AIM To summarize clinical presentations and treatment optionsof spinal gout in the literature from 2000 to 2014, and present theories for possible mechanism of spinal gout formation.METHODS The authors reviewed 68 pub...AIM To summarize clinical presentations and treatment optionsof spinal gout in the literature from 2000 to 2014, and present theories for possible mechanism of spinal gout formation.METHODS The authors reviewed 68 published cases of spinal gout, which were collected by searching "spinal gout" on Pub Med from 2000 to 2014. The data were analyzed for clinical features, anatomical location of spinal gout, laboratory studies, imaging studies, and treatment choices. RESULTS Of the 68 patients reviewed, the most common clinical presentation was back or neck pain in 69.1% of patients. The most common laboratory study was elevated uric acid levels in 66.2% of patients. The most common diagnostic image finding was hypointense lesion of the gout tophi on the T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scan. The most common surgical treatment performed was a laminectomy in 51.5% and non-surgical treatment was performed in 29.4% of patients.CONCLUSION Spinal gout most commonly present as back or neck pain with majority of reported patients with elevated uric acid. The diagnosis of spinal gout is confirmed with the presence of negatively birefringent monosodium urate crystals in tissue. Treatment for spinal gout involves medication for the reduction of uric acid level and surgery if patient symptoms failed to respond to medical treatment.展开更多
There remain unmet clinical needs for safe and effective bone anabolic therapies to treat aging-related osteoporosis and to improve fracture healing in cases of nonunion or delayed union. Wnt signaling has emerged as ...There remain unmet clinical needs for safe and effective bone anabolic therapies to treat aging-related osteoporosis and to improve fracture healing in cases of nonunion or delayed union. Wnt signaling has emerged as a promising target pathway for developing novel bone anabolic drugs. Although neutralizing antibodies against the Wnt antagonist sclerostin have been tested,Wnt ligands themselves have not been fully explored as a potential therapy. Previous work has demonstrated Wnt7b as an endogenous ligand upregulated during osteoblast differentiation, and that Wnt7b overexpression potently stimulates bone accrual in the mouse. The earlier studies however did not address whether Wnt7b could promote bone formation when specifically applied to aged or fractured bones. Here we have developed a doxycycline-inducible strategy where Wnt7b is temporally induced in the bones of aged mice or during fracture healing. We report that forced expression of Wnt7b for 1 month starting at 15 months of age greatly stimulated trabecular and endosteal bone formation, resulting in a marked increase in bone mass. We further tested the effect of Wnt7b on bone healing in a murine closed femur fracture model. Induced expression of Wnt7b at the onset of fracture did not affect the initial cartilage formation but promoted mineralization of the subsequent bone callus. Thus, targeted delivery of Wnt7b to aged bones or fracture sites may be explored as a potential therapy.展开更多
Aim: To study the antitumor mechanism of OSW-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and Methods: The expression profiling microarray was carried out to extract RNA from SK-Hep-1 which suffered from OSW-1. ρ0-SK-Hep...Aim: To study the antitumor mechanism of OSW-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and Methods: The expression profiling microarray was carried out to extract RNA from SK-Hep-1 which suffered from OSW-1. ρ0-SK-Hep-1 was maintained SK-Hep-1 in MEM containing 100 μg/L ethidium bromide (EB), 1 mM sodium pyruvate and 50 μg/ml uridine for 40 days. Then confirmed COX-I and COX-II of mitochondrial DNA were knocked out. Cells suffered from OSW-1 or doxorubicin. Then cells were washed twice with cold PBS and incubated with DCFH-DA. Fluorescent signal was recorded by using Infinite 200 Pro multimode Plate readers. Results: OSW-1 elevates generation of ROS and Cytochrome C which are associated with the induction of apoptosis in SK-Hep-1 cells. We also demonstrate that OSW-1 does not depend on p53 to up-regulate the BH3-only protein Noxa. What is more noteworthy that the Caspase-9 and FADD are down-regulated in above process. Conclusion: OSW-1 induced special apoptosis is different from the mitochondrial death pathway and the death receptor pathway and final result is not Caspase family’s activating. This provides a novel theory that nonmalignant cells are significantly less sensitive to OSW-1 than cancer cell lines.展开更多
Coating polymer on the surface is an effective way to realize functional modification of the materials for diverse applications,which has been proved to enhance the stability of metal anodes in batteries.However,given...Coating polymer on the surface is an effective way to realize functional modification of the materials for diverse applications,which has been proved to enhance the stability of metal anodes in batteries.However,given the limited operability of coating from polymer dispersions,it is imperative to develop simple aqueous-based strategies from monomers for versatile polymer coating.Herein,a Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx MXene-assisted approach is proposed to construct polymer coating on zinc metal surfaces directly from the aqueous solution of monomers in an ice bath.By combining a doctor-blading method with spontaneous polymerization of monomers on the substrates at room temperature,a uniform,adhesive,and versatile coating layer assisted by a small amount of MXene is produced in one step.Additionally,MXene nanosheets serve as nanofillers to further enhance the mechanical strength and ionic conductivity of the polymer coating.Benefiting from good film formation and improved interfacial contact,the coated zinc anode exhibits a long cycling lifespan of over 1900 h.The assembled full cells show excellent cycling stability with a high capacity retention of 85.0%at 16 A g^(-1)over 2600 cycles.This work provides a simple and efficient way to produce polymer coatings directly from monomers,which may give new insights into design multifunctional polymer coatings for various applications.展开更多
RAC1 is a small-molecule G protein that regulates multiple cell cycle, cytoskeletal reorganization, cell migration, and apoptosis. FADD-dependent TRAIL can promote tumor metastasis through RAC1 and PI3K, and down-regu...RAC1 is a small-molecule G protein that regulates multiple cell cycle, cytoskeletal reorganization, cell migration, and apoptosis. FADD-dependent TRAIL can promote tumor metastasis through RAC1 and PI3K, and down-regulating RAC1 expression can reduce FasL-induced apoptosis. In addition, RIP1 bound to GTP acts as an activating protein for RAC1 and is involved in cytoskeletal reorganization. TRAF6 promotes migration and metastasis by regulating the RAS pathway in tumors. Thus, it is necessary to understand the interaction between RAC1 and TRAF6 as well as FADD and RIP1. In this study, we cultured hepatoma SK-Hep1 cells in vitro, specifically blocked the necroptosis pathway with Nec-1, and silenced FADD, RIP1 and TRAF6 gene expression using RNAi technology. At the same time, the expression of RAC1 was evaluated separately using RT-PCR and Western blot. The hepatoma SK-Hep1 cells survival rate was highest when the concentration of Nec-1 was 60 μM and the concentration of Z-vad-fmk was 20 μM. And the apoptosis rate of the transfected RAC1 siRNA cells was 3.59% compared with transfected siRNA cells 10.01% which was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). RAC1 could promote the occurrence of apoptosis in SK-Hep1 cells. RAC1 expression was suppressed in both protein and gene level in SK-Hep1 cells when the TRAF6 gene was silenced, but there was no significant change in RAC1 gene and protein expression when FADD and RIP1 genes were silenced. TRAF6 affects RAC1 expression and apoptosis in SK-Hep1 cells, while the FADD and RIP1 genes do not affect the role of RAC1. The TRAF6 gene is an important target in liver cancer cells.展开更多
