Differences in soil physical, chemical and biological properties between paddy–upland and continuous upland rotations will influence nutrient relations and crop growth. With the aim of estimating rapeseed yield perfo...Differences in soil physical, chemical and biological properties between paddy–upland and continuous upland rotations will influence nutrient relations and crop growth. With the aim of estimating rapeseed yield performance in response to fertilization in rice–rapeseed(RR) and cotton–rapeseed(CR) rotations, on-farm experiments were conducted at 70 sites across Hubei province, central China. The economically optimal fertilizer rates of winter oilseed rape in different rotations were determined. Field experiments showed that previous crops significantly influenced seed yields. Without N fertilization,seed yields were significantly lower for the RR rotation than for the CR rotation. The average yield increase ratio and agronomic efficiency associated with nitrogen(N)fertilization in the RR rotation were 96.6% and 6.56 kg kg- 1, significantly higher than those in the CR rotation. No seed yield differences were detected between the two rotations under phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) fertilization. In contrast to the CR rotation, N fertilizer played a more vital role in maintaining high seed yields in the RR rotation owing to the lower indigenous soil N supply. Compared with local N fertilizer recommendation rates for the RR rotation, on average an additional 18 kg N ha- 1was recommended according to the economically optimal N fertilizer rate(EONFR). In contrast, the EONFR was 14 kg N ha- 1lower than the locally recommended N fertilizer rate for the CR rotation. There were no differences between the two rotations for the average economically optimal P and K fertilization rates. Consequently, the average EONFR of winter oilseed rape could be reduced if cotton rather than rice preceded the winter oilseed rape.展开更多
Chlorosis at leaf margins is a typical symptom of potassium(K) deficiency, but inappropriate application of K with other nutrients often masks symptoms of K deficiency. A two-year field experiment was conducted to mea...Chlorosis at leaf margins is a typical symptom of potassium(K) deficiency, but inappropriate application of K with other nutrients often masks symptoms of K deficiency. A two-year field experiment was conducted to measure the interactive effects of N and K on leaf photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation and the resulting growth dilution effect on K concentration and leaf K deficiency symptoms. N application aggravated the imbalance of N and K nutrients and further exacerbated K deficiency symptoms under K limitation. Synergistic effects of N and K promoted plant growth, amplified the growth dilution effect, and reduced the critical K concentration in leaves. Using 90% of the maximum shoot biomass as a threshold,the critical K concentration was 0.72% at the recommended N(N180) fertilization level. The critical K concentration increased by 62.5% owing to the reduced biomass under insufficient N(N;) supply. In contrast, high N(N;) reduced the critical K concentration(0.64%), accelerating chlorophyll decomposition and exacerbating K deficiency symptoms. The basis of changing the critical K concentration by magnifying growth dilution effect was the functional synergistic effect of N and K on photosynthetic characteristics. Under insufficient N, the low maximum carboxylation rate(V;) limited the net photosynthetic rate(An) and necessitated more K to maintain high CO;transmission capacity, to improve the total conductance g;/V;ratio. High N supply increased gtotand V;possibly mitigating the effect of K reduction on photosynthesis. In conclusion, it is unwise to judge K status of plants only by K concentration without accounting for crop mass(or dilution effect), critical K concentration and deficiency symptoms are affected by N fertilization, and the synergistic effect of N and K on leaf photosynthesis is the foundation of maximal growth of plants under diverse critical K concentrations.展开更多
Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of the controlled release urea (CRU) application on growth yield and nitrogen recovery efficiency of cotton in the main cotton zone of the Yangtze River basin in 2...Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of the controlled release urea (CRU) application on growth yield and nitrogen recovery efficiency of cotton in the main cotton zone of the Yangtze River basin in 2010. Different nitrogen levels were set in order to determine the suitable dosage of CRU on cotton. The special purpose was to provide evidence for the CRU application in cotton fields. The results show that the application of CRU promotes the growth of cotton significantly and enhances the nitrogen supply in the whole period. Compared to the treatment with total N as base fertilizer (UB), the bod, flower, little bolls and total bolls are increased significantly. There are no significant differences in the yield between the CRU treatment and the treatment of controlled release urea and urea combined application (60%CRU + 40%U), but an increase by 12.38%-22.67% compared to the UB treatment, and an increase by 4.49%-7.23% compared to the treatments of total N split application (UD). The nitrogen uptake of CRU treatment was significantly increased by 13.01%-48.32% and 30.27%-13.01% than UB treatment and UD treatment, respectively. The nutrient recovery efficiency of CRU treatment is increased by 16.42-20.59, 5.92-11.29 and 4.22-12.59 percentage points compared to the UB treatment, UD treatment and 60%CRU + 40%U treatment, respectively. In this study, there was a good linearity relationship between the cotton yield and amount of CRU in Wuxue site. The yield of cotton response to amount of CRU could be described by the model of linear plus plateau in Jingzhou site.展开更多
Immune-mediated liver injury (ILI) is a condition where an aberrant immune response due to various triggers causes the destruction of hepatocytes. Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) was recently identified as a hepatop...Immune-mediated liver injury (ILI) is a condition where an aberrant immune response due to various triggers causes the destruction of hepatocytes. Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) was recently identified as a hepatoprotective cytokine;however, its role in ILI remains unclear. In patients with autoimmune hepatitis (type of ILI) and mouse models of concanavalin A (ConA)- or S-100-induced ILI, we observed a biphasic pattern in hepatic FGF4 expression, characterized by an initial increase followed by a return to basal levels. Hepatic FGF4 deficiency activated the mitochondria-associated intrinsic apoptotic pathway, aggravating hepatocellular apoptosis. This led to intrahepatic immune hyper-reactivity, inflammation accentuation, and subsequent liver injury in both ILI models. Conversely, administration of recombinant FGF4 reduced hepatocellular apoptosis and rectified immune imbalance, thereby mitigating liver damage. The beneficial effects of FGF4 were mediated by hepatocellular FGF receptor 4, which activated the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinasekinase 2 (CaMKKβ) and its downstream phosphatase and tensin homologue-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)-dependent B-cell lymphoma 2-like protein 1-isoform L (Bcl-XL) signalling axis in the mitochondria. Hence, FGF4 serves as an early response factor and plays a protective role against ILI, suggesting a therapeutic potential of FGF4 and its analogue for treating clinical immune disorder-related liver injuries.展开更多
