. The cell viabilities of the Wog-MNPs-Fe3O4group （28.64–68.36%） were significantly lower than those of the wogonin group （35.53–97.28%） in a dose-dependent manner in 48 h （P 〈 0.001）. The apoptotic rate of K562/A02 cells was significantly improved in 50 μmol/L Wog-MNPs-Fe3O4group （34.28%） compared with that in 50 μmol/L wogonin group （23.46%; P〈 0.001）. Compared with those of the 25 and 50 μmol/L wogonin groups, the ratios of G0/G1-phase K562/A02 cells were significantly higher in the 25 and 50 μmol/L Wog-MNPs-Fe3O4groups （all P〈 0.001）. The mRNA and protein expression levels of the p21 and p27 in the K562/A02 cells were also significantly higher in the Wog-MNPs-Fe3O4group compared with those of the wogonin group （all P〈 0.001）. Conclusions： This study demonstrated that MNPs were the effective drug delivery vehicles to deliver wogonin to the leukemia cells. Through increasing cells arrested at G0/G1-phase and inducing apoptosis of K562/A02 cells, MNPs could enhance the therapeutic effects of wogonin on leukemia cells. These findings indicated that MNPs loaded with wogonin could provide a promising way for better leukemia treatment.展开更多
To the Editor:Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory disorder characterized by recurrent cough,sputum production,and respiratory infections.Management of bronchiectasis has got an increased emphasis in recent years.[...To the Editor:Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory disorder characterized by recurrent cough,sputum production,and respiratory infections.Management of bronchiectasis has got an increased emphasis in recent years.[1]Patients with bronchiectasis should undergo routine monitoring in order to identify disease progression and modify treatment when necessary.In recent years,three composite disease-specific systems have been developed,which are verified for evaluating bronchiectasis severity and predicting prognosis:bronchiectasis severity index(BSI),FACED(F:forced expiratory volume in 1 s%predicted[FEV1%pred],A:age,C:presence of chronic colonisation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa,E:radiological extension[number of pulmonary lobes affected],D:dyspnoea)and FACED plus exacerbations in the previous year(E-FACED).[2,3,4]All three scoring systems classify patients into low,moderate,and high risk groups by different thresholds,respectively.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21801002)the Overseas Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Support Program Project of Anhui Province(No.2021LCX022)+1 种基金the Key R&D Projects in Anhui Province(No.2022i01020012)the Natural Science Foundation of Hefei(No.2022039)。
文摘Branched polyolefins with controllable topology structures were generated from the chain-walking(co)polymerizations of ethylene,1-pentene(1P)and 2-pentene(2P)using Brookhart-typeα-diimine Ni(II)-based catalysts possessing different para-substituted groups,{[(4-R-2-Et-6-Me-C6H2N=C)2Nap]NiBr2,Nap:1,8-naphthdiyl;R=CHMePh,Ni1;R=Ph,Ni2;R=H,Ni3}.The X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the crystalline structure of Ni1′is in centrosymmetric dimer structure mode with the bimetallic Ni center connected by two bromide bridges.The para-sec-phenethyl moiety in the catalyst Ni1 obviously improved its catalytic performance and thermal stability in the ethylene polymerization.The Ni1/Et2AlCl system showed great catalytic activities(up to 7.73×106 g·mol-1·h-1)and achieved polyethylene(PE)with alkyl chains,including Me,Et,n-Pr,n-Bu,sec-Bu branches and longer chains(Lg).Compared with the 1-pentene polymerization,this catalyst system successfully mediated the polymerization of 2P to give highly branched polymers with approximately 195 branches/1000C possessing Me,Et,and n-Pr branches and a long methylene sequence due to the monomer isomerization.The Et branches derived from 2,3-insertion is slightly less than the sum of Me and n-Pr branches derived from 3,2-insertion,indicating that the 3,2-insertion mode is a slightly favorable pathway in the polymerization of 2P.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81673552)the Major Scientific and Technological Special Project for“Significant New Drugs Creation”(No.2014ZX09304307001)
文摘Moringa oleifera is one of the most widespread species belonging to family Moringaceae. Almost each part of this tree has enormous properties in nutrition, medicine, or other industrial purposes. This review mainly introduces nutritional ingredients, bioactive compounds, applications, and potentials of this tree,including leaves, seeds, pods, flowers, root barks, and gum, in order to bring convenience to industries and researchers all over the world focusing on each part of this amazing plant. Moreover, the review also analyzes the current application situation of M. oleifera in China. After summarizing the recent researches of M. oleifera, we conclude that most current researches focus on the leaves and seeds of this plant, and the most concerned property of M. oleifera is the antioxidant ability. However, the molecular mechanisms under its multiple properties need further studies.
基金This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.U1402267,31270281)to S.Q.H.