Interleukin I receptor associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) is a downstream signal molecule of activated MyD88 recruitment, which can activate Fas associated death domain protein (FADD) to induce apoptosis. IRAK1 can also acti...Interleukin I receptor associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) is a downstream signal molecule of activated MyD88 recruitment, which can activate Fas associated death domain protein (FADD) to induce apoptosis. IRAK1 can also activate tumor necrosis factor-related factor 6 (TRAF6) and induce the expression of a series of downstream specific genes. IRAK1 is an essential factor in the induction of mitochondrial division and necroptosis. In the current study, RNAi technique was used to silence IRAK1, and the apoptosis and necroptosis rate of SK-Hep1 cells were detected by flow cytometry. The apoptosis and the necroptosis pathway of hepatoma SK-Hep1 cells were blocked separately, and the expressions of FADD, RIP1 and TRAF6 genes were silenced separately. The results showed when the expression of IRAK1 was down-regulated, the apoptosis and necroptosis rate of SK-Hep1 cells were significantly increased. With silenced FADD, RIP1 and TRAF6, respectively, the expression of IRAK1 protein had no significant change. However, the expression of IRAK1 mRNA decreased significantly (p < 0.01) after the silencing of RIP1 and TRAF6 genes, while the IRAK1 mRNA did not change significantly after the silencing of FADD genes;when z-VAD-FMK was interfered, the expression of IRAK1 mRNA decreased significantly after the silencing of TRAF6 genes, while the IRAK1 mRNA did not change significantly after the silencing of FADD and RIP1genes. The study shows that RAK1 gene inhibits apoptosis and necroptosis in SK-Hep1 cells. TRAF6 gene affected the role of IRAK1 in apoptosis and necroptosis, RIP1 gene affected the role of IRAK1 in apoptosis, while FADD gene did not affect the role of IRAK1 in apoptosis and necroptosis.展开更多
Deficiency of natural killer(NK)cells shows a significant impact on tumor progression and failure of immunotherapy.It is highly desirable to boost NK cell immunity by upregulating active receptors and relieving the im...Deficiency of natural killer(NK)cells shows a significant impact on tumor progression and failure of immunotherapy.It is highly desirable to boost NK cell immunity by upregulating active receptors and relieving the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.Unfortunately,mobilization of NK cells is hampered by poor accumulation and short retention of drugs in tumors,thus declining antitumor efficiency.Herein,we develop an acid-switchable nanoparticle with self-adaptive aggregation property for co-delivering galunisertib and interleukin 15(IL-15).The nanoparticles induce morphology switch by a decomposition-metal coordination cascade reaction,which provides a new methodology to trigger aggregation.It shows self-adaptive size-enlargement upon acidity,thus improving drug retention in tumor to over 120 h.The diameter of agglomerates is increased and drug release is effectively promoted following reduced p H values.The nanoparticles activate both NK cell and CD8+T cell immunity in vivo.It significantly suppresses CT26 tumor in immune-deficient BALB/c mice,and the efficiency is further improved in immunocompetent mice,indicating that the nanoparticles can not only boost innate NK cell immunity but also adaptive T cell immunity.The approach reported here provides an innovative strategy to improve drug retention in tumors,which will enhance cancer immunotherapy by boosting NK cells.展开更多
For a future carbon-neutral society,it is a great challenge to coordinate between the demand and supply sides of a power grid with high penetration of renewable energy sources.In this paper,a general power distributio...For a future carbon-neutral society,it is a great challenge to coordinate between the demand and supply sides of a power grid with high penetration of renewable energy sources.In this paper,a general power distribution system of buildings,namely,PEDF(photovoltaics,energy storage,direct current,flexibility),is proposed to provide an effective solution from the demand side.A PEDF system integrates distributed photovoltaics,energy storages(including traditional and virtual energy storage),and a direct current distribution system into a building to provide flexible services for the external power grid.System topology and control strategies at the grid,building,and device levels are introduced and analyzed.We select representative work about key technologies of the PEDF system in recent years,analyze research focuses,and summarize their major challenges&future opportunities.Then,we introduce three real application cases of the PEDF system.On-site measurement results demonstrate its feasibility and advantages.With the rapid growth of renewable power production and electric vehicles,the PEDF system is a potential and promising approach for largescale integration of renewable energy in a carbon-neutral future.展开更多
Bioorthogonal chemistry reactions occur in physiological conditions without interfering with normal physiological processes.Through metabolic engineering,bioorthogonal groups can be tagged onto cell membranes,which se...Bioorthogonal chemistry reactions occur in physiological conditions without interfering with normal physiological processes.Through metabolic engineering,bioorthogonal groups can be tagged onto cell membranes,which selectively attach to cargos with paired groups via bioorthogonal reactions.Due to its simplicity,high efficiency,and specificity,bioorthogonal chemistry has demonstrated great application potential in drug delivery.On the one hand,bioorthogonal reactions improve therapeutic agent delivery to target sites,overcoming off-target distribution.On the other hand,nanoparticles and biomolecules can be linked to cell membranes by bioorthogonal reactions,providing approaches to developing multi-functional drug delivery systems(DDSs).In this review,we first describe the principle of labeling cells or pathogenic microorganisms with bioorthogonal groups.We then highlight recent breakthroughs in developing active targeting DDSs to tumors,immune systems,or bacteria by bioorthogonal chemistry,as well as applications of bioorthogonal chemistry in developing functional bio-inspired DDSs(biomimetic DDSs,cell-based DDSs,bacteria-based and phage-based DDSs)and hydrogels.Finally,we discuss the difficulties and prospective direction of bioorthogonal chemistry in drug delivery.We expect this review will help us understand the latest advances in the development of active targeting and multi-functional DDSs using bioorthogonal chemistry and inspire innovative applications of bioorthogonal chemistry in developing smart DDSs for disease treatment.展开更多