The authors regret that in Figure 3C,the Western Blot(WB)image representing GAPDH levels was mistakenly chosen as the same image for ERK(indicated by the red dotted-line rectangle).We have attached the original WB str...The authors regret that in Figure 3C,the Western Blot(WB)image representing GAPDH levels was mistakenly chosen as the same image for ERK(indicated by the red dotted-line rectangle).We have attached the original WB strip for GAPDH to demonstrate that this was an unintentional error in image selection.Additionally,we noticed that the Transwell images in the two upper panels of the right column in Figure 4J are misleading due to errors in image selection.We have attached the original data to show that this was also an unintentional error.We assure you that these two corrections do not alter the scientificconclusionof thearticle.展开更多
The regulatory mechanism of the MBW(MYB-bHLH-WD40) complex in safflower(Carthamus tinctorius) remains unclear. In the present study,we show that the separate overexpression of the genes CtbHLH41, CtMYB63, and CtWD40-6...The regulatory mechanism of the MBW(MYB-bHLH-WD40) complex in safflower(Carthamus tinctorius) remains unclear. In the present study,we show that the separate overexpression of the genes CtbHLH41, CtMYB63, and CtWD40-6 in Arabidopsis thaliana increased anthocyanin and procyanidin contents in the transgenic plants and partially rescued the trichome reduction phenotype of the corresponding bhlh41, myb63,and wd40-6 single mutants. Overexpression of CtbHLH41, CtMYB63, or CtWD40-6 in safflower significantly increased the content of the natural pigment hydroxysafflor yellow A(HYSA)and negatively regulated safflower petal size.Yeast-two-hybrid, functional, and genetic assays demonstrated that the safflower E3 ligase CtBB1(BIG BROTHER 1) can ubiquitinate CtbHLH41,marking it for degradation through the 26S proteasome and negatively regulating flavonoid accumulation. CtMYB63/CtWD40-6 enhanced the transcriptional activity of CtbHLH41 on the CtDFR(dihydroflavonol 4-reductase) promoter.We propose that the MBW-CtBB1 regulatory module may play an important role in coordinating HYSA accumulation with other response mechanisms.展开更多
Social applications such as Weibo have provided a quick platform for information propagation, which have led to an explosive propagation for hot topic. User sentiments about propagation information play an important r...Social applications such as Weibo have provided a quick platform for information propagation, which have led to an explosive propagation for hot topic. User sentiments about propagation information play an important role in propagation speed, which receive more and more attention from data mining field. In this paper, we propose an sentiment-based hot topics prediction model called PHT-US. PHT-US firstly classifies a large amount of text data in Weibo into different topics, then converts user sentiments and time factors into embedding vectors that are input into recurrent neural networks (both LSTM and GRU), and predicts whether the target topic could be a hot spot. Experiments on Sina Weibo show that PHT-US can effectively predict the hot topics in the future. Social applications such as Weibo provide a platform for quick information propagation, which leads to an explosive propagation for hot topics. User sentiments about propagation information play an important role in propagation speed, and thus receive more attention from data mining field. In this paper, a sentiment-based hot topics prediction model called PHT-US is proposed. Firstly a large amount of text data in Weibo was classified into different topics, and then user sentiments and time factors were converted into embedding vectors that are input into recurrent neural networks (both LSTM and GRU), and future hotspots were predicted. Experiments on Sina Weibo show that PHT-US can effectively predict hot topics in the future.展开更多
As a natural organic polymer,xanthan gum(XG)can alleviate the plastic deformation of gel ink under strong stress and realize the reasonable regulation of the rheological properties of gel ink.However,as the double-hel...As a natural organic polymer,xanthan gum(XG)can alleviate the plastic deformation of gel ink under strong stress and realize the reasonable regulation of the rheological properties of gel ink.However,as the double-helix structure connected by hydrogen bonds cannot resist the mechanical environment of strong stress,XG shows poor shear resistance.In this study,a polymer gel with interpenetrating polymer network structure was prepared by esterifying XG,taking polystyrene maleic anhydride(SMA)as the modifier.In addition to retaining the excellent rheological properties of XG,the generated polymer gel also exhibited high shear resistance.The optimal addition amount of the esterification reaction modifier was determined as mXG:mSMA=5:3 according to the gel ink standard.With this amount,the viscosity of the modified xanthan gum(SXG)gel increased to 1578.8 mPa·s and 100.7 mPa·s at shear rates of 4 s1 and 383 s1,respectively,and the shear resistance increased more than 2 times compared to the unmodified one.It is because of the ester bond formed by esterification that the reaction strengthens the interaction between molecular segments,enabling the new gel to resist to strong mechanical stress.The new polymer gel studied in this paper and the proposed mechanism of action provide new insights for the development of high-end gel ink and also provide theoretical support for the study of rheological properties of non-Newtonian fluids.展开更多
Protein tyrosine kinases (RTKs) modulate a wide range of pathophysiological events in several non-malignant disorders, including diabetic complications. To find new targets driving the development of diabetic cardiomy...Protein tyrosine kinases (RTKs) modulate a wide range of pathophysiological events in several non-malignant disorders, including diabetic complications. To find new targets driving the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), we profiled an RTKs phosphorylation array in diabetic mouse hearts and identified increased phosphorylated fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (p-FGFR1) levels in cardiomyocytes, indicating that FGFR1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of DCM. Using primary cardiomyocytes and H9C2 cell lines, we discovered that high-concentration glucose (HG) transactivates FGFR1 kinase domain through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and c-Src, independent of FGF ligands. Knocking down the levels of either TLR4 or c-Src prevents HG-activated FGFR1 in cardiomyocytes. RNA-sequencing analysis indicates that the elevated FGFR1 activity induces pro-inflammatory responses via MAPKs–NFκB signaling pathway in HG-challenged cardiomyocytes, which further results in fibrosis and hypertrophy. We then generated cardiomyocyte-specific FGFR1 knockout mice and showed that a lack of FGFR1 in cardiomyocytes prevents diabetes-induced cardiac inflammation and preserves cardiac function in mice. Pharmacological inhibition of FGFR1 by a selective inhibitor, AZD4547, also prevents cardiac inflammation, fibrosis, and dysfunction in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice. These studies have identified FGFR1 as a new player in driving DCM and support further testing of FGFR1 inhibitors for possible cardioprotective benefits.展开更多
Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family play pleiotropic roles in cellular and metabolic homeostasis. During evolution, the ancestor FGF expands into multiple members by acquiring divergent structural ele...Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family play pleiotropic roles in cellular and metabolic homeostasis. During evolution, the ancestor FGF expands into multiple members by acquiring divergent structural elements that enable functional divergence and specification. Heparan sulfate-binding FGFs, which play critical roles in embryonic development and adult tissue remodeling homeostasis, adapt to an autocrine/paracrine mode of action to promote cell proliferation and population growth. By contrast, FGF19, 21, and 23 coevolve through losing binding affinity for extracellular matrix heparan sulfate while acquiring affinity for transmembrane α-Klotho (KL) or β-KL as a coreceptor, thereby adapting to an endocrine mode of action to drive interorgan crosstalk that regulates a broad spectrum of metabolic homeostasis. FGF19 metabolic axis from the ileum to liver negatively controls diurnal bile acid biosynthesis. FGF21 metabolic axes play multifaceted roles in controlling the homeostasis of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. FGF23 axes from the bone to kidney and parathyroid regulate metabolic homeostasis of phosphate, calcium, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone that are important for bone health and systemic mineral balance. The significant divergence in structural elements and multiple functional specifications of FGF19, 21, and 23 in cellular and organismal metabolism instead of cell proliferation and growth sufficiently necessitate a new unified and specific term for these three endocrine FGFs. Thus, the term “FGF Metabolic Axis,” which distinguishes the unique pathways and functions of endocrine FGFs from other autocrine/paracrine mitogenic FGFs, is coined.展开更多
To design efficient and low-cost core-shell electrocatalysts with an ultrathin platinum shell, the balance between platinum dosage and durability in acid solution is of great importance. In the present work, trimetall...To design efficient and low-cost core-shell electrocatalysts with an ultrathin platinum shell, the balance between platinum dosage and durability in acid solution is of great importance. In the present work, trimetallic Au@PdPt core-shell nanoparticles(NPs)with Pd/Pt molar ratios ranging from 0.31:1 to 4.20:1 were synthesized based on the Au catalytic reduction strategy and the subsequent metallic replacement reaction. When the Pd/Pt molar ratio is 1.19:1(designated as Au@Pd_(1.19) Pt_1 NPs), the superior electrochemical activity and stability were achieved for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) in acid solution. Especially, the specific and mass activities of Au@Pd_(1.19) Pt_1 NPs are 1.31 and 6.09 times higher than those of commercial Pt/C catalyst. In addition, the Au@Pd_(1.19) Pt_1 NPs presented a good durability in acid solution. After 3000 potential cycles between 0.1 and 0.7 V(vs. Ag/AgCl), the oxygen reduction activity is almost unchanged. This study provides a simple strategy to synthesize highperformance trimetallic ORR electrocatalyst for fuel cells.展开更多
Dear Editor,Microvascular damage is a pivotal pathological factor in lower limb ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)injury.1 Excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS)formation and disrupted autophagic flux have been recognized as t...Dear Editor,Microvascular damage is a pivotal pathological factor in lower limb ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)injury.1 Excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS)formation and disrupted autophagic flux have been recognized as the critical mechanism of cellular death,2,3 especially in I/R injury.Recent investigation has displayed that fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21)exerts a protective effect against I/R injury via transcription factor EB(TFEB)-mediated autophagy and regulation of anti-oxidative response.4 However,the promising role of FGF21 in acute lower limb I/R injury remains elusive.展开更多
Currently the main treatment of acute myeloid leukemia(AML)is chemotherapy combining hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.However,the unbearable side effect of chemotherapy and the high risk of life-threatening inf...Currently the main treatment of acute myeloid leukemia(AML)is chemotherapy combining hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.However,the unbearable side effect of chemotherapy and the high risk of life-threatening infections and disease relapse following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation restrict its application in clinical practice.Thus,there is an urgent need to develop alternative therapeutic tactics with significant efficacy and attenuated adverse effects.Here,we revealed that umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells(UC-MSC)efficiently induced AML cell differentiation by shuttling the neutrophil elastase(NE)-packaged extracellular vesicles(EVs)into AML cells.Interestingly,the generation and release of NE-packaged EVs could be dramatically increased by vitamin D receptor(VDR)activation in UC-MSC.Chemical activation of VDR by using its agonist 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 efficiently enhanced the pro-differentiation capacity of UC-MSC and then alleviated malignant burden in AML mouse model.Based on these discoveries,to evade the risk of hypercalcemia,we synthetized and identified sw-22,a novel non-steroidal VDR agonist,which exerted a synergistic prodifferentiation function with UC-MSC on mitigating the progress of AML.Collectively,our findings provided a non-gene editing MSC-based therapeutic regimen to overcome the differentiation blockade in AML.展开更多
The COVID-19 caused by a novel strain of coronavirus has been spreading rapidly since its occurrence in December 2019.It is highly communicable through human-to-human transmission.China has been making unprecedented e...The COVID-19 caused by a novel strain of coronavirus has been spreading rapidly since its occurrence in December 2019.It is highly communicable through human-to-human transmission.China has been making unprecedented efforts in treating the confirmed cases,identifying and isolating their close contacts and suspected cases to control the source of infection and cut the route of transmission.China’s devotion in handling this epidemic has effectively and efficiently curbed communication domestically and across the border.Representative measures adopted by Wenzhou,the worst hit city out of Hubei Province,are examined to elucidate those massive undertakings with the aim of enhancing international understanding and building global rapport in fighting this evolving epidemic situation.展开更多
