Cavitation in plant conduits only involves two processes of air bubbles: the gradual expansion and elongation, and the explosion event. An explosion event of cavitation, which can only occur in intact conduit at water...Cavitation in plant conduits only involves two processes of air bubbles: the gradual expansion and elongation, and the explosion event. An explosion event of cavitation, which can only occur in intact conduit at water tension, trigs acoustic (or ultrasound) emission and induces air to diffuse with high speed, simultaneously. Synchrotron X-ray phase contrast microscopy (XPCM) was used to capture cavitation event in intact conduits of leaves of corn and rice. Cavitation events occur in certain areas of leaves and have a certain time frame. Before XPCM experiment, several preliminary experiments were done as follows: 1) Paraffin sections of leaves of different species were observed to select samples and to determine the occurrence area of cavitation event of leaves. 2) The time frame of cavitation occurrence was determined by ultrasonic emission. 3) The water potentials of leaves were determined, to know the water state of the leaves during cavitation. Locked the area and time frame of cavitation event in the leaves, consecutive XPCM images of cavitation process were more easily acquired. The images show that the phenomenon of gas bubble fully filling conduits for an instant took place in intact conduits of detached leaves of corn and rice more easily. It is that the gas diffusing in a moment was caused by the explosion of the air seeds which had entered in the intact conduits of the leaves. For living plants, it is suggested that the explosion event of cavitation is the most important for embolism formation.展开更多
The evaluation of urban underground space(UUS)suitability involves multiple indicators.Assigning weight to these indicators is crucial for accurate assessment.This paper presents a method for spatially variable weight...The evaluation of urban underground space(UUS)suitability involves multiple indicators.Assigning weight to these indicators is crucial for accurate assessment.This paper presents a method for spatially variable weight assignment of indicators using the order relation analysis method(G1-method),the entropy weight method,an improved grey relational analysis(GRA)and a set of spatial weight adjustment coefficients.First,the subjective and objective weights of indicators for engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions were determined by the G1-method and entropy weight method,respectively,and their combined weights were then obtained using the principle of minimum discriminatory information.This study highlighted the impact of surface restrictions,such as buildings,on UUS,and the degree of the influence of these buildings gradually decreased with the increase in depth of the rock and soil mass in UUS,which resulted in changes in weights of indicators with depth.To address this issue,a coefficient was defined as the standardized value of the ratio of additional stress applied by restrictions to the self-weight stress of soil at the same depth to modify the combined weights so that all weights of indicators could vary in space.Finally,an improved GRA was used to determine the suitability level of each evaluation cell using the maximum correlation criterion.This method was applied to the 3D suitability evaluation of UUS in Sanlong Bay,Foshan City,Guangdong Province,China,including 16 evaluation indexes.This study comprehensively considered the influence of multiple factors,thereby providing reference for evaluating the suitability of UUS in big cities.展开更多
Cartilage development is controlled by the highly synergistic proliferation and differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes,in which the Indian hedgehog(IHH)and parathyroid hormone-related protein-parathyroid hormone...Cartilage development is controlled by the highly synergistic proliferation and differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes,in which the Indian hedgehog(IHH)and parathyroid hormone-related protein-parathyroid hormone-1 receptor(PTHrP-PTH1R)feedback loop is crucial.The inositol-requiring enzyme 1a/X-box-binding protein-1 spliced(IRE1α/XBP1s)branch of the unfolded protein response(UPR)is essential for normal cartilage development.However,the precise role of ER stress effector IRE1α,encoded by endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1(ERN1),in skeletal development remains unknown.Herein,we reported that loss of IRE1α accelerates chondrocyte hypertrophy and promotes endochondral bone growth.ERN1 acts as a negative regulator of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in postnatal growth plates.Its deficiency interrupted PTHrP/PTH1R and IHH homeostasis leading to impaired chondrocyte hypertrophy and differentiation.XBP1s,produced by p-IRE1α-mediated splicing,binds and up-regulates PTH1R and IHH,which coordinate cartilage development.Meanwhile,ER stress cannot be activated normally in ERN1-deficient chondrocytes.In conclusion,ERN1 deficiency accelerates chondrocyte hypertrophy and cartilage mineralization by impairing the homeostasis of the IHH and PTHrP/PTH1R feedback loop and ER stress.ERN1 may have a potential role as a new target for cartilage growth and maturation.展开更多
The genus Roegneria was firstly established with Roegneria caucasica C.Koch as the model species.Being the largest genera in the tribe Triticeae(Poaceae),Roegneria includes 130 species mainly distributed in the north ...The genus Roegneria was firstly established with Roegneria caucasica C.Koch as the model species.Being the largest genera in the tribe Triticeae(Poaceae),Roegneria includes 130 species mainly distributed in the north temperate zone.There are 70 Roegneria species and 22 variants,which are widely distributed in different regions of China(Lei,2018).The diversified morphology of Roegneria species has caused controversy in their taxonomy.It has been argued whether Roegneria species should be included in the genus Elymus or considered as an independent genus(Lei et al.,2018).The investigation of the cytological and genomic feature would help to clarify the taxonomic placement of Roegneria.展开更多