The steady-state vibration amplitude is an important performance indicator of high-frequency ultrasonic transducers for ultrasonically assisted manipulating,machining,and manufacturing.This work aimed to develop a cal...The steady-state vibration amplitude is an important performance indicator of high-frequency ultrasonic transducers for ultrasonically assisted manipulating,machining,and manufacturing.This work aimed to develop a calculation model for the steady-state vibration amplitude of a new type of dual-branch cascaded composite structure-based ultrasonic transducer that can be used in the packaging of microelectronic chips.First,the steady-state vibration amplitude of the piezoelectric vibrator of the transducer was derived from the piezoelectric equation.Second,the vibration transfer matrices of the tapered ultrasonic horns were obtained by combining the vibration equation,the continuous condition of the displacement,and the equilibrium condition of the force.Calculation models for the steady-state vibration amplitude of the two working ends of the transducer were then developed.A series of exciting trials were carried out to test the performance of the models.Comparison between the calculated and measured results for steady-state vibration amplitude showed that the maximum deviation was 0.0221μm,the minimum deviation was 0.0013μm,the average deviation was 0.0097μm,and the standard deviation was 0.0046μm.These values indicated good calculation accuracy,laying a good foundation for the practical application of the proposed transducer.展开更多
Passenger flow plays an important role in the indoor environment and energy consumption of airport terminals.In this paper,field investigations were carried out in four typical airport terminals with different scales ...Passenger flow plays an important role in the indoor environment and energy consumption of airport terminals.In this paper,field investigations were carried out in four typical airport terminals with different scales and operation states to reveal the characteristics of passenger flow.A prediction model is established to forecast passengers’distribution in the main areas of an airport terminal based on its flight arrangement.The results indicate the dislocation peaks of passenger numbers in these areas,due to the airport’s departure process.The peak time interval is about 30 min between the check-in hall and the security check area,and 60-80 min between the check-in hall and the departure hall.RD value(i.e.,the ratio of the actual passenger number in a certain area to the design value)is used to describe this peak shifting feature.When the annual passenger throughput of an airport terminal reaches or even exceeds its design value,the total peak RD value is normally 0.6-0.8.For the airport affected by COVID-19,the peak RD is only 0.2,which reflects the decline in terminal passenger numbers during the pandemic.This research provides useful insight into the characteristics of passenger flow in airport terminals,and is beneficial for their design and operation.展开更多
The natural environment provides material essentials for human survival and development. The characteristics,processes, regional differentiation and forcing mechanisms of the elements of the natural environment(e.g. g...The natural environment provides material essentials for human survival and development. The characteristics,processes, regional differentiation and forcing mechanisms of the elements of the natural environment(e.g. geomorphology,climate, hydrology, soil, etc.) are the main objects of research in physical geography. China has a complex natural environment and huge regional differentiation and therefore it provides outstanding reserach opportunities in physical geography. This review summarizes the most important developments and the main contributions of research in the physical geography and human living environment in China during the past 70 years. The major topics addressed are the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the evolution of its cryosphere, the development of fluvial systems, the acidification of the vast arid region of the Asian interior, variations in the monsoon and westerly climate systems on multiple timescales, the development of lakes and wetlands, the watershed system model, soil erosion, past human-environment interactions, biogeography, and physical geographic zonality. After briefly introducing international research developments, we review the history of research in physical geography in China, focusing on the major achievements and major academic debates, and finally we summarize the status of current research and the future prospects. We propose that in the context of the national demand for the construction of an ecological civilization, we should make full use of the research findings of physical geography, and determine the patterns and mechanisms of natural environmental processes in order to continue to promote the continued contribution of physical geography to national development strategies, and to further contribute to the theory of physical geography from a global perspective.展开更多
In recent years,the developed hemostatic technologies are still difficult to be applied to the hemostasis of massive arterial and visceral hemorrhage,owing to their weak hemostatic function,inferior wet tissue adhesio...In recent years,the developed hemostatic technologies are still difficult to be applied to the hemostasis of massive arterial and visceral hemorrhage,owing to their weak hemostatic function,inferior wet tissue adhesion,and low mechanical properties.Herein,a mussel-inspired supramolecular interaction-cross-linked hydrogel with robust mechanical property(308.47±29.20 kPa)and excellent hemostatic efficiency(96.5%±2.1%)was constructed as a hemostatic sealant.Typically,we combined chitosan(CS)with silk fibroin(SF)by cross-linking them through tannic acid(TA)to maintain the structural stability of the hydrogel,especially for wet tissue adhesion ability(shear adhesive strength=29.66±0.36 kPa).Compared with other materials reported previously,the obtained CS/TA/SF hydrogel yielded a lower amount of blood loss and shorter time to hemostasis in various arterial and visceral bleeding models,which could be ascribed to the synergistic effect of wound closure under wet state as well as intrinsic hemostatic activity of CS.As a superior hemostatic sealant,the unique hydrogel proposed in this work can be exploited to offer significant advantages in the acute wound and massive hemorrhage with the restrictive access of therapeutic moieties.展开更多
As a dioxygenase, Ten-Eleven Translocation 2(TET2) catalyzes subsequent steps of 5-methylcytosine(5 mC) oxidation. TET2 plays a critical role in the self-renewal, proliferation,and differentiation of hematopoietic ste...As a dioxygenase, Ten-Eleven Translocation 2(TET2) catalyzes subsequent steps of 5-methylcytosine(5 mC) oxidation. TET2 plays a critical role in the self-renewal, proliferation,and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, but its impact on mature hematopoietic cells is not well-characterized. Here we show that Tet2 plays an essential role in osteoclastogenesis. Deletion of Tet2 impairs the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells(macrophages) and their maturation into bone-resorbing osteoclasts in vitro. Furthermore, Tet2^(-/-) mice exhibit mild osteopetrosis, accompanied by decreased number of osteoclasts in vivo. Tet2 loss in macrophages results in the altered expression of a set of genes implicated in osteoclast differentiation, such as Cebpa, Mafb, and Nfkbiz. Tet2 deletion also leads to a genome-wide alteration in the level of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine(5 hmC) and altered expression of a specific subset of macrophage genes associated with osteoclast differentiation. Furthermore, Tet2 interacts with Runx1 and negatively modulates its transcriptional activity. Our studies demonstrate a novel molecular mechanism controlling osteoclast differentiation and function by Tet2, that is, through interactions with Runx1 and the maintenance of genomic 5 hmC. Targeting Tet2 and its pathway could be a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of abnormal bone mass caused by the deregulation of osteoclast activities.展开更多