As a classically known mitogen,fibroblast growth factor 1(FGF1)has been found to exert other pleiotropic functions such as metabolic regulation and myocardial protection.Here,we show that serum levels of FGF1 were dec...As a classically known mitogen,fibroblast growth factor 1(FGF1)has been found to exert other pleiotropic functions such as metabolic regulation and myocardial protection.Here,we show that serum levels of FGF1 were decreased and positively correlated with fraction shortening in diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM)patients,indicating that FGF1 is a potential therapeutic target for DCM.We found that treatment with a FGF1 variant(FGF1^(△HBS))with reduced proliferative potency prevented diabetes-induced cardiac injury and remodeling and restored cardiac function.RNA-Seq results obtained from the cardiac tissues of db/db mice showed significant increase in the expression levels of anti-oxidative genes and decrease of Nur77 by FGF1AHBS treatment.Both in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that FGF1^(△HBS) exerted these beneficial effects by markedly reducing mitochondrial fragmentation,reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation and cytochrome c leakage and enhancing mitochondrial respiration rate and β-oxidation in a 5;AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)/Nur77-dependent manner,all of which were not observed in the AMPK null mice.The favorable metabolic activity and reduced proliferative properties of FGF1^(△HBS) testify to its promising potential for use in the treatment of DCM and other metabolic disorders.展开更多
Growth,development,aging,and disease occurrence in organisms,especially animals or Homo sapiens,are regulated by different regulatory systems in vivo.The nervous,endocrine,metabolic,and immune systems are the traditio...Growth,development,aging,and disease occurrence in organisms,especially animals or Homo sapiens,are regulated by different regulatory systems in vivo.The nervous,endocrine,metabolic,and immune systems are the traditional biological systems essential for the growth,development,and metabolism of the body.These systems maintain a balance and precisely biologically regulate every aspect of life activities under normal circumstances.However,in abnormal situations,owing to endogenous or exogenous attack,these regulatory systems result in dysfunction,subsequently leading to illness or injury(Muggianu et al.,2018).In the classical neuroendocrine regulatory system,Cushing’s syndrome is defined as a series of abnormal clinical symptoms with chronic overproduction of glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex.Its clinical manifestations are“moon face”and“buffalo hump,”involving blood circulation,bone metabolism,and gonadal function,among others.In addition,severe trauma or burn leads to an imbalanced immune regulatory system,resulting in excessive inflammatory reactions and sepsis.Thus,an independent or cooperative regulation of multiple regulatory systems is critical in maintaining the body’s homeostasis,healthy development,and growth.展开更多
Cell-based transplantation strategies possess great potential for spinal cord injury(SCI)repair.Basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)has been reported to have multiple neuro-promoting effects on developing and adult ne...Cell-based transplantation strategies possess great potential for spinal cord injury(SCI)repair.Basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)has been reported to have multiple neuro-promoting effects on developing and adult nervous system of mammals and considered a promising therapy for nerve injury following SCI.Human dental pulp stem cells(DPSCs)are abundant stem cells with low immune rejection,which can be considered for cell replacement therapy.The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of DPSCs which express bFGF under the regulation of five hypoxia-responsive elements(5HRE)using an adeno-associated virus(AAV-5HRE-bFGF-DPSCs)in SCI repairing model.In this study,DPSCs were revealed to differentiate into CD13^(+)pericytes and up-regulate N-cadherin expression to promote the re-attachment of CD13^(+)pericytes to vascular endothelial cells.The re-attachment of CD13^(+)pericytes to vascular endothelial cells subsequently increased the flow rate of blood in microvessels via the contraction of protuberance.As a result,increased numbers of red blood cells carried more oxygen to the damaged area and the local hypoxia microenvironment in SCI was improved.Thus,this study represents a step forward towards the potential use of AAV-5HRE-bFGF-DPSCs in SCI treatment in clinic.展开更多
Heart disease is still the leading killer all around the world,and its incidence is expected to increase over the next decade.Previous reports have already shown the role of fibroblast growth factor10(FGF10)in allevia...Heart disease is still the leading killer all around the world,and its incidence is expected to increase over the next decade.Previous reports have already shown the role of fibroblast growth factor10(FGF10)in alleviating heart diseases.However,FGF10 has not been used to treat heart diseases because the free protein has short half-life and low bioactivity.Here,an injectable coacervate was designed to protect growth factor from degradation during delivery and the effects of the FGF10 coacervate were studied using a mice acute myocardial infarction(MI)model.As shown in our echocardiographic results,a single injection of FGF10 coacervate effectively inhibited preserved cardiac contractibility and ventricular dilation when compared with free FGF10 and the saline treatment 6 weeks after MI.It is revealed in histological results that the MI induced myocardial inflammation and fibrosis was reduced after FGF10 coacervate treatment.Furthermore,FGF10 coacervate treatment could improve arterioles and capillaries stabilization through increasing the proliferation of endothelial and mural cells.However,with the same dosage,no statistically significant difference was shown between free FGF10,heparin+FGF10 and saline treatment,especially in long term.On another hand,FGF10 coacervate also increased the expression of cardiac-associated the mRNA(cTnT,Cx43 and α-SMA),angiogenic factors(Ang-1 and VEGFA)and decreased the level of inflammatory factor(tumor necrosis factor-α).The downstream signaling of the FGF10 was also investigated,with the western blot results showing that FGF10 coacervate activated the p-FGFR,PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways to a more proper level than free FGF10 or heparin+FGF10.In general,it is revealed in this research that one-time injection of FGF10 coacervate sufficiently attenuated MI induced injury when compared with an equal dose of free FGF10 or heparin+FGF10 injection.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41401324)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-13)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2013QC045)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of China(IRT1247)