[Objectives]The infection symptoms of cyst nematodes were found in Yuexi, Sichuan. In order to identify the pathogen, the isolated nematodes were identified by morphology and molecular biology. [Methods] The potato ro...[Objectives]The infection symptoms of cyst nematodes were found in Yuexi, Sichuan. In order to identify the pathogen, the isolated nematodes were identified by morphology and molecular biology. [Methods] The potato roots and soil around the roots were collected, the nematodes in the roots were stained and observed, and the cysts were separated by the simple floating method. The second-stage juveniles(J2 s), females and cysts were found, and they were photographed and morphologically measured. The DNA of cysts and J2 s were extracted and identified by species-specific PCR. The DNA sequences of 18 S gene, 28 S D2-D3 region and ITS region in ribosomal DNA were obtained. Sequences of some cyst nematode species were downloaded from GenBank for sequence alignment, and MrBayes 3.2.3 software was used to construct a Bayesian phylogenetic tree. [Results] The nematodes could invade hosts’ root system. The basal knobs of J2 s was nearly round and inclined backward;the average length of the stylet was shorter than 23 μm;the Granek ratio of cysts was greater than or equal to 3, which is highly consistent with that of Globodera rostochiensis. The DNA templates of three cysts and four J2 s were amplified by species-specific PCR, and a band of about 430 bp was obtained. After further sequencing, the length was 434 bp, which is consistent with G. rostochiensis. The evolutionary analysis of rDNA 18 S and 28 S showed that the cyst nematode population was a Globodera species, and further evolutionary analysis of ITS gene confirmed that the population was G. rostochiensis. [Conclusions] The nematodes are G. rostochiensis, which is a quarantine species of great concern to both domestic and import quarantine. Once introduced and colonized, it is hard to eradicate. It is necessary to establish a monitoring system as soon as possible, strengthen the quarantine, supervision and management, increase investment in G. rostochiensis research and development, and develop detection and control technologies, so as to escort the healthy and sustainable development of China’s potato industry.展开更多
文摘Cavitation in plant conduits only involves two processes of air bubbles: the gradual expansion and elongation, and the explosion event. An explosion event of cavitation, which can only occur in intact conduit at water tension, trigs acoustic (or ultrasound) emission and induces air to diffuse with high speed, simultaneously. Synchrotron X-ray phase contrast microscopy (XPCM) was used to capture cavitation event in intact conduits of leaves of corn and rice. Cavitation events occur in certain areas of leaves and have a certain time frame. Before XPCM experiment, several preliminary experiments were done as follows: 1) Paraffin sections of leaves of different species were observed to select samples and to determine the occurrence area of cavitation event of leaves. 2) The time frame of cavitation occurrence was determined by ultrasonic emission. 3) The water potentials of leaves were determined, to know the water state of the leaves during cavitation. Locked the area and time frame of cavitation event in the leaves, consecutive XPCM images of cavitation process were more easily acquired. The images show that the phenomenon of gas bubble fully filling conduits for an instant took place in intact conduits of detached leaves of corn and rice more easily. It is that the gas diffusing in a moment was caused by the explosion of the air seeds which had entered in the intact conduits of the leaves. For living plants, it is suggested that the explosion event of cavitation is the most important for embolism formation.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFC3007001).
文摘The evaluation of urban underground space(UUS)suitability involves multiple indicators.Assigning weight to these indicators is crucial for accurate assessment.This paper presents a method for spatially variable weight assignment of indicators using the order relation analysis method(G1-method),the entropy weight method,an improved grey relational analysis(GRA)and a set of spatial weight adjustment coefficients.First,the subjective and objective weights of indicators for engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions were determined by the G1-method and entropy weight method,respectively,and their combined weights were then obtained using the principle of minimum discriminatory information.This study highlighted the impact of surface restrictions,such as buildings,on UUS,and the degree of the influence of these buildings gradually decreased with the increase in depth of the rock and soil mass in UUS,which resulted in changes in weights of indicators with depth.To address this issue,a coefficient was defined as the standardized value of the ratio of additional stress applied by restrictions to the self-weight stress of soil at the same depth to modify the combined weights so that all weights of indicators could vary in space.Finally,an improved GRA was used to determine the suitability level of each evaluation cell using the maximum correlation criterion.This method was applied to the 3D suitability evaluation of UUS in Sanlong Bay,Foshan City,Guangdong Province,China,including 16 evaluation indexes.This study comprehensively considered the influence of multiple factors,thereby providing reference for evaluating the suitability of UUS in big cities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81672209,81871769,82272550)the Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau(China)(No.cstc2021jcyj-bshX0214).