The delivery efficiency of DNA nanoassemblies to the cytosol remains unsatisfactory due to endoand lysosomal entrapment and degradation,which restricts their bioanalytical and biomedical applications.Herein,the author...The delivery efficiency of DNA nanoassemblies to the cytosol remains unsatisfactory due to endoand lysosomal entrapment and degradation,which restricts their bioanalytical and biomedical applications.Herein,the authors developed a disulfide-containing molecular sticker(DSMS)assisted approach to achieve efficient cytosolic delivery of DNA nanoassemblies.DSMS is designed to consist of a disulfide unit for thiol-mediated uptake and a guanidinium cation unit for strongly adhering to DNA nanoassemblies.After attaching with DSMS,a set of DNA nanoassemblies maintained their original three-dimensional features but had a different cellular internalization pathway.These results demonstrated that DSMS-DNA nanoassemblies complex did not enter the cells via endocytosis but instead entered through thiol-mediated direct uptake.Taking advantages of this facile assembly,universal applicability,and direct cytosolic delivery,DSMS might serve as a potent agent to facilitate the applications of DNA nanoassemblies in a variety of fields,such as bioimaging,drug delivery,and gene therapy.展开更多
As an important promising biomarker,high frequency oscillations(HFOs)can be used to track epileptic activity and localize epileptogenic zones.However,visual marking of HFOs from a large amount of intracranial electroe...As an important promising biomarker,high frequency oscillations(HFOs)can be used to track epileptic activity and localize epileptogenic zones.However,visual marking of HFOs from a large amount of intracranial electroencephalogram(iEEG)data requires a great deal of time and effort from researchers,and is also very dependent on visual features and easily influenced by subjective factors.Therefore,we proposed an automatic epileptic HFO detection method based on visual features and non-intuitive multi-domain features.To eliminate the interference of continuous oscillatory activity in detected sporadic short HFO events,the iEEG signals adjacent to the detected events were set as the neighboring environmental range while the number of oscillations and the peak–valley differences were calculated as the environmental reference features.The proposed method was developed as a MatLab-based HFO detector to automatically detect HFOs in multi-channel,long-distance iEEG signals.The performance of our detector was evaluated on iEEG recordings from epileptic mice and patients with intractable epilepsy.More than 90%of the HFO events detected by this method were confirmed by experts,while the average missed-detection rate was<10%.Compared with recent related research,the proposed method achieved a synchronous improvement of sensitivity and specificity,and a balance between low false-alarm rate and high detection rate.Detection results demonstrated that the proposed method performs well in sensitivity,specificity,and precision.As an auxiliary tool,our detector can greatly improve the efficiency of clinical experts in inspecting HFO events during the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy.展开更多
As cloud computing technology turning to mature,cloud services have become a trust-based service.Users'distrust of the security and performance of cloud services will hinder the rapid deployment and development of...As cloud computing technology turning to mature,cloud services have become a trust-based service.Users'distrust of the security and performance of cloud services will hinder the rapid deployment and development of cloud services.So cloud service providers(CSPs)urgently need a way to prove that the infrastructure and the behavior of cloud services they provided can be trusted.The challenge here is how to construct a novel framework that can effective verify the security conformance of cloud services,which focuses on fine-grained descriptions of cloud service behavior and security service level aggreements(SLAs).In this paper,we propose a novel approach to verify cloud service security conformance,which reduces the description gap between the CSP and users through modeling cloud service behavior and security SLA,these models enable a systematic integration of security constraints and service behavior into cloud while using UPPAAL to check the performance and security conformance.The proposed approach is validated through case study and experiments with real cloud service based on Open-Stack,which illustrates CloudSec approach effectiveness and can be applied on realistic cloud scenario.展开更多
Substantial variation in gene organization and arrangement has been reported for sequenced mitochondrial(mt) genomes from the suborders of the insect order Psocoptera. In this study we sequenced the complete mt genome...Substantial variation in gene organization and arrangement has been reported for sequenced mitochondrial(mt) genomes from the suborders of the insect order Psocoptera. In this study we sequenced the complete mt genome of Stenopsocus immaculatus, the first representative of the family Stenopsocidae from the suborder Psocomorpha. Relative to the ancestral pattern, rearrangements of a protein-coding gene(nad3) and five t RNA genes(trnQ, trnC, trnN, trnS1, trnE) were found. This pattern was similar to that of two barklice from the family Psocidae, with the exception of the translocation of trnS1,trnE and trnI. Based on comparisons of pairwise breakpoint distances of gene rearrangements, gene number and chromosome number, it was concluded that mt genomes of Stenopsocidae and Psocidae share a relatively conserved pattern of gene rearrangements; mt genomes within the Psocomorpha have been generally stable over long evolutionary history; and mt gene rearrangement has been substantially faster in the booklice(suborder Troctomorpha) than in the barklice(suborders Trogiomorpha and Psocomorpha). It is speculated that the change of life history and persistence of unusual reproductive systems with maternal inheritance contributed to the contrasting rates in mt genome evolution between the barklice and booklice.展开更多
文摘AIM To summarize clinical presentations and treatment optionsof spinal gout in the literature from 2000 to 2014, and present theories for possible mechanism of spinal gout formation.METHODS The authors reviewed 68 published cases of spinal gout, which were collected by searching "spinal gout" on Pub Med from 2000 to 2014. The data were analyzed for clinical features, anatomical location of spinal gout, laboratory studies, imaging studies, and treatment choices. RESULTS Of the 68 patients reviewed, the most common clinical presentation was back or neck pain in 69.1% of patients. The most common laboratory study was elevated uric acid levels in 66.2% of patients. The most common diagnostic image finding was hypointense lesion of the gout tophi on the T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scan. The most common surgical treatment performed was a laminectomy in 51.5% and non-surgical treatment was performed in 29.4% of patients.CONCLUSION Spinal gout most commonly present as back or neck pain with majority of reported patients with elevated uric acid. The diagnosis of spinal gout is confirmed with the presence of negatively birefringent monosodium urate crystals in tissue. Treatment for spinal gout involves medication for the reduction of uric acid level and surgery if patient symptoms failed to respond to medical treatment.