文摘Differences in soil physical, chemical and biological properties between paddy–upland and continuous upland rotations will influence nutrient relations and crop growth. With the aim of estimating rapeseed yield performance in response to fertilization in rice–rapeseed(RR) and cotton–rapeseed(CR) rotations, on-farm experiments were conducted at 70 sites across Hubei province, central China. The economically optimal fertilizer rates of winter oilseed rape in different rotations were determined. Field experiments showed that previous crops significantly influenced seed yields. Without N fertilization,seed yields were significantly lower for the RR rotation than for the CR rotation. The average yield increase ratio and agronomic efficiency associated with nitrogen(N)fertilization in the RR rotation were 96.6% and 6.56 kg kg- 1, significantly higher than those in the CR rotation. No seed yield differences were detected between the two rotations under phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) fertilization. In contrast to the CR rotation, N fertilizer played a more vital role in maintaining high seed yields in the RR rotation owing to the lower indigenous soil N supply. Compared with local N fertilizer recommendation rates for the RR rotation, on average an additional 18 kg N ha- 1was recommended according to the economically optimal N fertilizer rate(EONFR). In contrast, the EONFR was 14 kg N ha- 1lower than the locally recommended N fertilizer rate for the CR rotation. There were no differences between the two rotations for the average economically optimal P and K fertilization rates. Consequently, the average EONFR of winter oilseed rape could be reduced if cotton rather than rice preceded the winter oilseed rape.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872173)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0200900)+1 种基金China Agriculture Research System(CARS-12)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662018PY077)。
文摘Chlorosis at leaf margins is a typical symptom of potassium(K) deficiency, but inappropriate application of K with other nutrients often masks symptoms of K deficiency. A two-year field experiment was conducted to measure the interactive effects of N and K on leaf photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation and the resulting growth dilution effect on K concentration and leaf K deficiency symptoms. N application aggravated the imbalance of N and K nutrients and further exacerbated K deficiency symptoms under K limitation. Synergistic effects of N and K promoted plant growth, amplified the growth dilution effect, and reduced the critical K concentration in leaves. Using 90% of the maximum shoot biomass as a threshold,the critical K concentration was 0.72% at the recommended N(N180) fertilization level. The critical K concentration increased by 62.5% owing to the reduced biomass under insufficient N(N;) supply. In contrast, high N(N;) reduced the critical K concentration(0.64%), accelerating chlorophyll decomposition and exacerbating K deficiency symptoms. The basis of changing the critical K concentration by magnifying growth dilution effect was the functional synergistic effect of N and K on photosynthetic characteristics. Under insufficient N, the low maximum carboxylation rate(V;) limited the net photosynthetic rate(An) and necessitated more K to maintain high CO;transmission capacity, to improve the total conductance g;/V;ratio. High N supply increased gtotand V;possibly mitigating the effect of K reduction on photosynthesis. In conclusion, it is unwise to judge K status of plants only by K concentration without accounting for crop mass(or dilution effect), critical K concentration and deficiency symptoms are affected by N fertilization, and the synergistic effect of N and K on leaf photosynthesis is the foundation of maximal growth of plants under diverse critical K concentrations.
文摘Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of the controlled release urea (CRU) application on growth yield and nitrogen recovery efficiency of cotton in the main cotton zone of the Yangtze River basin in 2010. Different nitrogen levels were set in order to determine the suitable dosage of CRU on cotton. The special purpose was to provide evidence for the CRU application in cotton fields. The results show that the application of CRU promotes the growth of cotton significantly and enhances the nitrogen supply in the whole period. Compared to the treatment with total N as base fertilizer (UB), the bod, flower, little bolls and total bolls are increased significantly. There are no significant differences in the yield between the CRU treatment and the treatment of controlled release urea and urea combined application (60%CRU + 40%U), but an increase by 12.38%-22.67% compared to the UB treatment, and an increase by 4.49%-7.23% compared to the treatments of total N split application (UD). The nitrogen uptake of CRU treatment was significantly increased by 13.01%-48.32% and 30.27%-13.01% than UB treatment and UD treatment, respectively. The nutrient recovery efficiency of CRU treatment is increased by 16.42-20.59, 5.92-11.29 and 4.22-12.59 percentage points compared to the UB treatment, UD treatment and 60%CRU + 40%U treatment, respectively. In this study, there was a good linearity relationship between the cotton yield and amount of CRU in Wuxue site. The yield of cotton response to amount of CRU could be described by the model of linear plus plateau in Jingzhou site.
基金We appreciate the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82070593,92057122,80223003,82002965 to Yongping Chen,Zhifeng Huang,Xiaokun Li,and Lintao Song)Key Project of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LD21H030002,DQ24H310001 to Yongping Chen and Zhifeng Huang,China)Key Project from Science Technology Department of Wenzhou(ZY2021022 to Zhifeng Huang,China).
文摘Immune-mediated liver injury (ILI) is a condition where an aberrant immune response due to various triggers causes the destruction of hepatocytes. Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) was recently identified as a hepatoprotective cytokine;however, its role in ILI remains unclear. In patients with autoimmune hepatitis (type of ILI) and mouse models of concanavalin A (ConA)- or S-100-induced ILI, we observed a biphasic pattern in hepatic FGF4 expression, characterized by an initial increase followed by a return to basal levels. Hepatic FGF4 deficiency activated the mitochondria-associated intrinsic apoptotic pathway, aggravating hepatocellular apoptosis. This led to intrahepatic immune hyper-reactivity, inflammation accentuation, and subsequent liver injury in both ILI models. Conversely, administration of recombinant FGF4 reduced hepatocellular apoptosis and rectified immune imbalance, thereby mitigating liver damage. The beneficial effects of FGF4 were mediated by hepatocellular FGF receptor 4, which activated the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinasekinase 2 (CaMKKβ) and its downstream phosphatase and tensin homologue-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)-dependent B-cell lymphoma 2-like protein 1-isoform L (Bcl-XL) signalling axis in the mitochondria. Hence, FGF4 serves as an early response factor and plays a protective role against ILI, suggesting a therapeutic potential of FGF4 and its analogue for treating clinical immune disorder-related liver injuries.