文摘Aims Interspecific and intraspecific variation in flower color in natural populations provides an opportunity for us to understand the evolu-tion and maintenance of diversity of floral traits.Compared to cor-olla color,little is known about the color polymorphism of sexual organs in flowering plants.to explore evolutionary transitions of androecium color and polymorphism within species,interspecific and intraspecific variation in androecium(anther and pollen)color in the genus Epimedium(Berberidaceae)was investigated.Methods to explore the geographical patterns of anther/pollen color variation in Epimedium species,data of 45 species were collected and their phyl-ogeny was constructed based on available DNA sequences.to investi-gate whether intraspecific variation in androecium color relates to habitat preference,three environmental factors were measured in the field popu-lation of Epimedium pubescens in northeastern Sichuan,China,which plants had green or yellow androecia.Vegetative and reproductive traits of this species were compared between the two color morphs.Important Findings Androecium(anther and pollen)color polymorphism in field populations of Epimedium pubescens is reported here where nine populations are monomorphic with a green androecium but three populations are dimorphic with individuals having either a green or a yellow androecium.Inflorescence stalk height,stalk diameter,leaf number,flower number and spur length(as well as spur and nectar volume)were not significantly different between two morphs.Compared to the yellow morph,the green morph had relatively larger leaves and anthers,but smaller sepals.the green morph produced more pollen and larger seeds,but the same number of ovules.Seed set was not significantly different between green and yellow morph.Investigations of environmental factors in the color dimorphic popu-lations of E.pubescens indicated that the green morph was more likely to occur in habitats with relatively lower light intensity.the distribution survey of 45 Epimedium species showed that species with a green androecium tended to appear at lower elevations.Comparative phylogenetic analysis showed that transitions from yellow to a green androecium or to androecial color dimorphism occurred at least seven times.this genus,characterized by anther color diversity and containing some species with anther color polymorphism,provides a model system in which to study the evolution and maintenance of colorful sexual organs in flowering plants.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81673552)
文摘Objective Using authentic raw herbal materials is fundamental to herbal medicine quality. Cuscuta chinensis and C. australis are two important species of Cuscutae Semen recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Due to having tiny bodies of seeds, it is extremely difficult to differentiate them from adulterants and closely related species by morphologic characteristics, leading to serious safety problems. Methods In this study, we developed a fast and efficient method to identify Cuscutae Semen on the market. First, a total of 207 ITS2 sequences representing 45 related species of Cuscutae Semen were collected to construct a standard DNA barcode database, then 33 commercial samples purchased from markets were analyzed by BLAST, and Neighbor-joining tree was used to verify the efficacy of the database. Results The percentage of counterfeits and adulterants in the 33 commercial samples were up to 69.7%, and only 10 commercial products were found to be genuine. The adulterated species included 11 species （Amaranthus hybridus, Brassica carinata, Brassica juncea var. megarrhiza, Chenopodium album, Corispermum heptapotamicum, Cuscuta alata, Cuscuta japonica, Cuscuta monogyna, Foeniculum vulgare, Glycine max, and Medicago sativa）. Conclusion DNA barcoding is a fast and efficient method to identify Cuscutae Semen on the market.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81673552)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS,2016-I2M-3-016)
文摘Rhizoma Bletillae is in high demand as a traditional Chinese medicine, and the natural resources have been severely damaged due to excessive exploitation. Because Bletilla striata seeds are small and have no endosperm, the seed germination rate is low in natural conditions. Traditional division propagation could not meet the demands of large-scale cultivation. Tissue culture can provide many seedlings in a short time and is more effective and convenient than other methods. Most studies on tissue culture of B. striata selected seeds as explants. This review summarized the processes of the aseptic seed germination pathway. It included such stages as seed germination, proliferation of clusters of buds, induction of root- ing and transplanting of seedlings. Influential factors as well as optimum combination and concentration of the plant growth regulators of each stage were also summarized. The further research on tissue culture of B. striata was also prospected.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 81673552)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS, 2016-I2M-3-016)
文摘Objective: Flower herbs are an important category of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, some of which are used as healthcare tea in folk. However, the increasing adulteration of medicinal herbs is threatening consumer safety. The adulteration of flower herbs and their healthcare tea products in the market were investigated.Methods: A total of 33 flower herb samples from several retail pharmacies in China were randomly collected and 27 flower healthcare tea samples were purchased online. They were identified using ITS2-based Traditional Chinese Medicine Database(TCMD). Additionally, Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and the adulterants were compared in the ITS2 secondary structures.Results: There were one adulterant(Inulae Flos) in flower herb materials and eight adulterants in healthcare tea samples. Inula linariifolia was an adulterate species of Inulae Flos, Robinia pseudoacacia was of Sophorae Flos, and Lonicera macranthoides was of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. Sophorae Flos and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos were two healthcare tea products with high adulteration rates.Conclusion: The TCMD is powerful tool to identify flower herbs and the adulterants that frequently occurred in the flower herb market, especially online shops.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81473303)Major Scientific and Technological Special Project for "Significant New Drugs Creation"(No.2014ZX09304307001)
文摘Objective To select a more suitable DNA barcode to identify the species in Artemisia L. Methods ITS, ITS2, and three other major universal barcode candidates（mat K, rbc L, and psb A-trn H） were evaluated in the identification efficiency using a total of 1433 sequences downloaded from Gen Bank representing 343 species in Artemisia L. ITS and ITS2 were evaluated in the PCR and sequencing rate, sequencing peak quality（Q value）, and misread rate. One hundred and twelve A. annua samples were collected from 11 populations across over China, which were amplified with universal primers on the ITS and ITS2 regions. Results ITS and ITS2 shared a higher identification efficiency and exhibited 71.43% and 64.11% detectability at the species level, respectively. The Q values of ITS and ITS2 showed that the direct PCR sequencing data were reliable for the ITS2 region and ITS exhibited poor sequencing trace quality. In certain sites, the ITS sequences exhibited reading ambiguities and errors, indicating that the misread and deletion sites in the ITS region would incorrectly inflate the identification ratio. Conclusion ITS2 is a suitable barcode for identification of species in Artemisia L., which enlarges the optimal range of divergence levels for taxonomic inferences using ITS2 sequences.