基金supported by AR060456 (F.L.), AR047867 (M.J.S.)the Washington University Musculoskeletal Research Center (NIH P30 AR057235)
文摘There remain unmet clinical needs for safe and effective bone anabolic therapies to treat aging-related osteoporosis and to improve fracture healing in cases of nonunion or delayed union. Wnt signaling has emerged as a promising target pathway for developing novel bone anabolic drugs. Although neutralizing antibodies against the Wnt antagonist sclerostin have been tested,Wnt ligands themselves have not been fully explored as a potential therapy. Previous work has demonstrated Wnt7b as an endogenous ligand upregulated during osteoblast differentiation, and that Wnt7b overexpression potently stimulates bone accrual in the mouse. The earlier studies however did not address whether Wnt7b could promote bone formation when specifically applied to aged or fractured bones. Here we have developed a doxycycline-inducible strategy where Wnt7b is temporally induced in the bones of aged mice or during fracture healing. We report that forced expression of Wnt7b for 1 month starting at 15 months of age greatly stimulated trabecular and endosteal bone formation, resulting in a marked increase in bone mass. We further tested the effect of Wnt7b on bone healing in a murine closed femur fracture model. Induced expression of Wnt7b at the onset of fracture did not affect the initial cartilage formation but promoted mineralization of the subsequent bone callus. Thus, targeted delivery of Wnt7b to aged bones or fracture sites may be explored as a potential therapy.
文摘Aim: To study the antitumor mechanism of OSW-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and Methods: The expression profiling microarray was carried out to extract RNA from SK-Hep-1 which suffered from OSW-1. ρ0-SK-Hep-1 was maintained SK-Hep-1 in MEM containing 100 μg/L ethidium bromide (EB), 1 mM sodium pyruvate and 50 μg/ml uridine for 40 days. Then confirmed COX-I and COX-II of mitochondrial DNA were knocked out. Cells suffered from OSW-1 or doxorubicin. Then cells were washed twice with cold PBS and incubated with DCFH-DA. Fluorescent signal was recorded by using Infinite 200 Pro multimode Plate readers. Results: OSW-1 elevates generation of ROS and Cytochrome C which are associated with the induction of apoptosis in SK-Hep-1 cells. We also demonstrate that OSW-1 does not depend on p53 to up-regulate the BH3-only protein Noxa. What is more noteworthy that the Caspase-9 and FADD are down-regulated in above process. Conclusion: OSW-1 induced special apoptosis is different from the mitochondrial death pathway and the death receptor pathway and final result is not Caspase family’s activating. This provides a novel theory that nonmalignant cells are significantly less sensitive to OSW-1 than cancer cell lines.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51972228 and 22109116)the TJU Nanoyang-Neware Joint Laboratory for Energy Innovation。
文摘Coating polymer on the surface is an effective way to realize functional modification of the materials for diverse applications,which has been proved to enhance the stability of metal anodes in batteries.However,given the limited operability of coating from polymer dispersions,it is imperative to develop simple aqueous-based strategies from monomers for versatile polymer coating.Herein,a Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx MXene-assisted approach is proposed to construct polymer coating on zinc metal surfaces directly from the aqueous solution of monomers in an ice bath.By combining a doctor-blading method with spontaneous polymerization of monomers on the substrates at room temperature,a uniform,adhesive,and versatile coating layer assisted by a small amount of MXene is produced in one step.Additionally,MXene nanosheets serve as nanofillers to further enhance the mechanical strength and ionic conductivity of the polymer coating.Benefiting from good film formation and improved interfacial contact,the coated zinc anode exhibits a long cycling lifespan of over 1900 h.The assembled full cells show excellent cycling stability with a high capacity retention of 85.0%at 16 A g^(-1)over 2600 cycles.This work provides a simple and efficient way to produce polymer coatings directly from monomers,which may give new insights into design multifunctional polymer coatings for various applications.