文摘The authors regret that in Figure 3C,the Western Blot(WB)image representing GAPDH levels was mistakenly chosen as the same image for ERK(indicated by the red dotted-line rectangle).We have attached the original WB strip for GAPDH to demonstrate that this was an unintentional error in image selection.Additionally,we noticed that the Transwell images in the two upper panels of the right column in Figure 4J are misleading due to errors in image selection.We have attached the original data to show that this was also an unintentional error.We assure you that these two corrections do not alter the scientificconclusionof thearticle.
基金funded by grants from the Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province (No. 20220204058YY)the Science and Technology Research Program of the Education Department of Jilin Province (No. JJKH20210347KJ)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31771868)Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Jilin Agricultural University。
文摘The regulatory mechanism of the MBW(MYB-bHLH-WD40) complex in safflower(Carthamus tinctorius) remains unclear. In the present study,we show that the separate overexpression of the genes CtbHLH41, CtMYB63, and CtWD40-6 in Arabidopsis thaliana increased anthocyanin and procyanidin contents in the transgenic plants and partially rescued the trichome reduction phenotype of the corresponding bhlh41, myb63,and wd40-6 single mutants. Overexpression of CtbHLH41, CtMYB63, or CtWD40-6 in safflower significantly increased the content of the natural pigment hydroxysafflor yellow A(HYSA)and negatively regulated safflower petal size.Yeast-two-hybrid, functional, and genetic assays demonstrated that the safflower E3 ligase CtBB1(BIG BROTHER 1) can ubiquitinate CtbHLH41,marking it for degradation through the 26S proteasome and negatively regulating flavonoid accumulation. CtMYB63/CtWD40-6 enhanced the transcriptional activity of CtbHLH41 on the CtDFR(dihydroflavonol 4-reductase) promoter.We propose that the MBW-CtBB1 regulatory module may play an important role in coordinating HYSA accumulation with other response mechanisms.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61602159)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (No. F201430)+1 种基金the Innovation Talents Project of Science and Technology Bureau of Harbin (No. 2017RAQXJ094)the fundamental research funds of universities in Heilongjiang Province, special fund of Heilongjiang University (No. HDJCCX-201608).
文摘Social applications such as Weibo have provided a quick platform for information propagation, which have led to an explosive propagation for hot topic. User sentiments about propagation information play an important role in propagation speed, which receive more and more attention from data mining field. In this paper, we propose an sentiment-based hot topics prediction model called PHT-US. PHT-US firstly classifies a large amount of text data in Weibo into different topics, then converts user sentiments and time factors into embedding vectors that are input into recurrent neural networks (both LSTM and GRU), and predicts whether the target topic could be a hot spot. Experiments on Sina Weibo show that PHT-US can effectively predict the hot topics in the future. Social applications such as Weibo provide a platform for quick information propagation, which leads to an explosive propagation for hot topics. User sentiments about propagation information play an important role in propagation speed, and thus receive more attention from data mining field. In this paper, a sentiment-based hot topics prediction model called PHT-US is proposed. Firstly a large amount of text data in Weibo was classified into different topics, and then user sentiments and time factors were converted into embedding vectors that are input into recurrent neural networks (both LSTM and GRU), and future hotspots were predicted. Experiments on Sina Weibo show that PHT-US can effectively predict hot topics in the future.
基金supported by Shanxi Provincial Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Guidance Special Program of China(202104021301052)Shanxi Provincial Patent Transformation Special Plan Project(202202054,202306013).
文摘As a natural organic polymer,xanthan gum(XG)can alleviate the plastic deformation of gel ink under strong stress and realize the reasonable regulation of the rheological properties of gel ink.However,as the double-helix structure connected by hydrogen bonds cannot resist the mechanical environment of strong stress,XG shows poor shear resistance.In this study,a polymer gel with interpenetrating polymer network structure was prepared by esterifying XG,taking polystyrene maleic anhydride(SMA)as the modifier.In addition to retaining the excellent rheological properties of XG,the generated polymer gel also exhibited high shear resistance.The optimal addition amount of the esterification reaction modifier was determined as mXG:mSMA=5:3 according to the gel ink standard.With this amount,the viscosity of the modified xanthan gum(SXG)gel increased to 1578.8 mPa·s and 100.7 mPa·s at shear rates of 4 s1 and 383 s1,respectively,and the shear resistance increased more than 2 times compared to the unmodified one.It is because of the ester bond formed by esterification that the reaction strengthens the interaction between molecular segments,enabling the new gel to resist to strong mechanical stress.The new polymer gel studied in this paper and the proposed mechanism of action provide new insights for the development of high-end gel ink and also provide theoretical support for the study of rheological properties of non-Newtonian fluids.
基金This study was supported by the National Key Research Project(2017YFA0506000 to Guang Liang,China)National Natural Science Foundation of China(81930108 to Guang Liang and 82000793 to Wu Luo,and 82270364 to Xiong Chen).
