As a novel type of B cell that expands with increasing age,which was first observed in 2011[1,2],age-associated B cells(ABCs)are becoming a hotspot area in the field of immunology.More importantly,ABCs accumulate prog...As a novel type of B cell that expands with increasing age,which was first observed in 2011[1,2],age-associated B cells(ABCs)are becoming a hotspot area in the field of immunology.More importantly,ABCs accumulate progressively in chronic inflammatory states such as autoimmunity,chronic infection,and aging,and are closely associated with developing autoimmune diseases[3].展开更多
The Medium Energy X-ray telescope(ME) is one of the three main telescopes on board the Insight hard X-ray modulation telescope(Insight-HXMT) astronomy satellite. ME contains 1728 pixels of Si-PIN detectors sensitive i...The Medium Energy X-ray telescope(ME) is one of the three main telescopes on board the Insight hard X-ray modulation telescope(Insight-HXMT) astronomy satellite. ME contains 1728 pixels of Si-PIN detectors sensitive in 5-30 ke V with a total geometrical area of 952 cm^2. The application specific integrated circuit(ASIC) chip, VA32TA6, is used to achieve low power consumption and low readout noise. The collimators define three kinds of field of views(FOVs) for the telescope, 1°×4°, 4°×4°,and blocked ones. Combination of such FOVs can be used to estimate the in-orbit X-ray and particle background components.The energy resolution of ME is ~3 ke V at 17.8 ke V(FWHM) and the time resolution is 255 μs. In this paper, we introduce the design and performance of ME.展开更多
High nickel content layered cathodes,represented by NCM(LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2),x+y+z=1),are now widely employed in the market of electric vehicles,owing to their high energy density.With the gradual increase of nic...High nickel content layered cathodes,represented by NCM(LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2),x+y+z=1),are now widely employed in the market of electric vehicles,owing to their high energy density.With the gradual increase of nickel content and capacity,the issues on cycling life and safety become more serious.In this review,various strategies for improving the performance of high nickel NCM are summarized on the aspects of surface coating,ionic doping,and singlecrystal NCM.The coating strategy was separately described according to the physical property of coating species,including inert material coating,Li^(+)-conductor coating,electronic conductor coating,and mixed conductor coating.These coating species help to suppress the interfacial oxidation of electrolytes by NCM,improving the cycling life and safety.The elemental doping in the crystal lattice of NCM is then presented in the aspects of cation,anion,and mixed-ion doping,which are beneficial to stabilize the layered structure during charge–discharge and so promote the electrochemical performance.In quite recent years,the strategy of single-crystal NCM was demonstrated to be a promising pathway,owing to the dramatically reduced surface area and grain boundary.Finally,the remaining unsolved challenges and future strategies for further development of NCM cathode materials are outlined.展开更多
All organisms living in complex environments have evolved effective mechanisms of dynamic responses to extracellular stimuli.The immune system activates when damaged or injured cells release damage‐associated molecul...All organisms living in complex environments have evolved effective mechanisms of dynamic responses to extracellular stimuli.The immune system activates when damaged or injured cells release damage‐associated molecular patterns(DAMPs).In addition to well‐characterized DAMPs such as high‐mobility group box 1 and adenosine triphosphate,studies on new classes of DAMPs have emerged.Here,we review recent reports of a new class of isoprenoid‐derived DAMPs,including farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate,both of which are pivotal metabolic inter-mediates of the mevalonate pathway.We also explore the roles of old and new DAMPs in autoimmune diseases that result from dysregulated inflammation.The findings highlight that understanding the functional mechanisms of DAMPs is important to enrich the DAMP family and decipher their immunoregulatory mechanisms to provide new therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases.展开更多
基金supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2021YFC2300500,2021YFC2302403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32141004,81825010).
文摘As a novel type of B cell that expands with increasing age,which was first observed in 2011[1,2],age-associated B cells(ABCs)are becoming a hotspot area in the field of immunology.More importantly,ABCs accumulate progressively in chronic inflammatory states such as autoimmunity,chronic infection,and aging,and are closely associated with developing autoimmune diseases[3].
基金the Strategic Priority Research Program on Space Science,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA040102).
文摘The Medium Energy X-ray telescope(ME) is one of the three main telescopes on board the Insight hard X-ray modulation telescope(Insight-HXMT) astronomy satellite. ME contains 1728 pixels of Si-PIN detectors sensitive in 5-30 ke V with a total geometrical area of 952 cm^2. The application specific integrated circuit(ASIC) chip, VA32TA6, is used to achieve low power consumption and low readout noise. The collimators define three kinds of field of views(FOVs) for the telescope, 1°×4°, 4°×4°,and blocked ones. Combination of such FOVs can be used to estimate the in-orbit X-ray and particle background components.The energy resolution of ME is ~3 ke V at 17.8 ke V(FWHM) and the time resolution is 255 μs. In this paper, we introduce the design and performance of ME.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:21875016,22179004Natural Science Foundation of Beijing,Grant/Award Number:2212014。
文摘High nickel content layered cathodes,represented by NCM(LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2),x+y+z=1),are now widely employed in the market of electric vehicles,owing to their high energy density.With the gradual increase of nickel content and capacity,the issues on cycling life and safety become more serious.In this review,various strategies for improving the performance of high nickel NCM are summarized on the aspects of surface coating,ionic doping,and singlecrystal NCM.The coating strategy was separately described according to the physical property of coating species,including inert material coating,Li^(+)-conductor coating,electronic conductor coating,and mixed conductor coating.These coating species help to suppress the interfacial oxidation of electrolytes by NCM,improving the cycling life and safety.The elemental doping in the crystal lattice of NCM is then presented in the aspects of cation,anion,and mixed-ion doping,which are beneficial to stabilize the layered structure during charge–discharge and so promote the electrochemical performance.In quite recent years,the strategy of single-crystal NCM was demonstrated to be a promising pathway,owing to the dramatically reduced surface area and grain boundary.Finally,the remaining unsolved challenges and future strategies for further development of NCM cathode materials are outlined.
基金The authors acknowledge support from the Tsinghua University Spring Breeze Fund,Center for Life Sciences,and Institute for Immunology,Tsinghua University,and grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2021YFC2300500 and 2021YFC2302403)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32141004,81825010,81730043,and 81621002).
文摘All organisms living in complex environments have evolved effective mechanisms of dynamic responses to extracellular stimuli.The immune system activates when damaged or injured cells release damage‐associated molecular patterns(DAMPs).In addition to well‐characterized DAMPs such as high‐mobility group box 1 and adenosine triphosphate,studies on new classes of DAMPs have emerged.Here,we review recent reports of a new class of isoprenoid‐derived DAMPs,including farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate,both of which are pivotal metabolic inter-mediates of the mevalonate pathway.We also explore the roles of old and new DAMPs in autoimmune diseases that result from dysregulated inflammation.The findings highlight that understanding the functional mechanisms of DAMPs is important to enrich the DAMP family and decipher their immunoregulatory mechanisms to provide new therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases.