文摘RAC1 is a small-molecule G protein that regulates multiple cell cycle, cytoskeletal reorganization, cell migration, and apoptosis. FADD-dependent TRAIL can promote tumor metastasis through RAC1 and PI3K, and down-regulating RAC1 expression can reduce FasL-induced apoptosis. In addition, RIP1 bound to GTP acts as an activating protein for RAC1 and is involved in cytoskeletal reorganization. TRAF6 promotes migration and metastasis by regulating the RAS pathway in tumors. Thus, it is necessary to understand the interaction between RAC1 and TRAF6 as well as FADD and RIP1. In this study, we cultured hepatoma SK-Hep1 cells in vitro, specifically blocked the necroptosis pathway with Nec-1, and silenced FADD, RIP1 and TRAF6 gene expression using RNAi technology. At the same time, the expression of RAC1 was evaluated separately using RT-PCR and Western blot. The hepatoma SK-Hep1 cells survival rate was highest when the concentration of Nec-1 was 60 μM and the concentration of Z-vad-fmk was 20 μM. And the apoptosis rate of the transfected RAC1 siRNA cells was 3.59% compared with transfected siRNA cells 10.01% which was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). RAC1 could promote the occurrence of apoptosis in SK-Hep1 cells. RAC1 expression was suppressed in both protein and gene level in SK-Hep1 cells when the TRAF6 gene was silenced, but there was no significant change in RAC1 gene and protein expression when FADD and RIP1 genes were silenced. TRAF6 affects RAC1 expression and apoptosis in SK-Hep1 cells, while the FADD and RIP1 genes do not affect the role of RAC1. The TRAF6 gene is an important target in liver cancer cells.
文摘Interleukin I receptor associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) is a downstream signal molecule of activated MyD88 recruitment, which can activate Fas associated death domain protein (FADD) to induce apoptosis. IRAK1 can also activate tumor necrosis factor-related factor 6 (TRAF6) and induce the expression of a series of downstream specific genes. IRAK1 is an essential factor in the induction of mitochondrial division and necroptosis. In the current study, RNAi technique was used to silence IRAK1, and the apoptosis and necroptosis rate of SK-Hep1 cells were detected by flow cytometry. The apoptosis and the necroptosis pathway of hepatoma SK-Hep1 cells were blocked separately, and the expressions of FADD, RIP1 and TRAF6 genes were silenced separately. The results showed when the expression of IRAK1 was down-regulated, the apoptosis and necroptosis rate of SK-Hep1 cells were significantly increased. With silenced FADD, RIP1 and TRAF6, respectively, the expression of IRAK1 protein had no significant change. However, the expression of IRAK1 mRNA decreased significantly (p < 0.01) after the silencing of RIP1 and TRAF6 genes, while the IRAK1 mRNA did not change significantly after the silencing of FADD genes;when z-VAD-FMK was interfered, the expression of IRAK1 mRNA decreased significantly after the silencing of TRAF6 genes, while the IRAK1 mRNA did not change significantly after the silencing of FADD and RIP1genes. The study shows that RAK1 gene inhibits apoptosis and necroptosis in SK-Hep1 cells. TRAF6 gene affected the role of IRAK1 in apoptosis and necroptosis, RIP1 gene affected the role of IRAK1 in apoptosis, while FADD gene did not affect the role of IRAK1 in apoptosis and necroptosis.
基金Financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170935,81903548,and31930066)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(2019283,China)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2019PH013,China)are gratefully acknowledged。
文摘Deficiency of natural killer(NK)cells shows a significant impact on tumor progression and failure of immunotherapy.It is highly desirable to boost NK cell immunity by upregulating active receptors and relieving the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.Unfortunately,mobilization of NK cells is hampered by poor accumulation and short retention of drugs in tumors,thus declining antitumor efficiency.Herein,we develop an acid-switchable nanoparticle with self-adaptive aggregation property for co-delivering galunisertib and interleukin 15(IL-15).The nanoparticles induce morphology switch by a decomposition-metal coordination cascade reaction,which provides a new methodology to trigger aggregation.It shows self-adaptive size-enlargement upon acidity,thus improving drug retention in tumor to over 120 h.The diameter of agglomerates is increased and drug release is effectively promoted following reduced p H values.The nanoparticles activate both NK cell and CD8+T cell immunity in vivo.It significantly suppresses CT26 tumor in immune-deficient BALB/c mice,and the efficiency is further improved in immunocompetent mice,indicating that the nanoparticles can not only boost innate NK cell immunity but also adaptive T cell immunity.The approach reported here provides an innovative strategy to improve drug retention in tumors,which will enhance cancer immunotherapy by boosting NK cells.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52208112)the major consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(52021-HYZD-16)+1 种基金the Energy Foundation(No.G-2209-34123),the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M701935)the Shuimu Tsinghua Scholar Program of Tsinghua University(2021SM001).
文摘For a future carbon-neutral society,it is a great challenge to coordinate between the demand and supply sides of a power grid with high penetration of renewable energy sources.In this paper,a general power distribution system of buildings,namely,PEDF(photovoltaics,energy storage,direct current,flexibility),is proposed to provide an effective solution from the demand side.A PEDF system integrates distributed photovoltaics,energy storages(including traditional and virtual energy storage),and a direct current distribution system into a building to provide flexible services for the external power grid.System topology and control strategies at the grid,building,and device levels are introduced and analyzed.We select representative work about key technologies of the PEDF system in recent years,analyze research focuses,and summarize their major challenges&future opportunities.Then,we introduce three real application cases of the PEDF system.On-site measurement results demonstrate its feasibility and advantages.With the rapid growth of renewable power production and electric vehicles,the PEDF system is a potential and promising approach for largescale integration of renewable energy in a carbon-neutral future.