文摘Protein tyrosine kinases (RTKs) modulate a wide range of pathophysiological events in several non-malignant disorders, including diabetic complications. To find new targets driving the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), we profiled an RTKs phosphorylation array in diabetic mouse hearts and identified increased phosphorylated fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (p-FGFR1) levels in cardiomyocytes, indicating that FGFR1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of DCM. Using primary cardiomyocytes and H9C2 cell lines, we discovered that high-concentration glucose (HG) transactivates FGFR1 kinase domain through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and c-Src, independent of FGF ligands. Knocking down the levels of either TLR4 or c-Src prevents HG-activated FGFR1 in cardiomyocytes. RNA-sequencing analysis indicates that the elevated FGFR1 activity induces pro-inflammatory responses via MAPKs–NFκB signaling pathway in HG-challenged cardiomyocytes, which further results in fibrosis and hypertrophy. We then generated cardiomyocyte-specific FGFR1 knockout mice and showed that a lack of FGFR1 in cardiomyocytes prevents diabetes-induced cardiac inflammation and preserves cardiac function in mice. Pharmacological inhibition of FGFR1 by a selective inhibitor, AZD4547, also prevents cardiac inflammation, fibrosis, and dysfunction in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice. These studies have identified FGFR1 as a new player in driving DCM and support further testing of FGFR1 inhibitors for possible cardioprotective benefits.
文摘Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family play pleiotropic roles in cellular and metabolic homeostasis. During evolution, the ancestor FGF expands into multiple members by acquiring divergent structural elements that enable functional divergence and specification. Heparan sulfate-binding FGFs, which play critical roles in embryonic development and adult tissue remodeling homeostasis, adapt to an autocrine/paracrine mode of action to promote cell proliferation and population growth. By contrast, FGF19, 21, and 23 coevolve through losing binding affinity for extracellular matrix heparan sulfate while acquiring affinity for transmembrane α-Klotho (KL) or β-KL as a coreceptor, thereby adapting to an endocrine mode of action to drive interorgan crosstalk that regulates a broad spectrum of metabolic homeostasis. FGF19 metabolic axis from the ileum to liver negatively controls diurnal bile acid biosynthesis. FGF21 metabolic axes play multifaceted roles in controlling the homeostasis of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. FGF23 axes from the bone to kidney and parathyroid regulate metabolic homeostasis of phosphate, calcium, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone that are important for bone health and systemic mineral balance. The significant divergence in structural elements and multiple functional specifications of FGF19, 21, and 23 in cellular and organismal metabolism instead of cell proliferation and growth sufficiently necessitate a new unified and specific term for these three endocrine FGFs. Thus, the term “FGF Metabolic Axis,” which distinguishes the unique pathways and functions of endocrine FGFs from other autocrine/paracrine mitogenic FGFs, is coined.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21773224, 21633008, 21575134, 11374297, 21405149)the National Key Research and Development Plan (2016YFA0203200)K. C. Wong Education Foundation
文摘To design efficient and low-cost core-shell electrocatalysts with an ultrathin platinum shell, the balance between platinum dosage and durability in acid solution is of great importance. In the present work, trimetallic Au@PdPt core-shell nanoparticles(NPs)with Pd/Pt molar ratios ranging from 0.31:1 to 4.20:1 were synthesized based on the Au catalytic reduction strategy and the subsequent metallic replacement reaction. When the Pd/Pt molar ratio is 1.19:1(designated as Au@Pd_(1.19) Pt_1 NPs), the superior electrochemical activity and stability were achieved for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) in acid solution. Especially, the specific and mass activities of Au@Pd_(1.19) Pt_1 NPs are 1.31 and 6.09 times higher than those of commercial Pt/C catalyst. In addition, the Au@Pd_(1.19) Pt_1 NPs presented a good durability in acid solution. After 3000 potential cycles between 0.1 and 0.7 V(vs. Ag/AgCl), the oxygen reduction activity is almost unchanged. This study provides a simple strategy to synthesize highperformance trimetallic ORR electrocatalyst for fuel cells.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(81972150,82172428 To J.X.)Key scientific and technological innovation projects of Wenzhou(ZY20200023 To J.X.)+1 种基金Wenzhou Inovation Team(Growth factor drug development,No.201801)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2019-I2M-5-028).
文摘Dear Editor,Microvascular damage is a pivotal pathological factor in lower limb ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)injury.1 Excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS)formation and disrupted autophagic flux have been recognized as the critical mechanism of cellular death,2,3 especially in I/R injury.Recent investigation has displayed that fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21)exerts a protective effect against I/R injury via transcription factor EB(TFEB)-mediated autophagy and regulation of anti-oxidative response.4 However,the promising role of FGF21 in acute lower limb I/R injury remains elusive.
基金supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20222009,China)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021B1515120016,China)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(81972261)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M712436)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.LQ23H070001。
文摘Currently the main treatment of acute myeloid leukemia(AML)is chemotherapy combining hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.However,the unbearable side effect of chemotherapy and the high risk of life-threatening infections and disease relapse following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation restrict its application in clinical practice.Thus,there is an urgent need to develop alternative therapeutic tactics with significant efficacy and attenuated adverse effects.Here,we revealed that umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells(UC-MSC)efficiently induced AML cell differentiation by shuttling the neutrophil elastase(NE)-packaged extracellular vesicles(EVs)into AML cells.Interestingly,the generation and release of NE-packaged EVs could be dramatically increased by vitamin D receptor(VDR)activation in UC-MSC.Chemical activation of VDR by using its agonist 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 efficiently enhanced the pro-differentiation capacity of UC-MSC and then alleviated malignant burden in AML mouse model.Based on these discoveries,to evade the risk of hypercalcemia,we synthetized and identified sw-22,a novel non-steroidal VDR agonist,which exerted a synergistic prodifferentiation function with UC-MSC on mitigating the progress of AML.Collectively,our findings provided a non-gene editing MSC-based therapeutic regimen to overcome the differentiation blockade in AML.
文摘The COVID-19 caused by a novel strain of coronavirus has been spreading rapidly since its occurrence in December 2019.It is highly communicable through human-to-human transmission.China has been making unprecedented efforts in treating the confirmed cases,identifying and isolating their close contacts and suspected cases to control the source of infection and cut the route of transmission.China’s devotion in handling this epidemic has effectively and efficiently curbed communication domestically and across the border.Representative measures adopted by Wenzhou,the worst hit city out of Hubei Province,are examined to elucidate those massive undertakings with the aim of enhancing international understanding and building global rapport in fighting this evolving epidemic situation.