文摘Background： Traditional Chinese medicine wogonin plays an important role in the treatment of leukemia. Recently, the application of drug-coated magnetic nanoparticles （MNPs） to increase water solubility of the drug and to enhance its chemotherapeutic efficiency has attracted much attention. Drugs coated with MNPs are becoming a promising way for better leukemia treatment. This study aimed to assess the possible molecular mechanisms of wogonin-coated MNP-Fe3O4 （Wog-MNPs-Fe3O4） as an antileukemia agent. Methods： After incubated for 48 h, the antiproliferative effects of MNPs, wogonin, or Wog-MNPs-Fe3O4on K562/A02 cells were determined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium （MTT） assay. The apoptotic rates of K562/A02 cells treated with either wogonin or Wog-MNPs-Fe3O4were determined by flow cytometer （FCM） assay. The cell cycle arrest in K562/A02 cells was determined by FCM assay. The elementary molecular mechanisms of these phenomena were explored by Western blot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. Results： With cell viabilities ranging from 98.76% to 101.43%, MNP-Fe3O4was nontoxic to the cell line. Meanwhile, the wogonin and Wog-MNPs-Fe3O4had little effects on normal human embryonic lung fibroblast cells. The cell viabilities of the Wog-MNPs-Fe3O4group （28.64–68.36%） were significantly lower than those of the wogonin group （35.53–97.28%） in a dose-dependent manner in 48 h （P 〈 0.001）. The apoptotic rate of K562/A02 cells was significantly improved in 50 μmol/L Wog-MNPs-Fe3O4group （34.28%） compared with that in 50 μmol/L wogonin group （23.46%; P〈 0.001）. Compared with those of the 25 and 50 μmol/L wogonin groups, the ratios of G0/G1-phase K562/A02 cells were significantly higher in the 25 and 50 μmol/L Wog-MNPs-Fe3O4groups （all P〈 0.001）. The mRNA and protein expression levels of the p21 and p27 in the K562/A02 cells were also significantly higher in the Wog-MNPs-Fe3O4group compared with those of the wogonin group （all P〈 0.001）. Conclusions： This study demonstrated that MNPs were the effective drug delivery vehicles to deliver wogonin to the leukemia cells. Through increasing cells arrested at G0/G1-phase and inducing apoptosis of K562/A02 cells, MNPs could enhance the therapeutic effects of wogonin on leukemia cells. These findings indicated that MNPs loaded with wogonin could provide a promising way for better leukemia treatment.
基金This work was supported by a grant from the Beijing Municipal Administration of High Level Health Technical Personnel Ttraining Plan,China(No.2015-3-027)。
文摘To the Editor:Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory disorder characterized by recurrent cough,sputum production,and respiratory infections.Management of bronchiectasis has got an increased emphasis in recent years.[1]Patients with bronchiectasis should undergo routine monitoring in order to identify disease progression and modify treatment when necessary.In recent years,three composite disease-specific systems have been developed,which are verified for evaluating bronchiectasis severity and predicting prognosis:bronchiectasis severity index(BSI),FACED(F:forced expiratory volume in 1 s%predicted[FEV1%pred],A:age,C:presence of chronic colonisation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa,E:radiological extension[number of pulmonary lobes affected],D:dyspnoea)and FACED plus exacerbations in the previous year(E-FACED).[2,3,4]All three scoring systems classify patients into low,moderate,and high risk groups by different thresholds,respectively.