基金Financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81903548,32170935,32070927 and 81690265)the Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS(XDA12050307)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(2019283)are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Bioorthogonal chemistry reactions occur in physiological conditions without interfering with normal physiological processes.Through metabolic engineering,bioorthogonal groups can be tagged onto cell membranes,which selectively attach to cargos with paired groups via bioorthogonal reactions.Due to its simplicity,high efficiency,and specificity,bioorthogonal chemistry has demonstrated great application potential in drug delivery.On the one hand,bioorthogonal reactions improve therapeutic agent delivery to target sites,overcoming off-target distribution.On the other hand,nanoparticles and biomolecules can be linked to cell membranes by bioorthogonal reactions,providing approaches to developing multi-functional drug delivery systems(DDSs).In this review,we first describe the principle of labeling cells or pathogenic microorganisms with bioorthogonal groups.We then highlight recent breakthroughs in developing active targeting DDSs to tumors,immune systems,or bacteria by bioorthogonal chemistry,as well as applications of bioorthogonal chemistry in developing functional bio-inspired DDSs(biomimetic DDSs,cell-based DDSs,bacteria-based and phage-based DDSs)and hydrogels.Finally,we discuss the difficulties and prospective direction of bioorthogonal chemistry in drug delivery.We expect this review will help us understand the latest advances in the development of active targeting and multi-functional DDSs using bioorthogonal chemistry and inspire innovative applications of bioorthogonal chemistry in developing smart DDSs for disease treatment.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52175110)Author Hongjie Zhang has received research support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘The steady-state vibration amplitude is an important performance indicator of high-frequency ultrasonic transducers for ultrasonically assisted manipulating,machining,and manufacturing.This work aimed to develop a calculation model for the steady-state vibration amplitude of a new type of dual-branch cascaded composite structure-based ultrasonic transducer that can be used in the packaging of microelectronic chips.First,the steady-state vibration amplitude of the piezoelectric vibrator of the transducer was derived from the piezoelectric equation.Second,the vibration transfer matrices of the tapered ultrasonic horns were obtained by combining the vibration equation,the continuous condition of the displacement,and the equilibrium condition of the force.Calculation models for the steady-state vibration amplitude of the two working ends of the transducer were then developed.A series of exciting trials were carried out to test the performance of the models.Comparison between the calculated and measured results for steady-state vibration amplitude showed that the maximum deviation was 0.0221μm,the minimum deviation was 0.0013μm,the average deviation was 0.0097μm,and the standard deviation was 0.0046μm.These values indicated good calculation accuracy,laying a good foundation for the practical application of the proposed transducer.
基金The research described in this paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51878369)the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC0705001)+2 种基金Sichuan Science and Tech-nology Planning Project(2019YFSY0009)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M701935),the Shuimu Tsinghua Scholar Pro-gram of Tsinghua University(2021SM001)Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Future Urban Design,Beijing University Of Civil Engineering And Architecture.
文摘Passenger flow plays an important role in the indoor environment and energy consumption of airport terminals.In this paper,field investigations were carried out in four typical airport terminals with different scales and operation states to reveal the characteristics of passenger flow.A prediction model is established to forecast passengers’distribution in the main areas of an airport terminal based on its flight arrangement.The results indicate the dislocation peaks of passenger numbers in these areas,due to the airport’s departure process.The peak time interval is about 30 min between the check-in hall and the security check area,and 60-80 min between the check-in hall and the departure hall.RD value(i.e.,the ratio of the actual passenger number in a certain area to the design value)is used to describe this peak shifting feature.When the annual passenger throughput of an airport terminal reaches or even exceeds its design value,the total peak RD value is normally 0.6-0.8.For the airport affected by COVID-19,the peak RD is only 0.2,which reflects the decline in terminal passenger numbers during the pandemic.This research provides useful insight into the characteristics of passenger flow in airport terminals,and is beneficial for their design and operation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41842050)
文摘The natural environment provides material essentials for human survival and development. The characteristics,processes, regional differentiation and forcing mechanisms of the elements of the natural environment(e.g. geomorphology,climate, hydrology, soil, etc.) are the main objects of research in physical geography. China has a complex natural environment and huge regional differentiation and therefore it provides outstanding reserach opportunities in physical geography. This review summarizes the most important developments and the main contributions of research in the physical geography and human living environment in China during the past 70 years. The major topics addressed are the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the evolution of its cryosphere, the development of fluvial systems, the acidification of the vast arid region of the Asian interior, variations in the monsoon and westerly climate systems on multiple timescales, the development of lakes and wetlands, the watershed system model, soil erosion, past human-environment interactions, biogeography, and physical geographic zonality. After briefly introducing international research developments, we review the history of research in physical geography in China, focusing on the major achievements and major academic debates, and finally we summarize the status of current research and the future prospects. We propose that in the context of the national demand for the construction of an ecological civilization, we should make full use of the research findings of physical geography, and determine the patterns and mechanisms of natural environmental processes in order to continue to promote the continued contribution of physical geography to national development strategies, and to further contribute to the theory of physical geography from a global perspective.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No 51903050)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(Grant No.2019J01258)+2 种基金the Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering(Sichuan University,Grant No.sklpme2019-4-34)the Key Program of Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory(Grant No.00221002)the Fuzhou University Testing Fund of Precious Apparatus(Grant No.2021T025).
文摘In recent years,the developed hemostatic technologies are still difficult to be applied to the hemostasis of massive arterial and visceral hemorrhage,owing to their weak hemostatic function,inferior wet tissue adhesion,and low mechanical properties.Herein,a mussel-inspired supramolecular interaction-cross-linked hydrogel with robust mechanical property(308.47±29.20 kPa)and excellent hemostatic efficiency(96.5%±2.1%)was constructed as a hemostatic sealant.Typically,we combined chitosan(CS)with silk fibroin(SF)by cross-linking them through tannic acid(TA)to maintain the structural stability of the hydrogel,especially for wet tissue adhesion ability(shear adhesive strength=29.66±0.36 kPa).Compared with other materials reported previously,the obtained CS/TA/SF hydrogel yielded a lower amount of blood loss and shorter time to hemostasis in various arterial and visceral bleeding models,which could be ascribed to the synergistic effect of wound closure under wet state as well as intrinsic hemostatic activity of CS.As a superior hemostatic sealant,the unique hydrogel proposed in this work can be exploited to offer significant advantages in the acute wound and massive hemorrhage with the restrictive access of therapeutic moieties.