基金This work was supported by Grants from National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFA0506000)(to X.L.and Z.H.)Natural Science Foundation of China(81874323,92057122 and 81903532 to Z.H.and D.W.)+1 种基金CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2019-12M-5-028 to X.L)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LY18H070002 to Y.W).
文摘As a classically known mitogen,fibroblast growth factor 1(FGF1)has been found to exert other pleiotropic functions such as metabolic regulation and myocardial protection.Here,we show that serum levels of FGF1 were decreased and positively correlated with fraction shortening in diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM)patients,indicating that FGF1 is a potential therapeutic target for DCM.We found that treatment with a FGF1 variant(FGF1^(△HBS))with reduced proliferative potency prevented diabetes-induced cardiac injury and remodeling and restored cardiac function.RNA-Seq results obtained from the cardiac tissues of db/db mice showed significant increase in the expression levels of anti-oxidative genes and decrease of Nur77 by FGF1AHBS treatment.Both in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that FGF1^(△HBS) exerted these beneficial effects by markedly reducing mitochondrial fragmentation,reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation and cytochrome c leakage and enhancing mitochondrial respiration rate and β-oxidation in a 5;AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)/Nur77-dependent manner,all of which were not observed in the AMPK null mice.The favorable metabolic activity and reduced proliferative properties of FGF1^(△HBS) testify to its promising potential for use in the treatment of DCM and other metabolic disorders.
基金X.F.acknowledges the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81830064 and 81721092)the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC1103300)+1 种基金J.X.acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81722028 and 81972150)X.L.acknowledges the financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFA0506000).
文摘Growth,development,aging,and disease occurrence in organisms,especially animals or Homo sapiens,are regulated by different regulatory systems in vivo.The nervous,endocrine,metabolic,and immune systems are the traditional biological systems essential for the growth,development,and metabolism of the body.These systems maintain a balance and precisely biologically regulate every aspect of life activities under normal circumstances.However,in abnormal situations,owing to endogenous or exogenous attack,these regulatory systems result in dysfunction,subsequently leading to illness or injury(Muggianu et al.,2018).In the classical neuroendocrine regulatory system,Cushing’s syndrome is defined as a series of abnormal clinical symptoms with chronic overproduction of glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex.Its clinical manifestations are“moon face”and“buffalo hump,”involving blood circulation,bone metabolism,and gonadal function,among others.In addition,severe trauma or burn leads to an imbalanced immune regulatory system,resulting in excessive inflammatory reactions and sepsis.Thus,an independent or cooperative regulation of multiple regulatory systems is critical in maintaining the body’s homeostasis,healthy development,and growth.
基金This study was partly funded by a grant the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81802235,81871503),Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Plan Project(2021KY212),and Wenzhou Basic Science Research Plan Project(Y2020050),Advanced Postdoctoral Programs of Zhejiang(zj2019030),China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M662015),CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2019-I2M-5-028).
文摘Cell-based transplantation strategies possess great potential for spinal cord injury(SCI)repair.Basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)has been reported to have multiple neuro-promoting effects on developing and adult nervous system of mammals and considered a promising therapy for nerve injury following SCI.Human dental pulp stem cells(DPSCs)are abundant stem cells with low immune rejection,which can be considered for cell replacement therapy.The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of DPSCs which express bFGF under the regulation of five hypoxia-responsive elements(5HRE)using an adeno-associated virus(AAV-5HRE-bFGF-DPSCs)in SCI repairing model.In this study,DPSCs were revealed to differentiate into CD13^(+)pericytes and up-regulate N-cadherin expression to promote the re-attachment of CD13^(+)pericytes to vascular endothelial cells.The re-attachment of CD13^(+)pericytes to vascular endothelial cells subsequently increased the flow rate of blood in microvessels via the contraction of protuberance.As a result,increased numbers of red blood cells carried more oxygen to the damaged area and the local hypoxia microenvironment in SCI was improved.Thus,this study represents a step forward towards the potential use of AAV-5HRE-bFGF-DPSCs in SCI treatment in clinic.
基金This work was supported by grants from Advanced Postdoctoral Programs of Zhejiang(zj2019030)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M662015)+1 种基金Research Unit of Research and Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases,Chinese Academy of Medical Science(No.2019RU010 to X.L.)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2019-I2M-5-028),China.
文摘Heart disease is still the leading killer all around the world,and its incidence is expected to increase over the next decade.Previous reports have already shown the role of fibroblast growth factor10(FGF10)in alleviating heart diseases.However,FGF10 has not been used to treat heart diseases because the free protein has short half-life and low bioactivity.Here,an injectable coacervate was designed to protect growth factor from degradation during delivery and the effects of the FGF10 coacervate were studied using a mice acute myocardial infarction(MI)model.As shown in our echocardiographic results,a single injection of FGF10 coacervate effectively inhibited preserved cardiac contractibility and ventricular dilation when compared with free FGF10 and the saline treatment 6 weeks after MI.It is revealed in histological results that the MI induced myocardial inflammation and fibrosis was reduced after FGF10 coacervate treatment.Furthermore,FGF10 coacervate treatment could improve arterioles and capillaries stabilization through increasing the proliferation of endothelial and mural cells.However,with the same dosage,no statistically significant difference was shown between free FGF10,heparin+FGF10 and saline treatment,especially in long term.On another hand,FGF10 coacervate also increased the expression of cardiac-associated the mRNA(cTnT,Cx43 and α-SMA),angiogenic factors(Ang-1 and VEGFA)and decreased the level of inflammatory factor(tumor necrosis factor-α).The downstream signaling of the FGF10 was also investigated,with the western blot results showing that FGF10 coacervate activated the p-FGFR,PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways to a more proper level than free FGF10 or heparin+FGF10.In general,it is revealed in this research that one-time injection of FGF10 coacervate sufficiently attenuated MI induced injury when compared with an equal dose of free FGF10 or heparin+FGF10 injection.