基金supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (Grant No. CA172408 to MX and FCY, Grant No. HL112294 to MX)the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS) (SCOR program to SN, FCY, and MX+7 种基金 translational grant to SN)University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center (SCCC to MX and FCY), the United Statessupported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant Nos. 2017YFA0103402to WY)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 81629001 to MX, 81670102 to ZZ, 81600136 to YC, and 81421002 to WY)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (Grant Nos. 2017-I2M-3-015 to WY and 2016-I2M-1-017 to YC)Tianjin Application Foundation and Advanced Technology Research Program (Grant Nos. 16JCYBJC25200 to ZZ and 17JCQNJC09800 to YC)SKLEH-Pilot Research Grand (Grant No. ZK16-3 to ZZ)Peking Union Medical College Youth Fund (Grant No. 3332016092 to YC), China
文摘As a dioxygenase, Ten-Eleven Translocation 2(TET2) catalyzes subsequent steps of 5-methylcytosine(5 mC) oxidation. TET2 plays a critical role in the self-renewal, proliferation,and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, but its impact on mature hematopoietic cells is not well-characterized. Here we show that Tet2 plays an essential role in osteoclastogenesis. Deletion of Tet2 impairs the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells(macrophages) and their maturation into bone-resorbing osteoclasts in vitro. Furthermore, Tet2^(-/-) mice exhibit mild osteopetrosis, accompanied by decreased number of osteoclasts in vivo. Tet2 loss in macrophages results in the altered expression of a set of genes implicated in osteoclast differentiation, such as Cebpa, Mafb, and Nfkbiz. Tet2 deletion also leads to a genome-wide alteration in the level of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine(5 hmC) and altered expression of a specific subset of macrophage genes associated with osteoclast differentiation. Furthermore, Tet2 interacts with Runx1 and negatively modulates its transcriptional activity. Our studies demonstrate a novel molecular mechanism controlling osteoclast differentiation and function by Tet2, that is, through interactions with Runx1 and the maintenance of genomic 5 hmC. Targeting Tet2 and its pathway could be a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of abnormal bone mass caused by the deregulation of osteoclast activities.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.91959102,21635002,and 61805041)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(grant no.2017J06004)+1 种基金the Shanghai Rising-Star Program(grant no.19QA1405400)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(grant no.IRT15R11).
文摘The delivery efficiency of DNA nanoassemblies to the cytosol remains unsatisfactory due to endoand lysosomal entrapment and degradation,which restricts their bioanalytical and biomedical applications.Herein,the authors developed a disulfide-containing molecular sticker(DSMS)assisted approach to achieve efficient cytosolic delivery of DNA nanoassemblies.DSMS is designed to consist of a disulfide unit for thiol-mediated uptake and a guanidinium cation unit for strongly adhering to DNA nanoassemblies.After attaching with DSMS,a set of DNA nanoassemblies maintained their original three-dimensional features but had a different cellular internalization pathway.These results demonstrated that DSMS-DNA nanoassemblies complex did not enter the cells via endocytosis but instead entered through thiol-mediated direct uptake.Taking advantages of this facile assembly,universal applicability,and direct cytosolic delivery,DSMS might serve as a potent agent to facilitate the applications of DNA nanoassemblies in a variety of fields,such as bioimaging,drug delivery,and gene therapy.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81630098,81671282,and 61471314).
文摘As an important promising biomarker,high frequency oscillations(HFOs)can be used to track epileptic activity and localize epileptogenic zones.However,visual marking of HFOs from a large amount of intracranial electroencephalogram(iEEG)data requires a great deal of time and effort from researchers,and is also very dependent on visual features and easily influenced by subjective factors.Therefore,we proposed an automatic epileptic HFO detection method based on visual features and non-intuitive multi-domain features.To eliminate the interference of continuous oscillatory activity in detected sporadic short HFO events,the iEEG signals adjacent to the detected events were set as the neighboring environmental range while the number of oscillations and the peak–valley differences were calculated as the environmental reference features.The proposed method was developed as a MatLab-based HFO detector to automatically detect HFOs in multi-channel,long-distance iEEG signals.The performance of our detector was evaluated on iEEG recordings from epileptic mice and patients with intractable epilepsy.More than 90%of the HFO events detected by this method were confirmed by experts,while the average missed-detection rate was<10%.Compared with recent related research,the proposed method achieved a synchronous improvement of sensitivity and specificity,and a balance between low false-alarm rate and high detection rate.Detection results demonstrated that the proposed method performs well in sensitivity,specificity,and precision.As an auxiliary tool,our detector can greatly improve the efficiency of clinical experts in inspecting HFO events during the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy.
基金supported by the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U1636208,NO 61862008).
文摘As cloud computing technology turning to mature,cloud services have become a trust-based service.Users'distrust of the security and performance of cloud services will hinder the rapid deployment and development of cloud services.So cloud service providers(CSPs)urgently need a way to prove that the infrastructure and the behavior of cloud services they provided can be trusted.The challenge here is how to construct a novel framework that can effective verify the security conformance of cloud services,which focuses on fine-grained descriptions of cloud service behavior and security service level aggreements(SLAs).In this paper,we propose a novel approach to verify cloud service security conformance,which reduces the description gap between the CSP and users through modeling cloud service behavior and security SLA,these models enable a systematic integration of security constraints and service behavior into cloud while using UPPAAL to check the performance and security conformance.The proposed approach is validated through case study and experiments with real cloud service based on Open-Stack,which illustrates CloudSec approach effectiveness and can be applied on realistic cloud scenario.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31401991, 31420103902, 31372229)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (6152016, 6144027)the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (2017QC100, 2017QC066, 2017ZB002)
文摘Substantial variation in gene organization and arrangement has been reported for sequenced mitochondrial(mt) genomes from the suborders of the insect order Psocoptera. In this study we sequenced the complete mt genome of Stenopsocus immaculatus, the first representative of the family Stenopsocidae from the suborder Psocomorpha. Relative to the ancestral pattern, rearrangements of a protein-coding gene(nad3) and five t RNA genes(trnQ, trnC, trnN, trnS1, trnE) were found. This pattern was similar to that of two barklice from the family Psocidae, with the exception of the translocation of trnS1,trnE and trnI. Based on comparisons of pairwise breakpoint distances of gene rearrangements, gene number and chromosome number, it was concluded that mt genomes of Stenopsocidae and Psocidae share a relatively conserved pattern of gene rearrangements; mt genomes within the Psocomorpha have been generally stable over long evolutionary history; and mt gene rearrangement has been substantially faster in the booklice(suborder Troctomorpha) than in the barklice(suborders Trogiomorpha and Psocomorpha). It is speculated that the change of life history and persistence of unusual reproductive systems with maternal inheritance contributed to the contrasting rates in mt genome evolution between the barklice and booklice.