文摘Cartilage development is controlled by the highly synergistic proliferation and differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes,in which the Indian hedgehog(IHH)and parathyroid hormone-related protein-parathyroid hormone-1 receptor(PTHrP-PTH1R)feedback loop is crucial.The inositol-requiring enzyme 1a/X-box-binding protein-1 spliced(IRE1α/XBP1s)branch of the unfolded protein response(UPR)is essential for normal cartilage development.However,the precise role of ER stress effector IRE1α,encoded by endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1(ERN1),in skeletal development remains unknown.Herein,we reported that loss of IRE1α accelerates chondrocyte hypertrophy and promotes endochondral bone growth.ERN1 acts as a negative regulator of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in postnatal growth plates.Its deficiency interrupted PTHrP/PTH1R and IHH homeostasis leading to impaired chondrocyte hypertrophy and differentiation.XBP1s,produced by p-IRE1α-mediated splicing,binds and up-regulates PTH1R and IHH,which coordinate cartilage development.Meanwhile,ER stress cannot be activated normally in ERN1-deficient chondrocytes.In conclusion,ERN1 deficiency accelerates chondrocyte hypertrophy and cartilage mineralization by impairing the homeostasis of the IHH and PTHrP/PTH1R feedback loop and ER stress.ERN1 may have a potential role as a new target for cartilage growth and maturation.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YF E0202900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32011530167)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China International(Regional)Cooperation and Exchange Program(No.31661143005)the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2016YFD0102001-004)Jiangsu Province Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System[No.JATS(2020)411JATS(2021)463]Seed Industry Revitalization Project of Jiangsu Province(JBGS2021006,2021013,2021047).
文摘The genus Roegneria was firstly established with Roegneria caucasica C.Koch as the model species.Being the largest genera in the tribe Triticeae(Poaceae),Roegneria includes 130 species mainly distributed in the north temperate zone.There are 70 Roegneria species and 22 variants,which are widely distributed in different regions of China(Lei,2018).The diversified morphology of Roegneria species has caused controversy in their taxonomy.It has been argued whether Roegneria species should be included in the genus Elymus or considered as an independent genus(Lei et al.,2018).The investigation of the cytological and genomic feature would help to clarify the taxonomic placement of Roegneria.
基金Supported by Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2021YFN0009)Science and Technology Project of General Administration of Customs(2020HK161)+1 种基金Key Project of Ningbo Public Welfare Science and Technology Program (2021S024)Technology Development Project of Ningbo Joysun Product Testing Service Company (2020ZS003)。
文摘[Objectives]The infection symptoms of cyst nematodes were found in Yuexi, Sichuan. In order to identify the pathogen, the isolated nematodes were identified by morphology and molecular biology. [Methods] The potato roots and soil around the roots were collected, the nematodes in the roots were stained and observed, and the cysts were separated by the simple floating method. The second-stage juveniles(J2 s), females and cysts were found, and they were photographed and morphologically measured. The DNA of cysts and J2 s were extracted and identified by species-specific PCR. The DNA sequences of 18 S gene, 28 S D2-D3 region and ITS region in ribosomal DNA were obtained. Sequences of some cyst nematode species were downloaded from GenBank for sequence alignment, and MrBayes 3.2.3 software was used to construct a Bayesian phylogenetic tree. [Results] The nematodes could invade hosts’ root system. The basal knobs of J2 s was nearly round and inclined backward;the average length of the stylet was shorter than 23 μm;the Granek ratio of cysts was greater than or equal to 3, which is highly consistent with that of Globodera rostochiensis. The DNA templates of three cysts and four J2 s were amplified by species-specific PCR, and a band of about 430 bp was obtained. After further sequencing, the length was 434 bp, which is consistent with G. rostochiensis. The evolutionary analysis of rDNA 18 S and 28 S showed that the cyst nematode population was a Globodera species, and further evolutionary analysis of ITS gene confirmed that the population was G. rostochiensis. [Conclusions] The nematodes are G. rostochiensis, which is a quarantine species of great concern to both domestic and import quarantine. Once introduced and colonized, it is hard to eradicate. It is necessary to establish a monitoring system as soon as possible, strengthen the quarantine, supervision and management, increase investment in G. rostochiensis research and development, and develop detection and control technologies, so as to escort the healthy and sustainable development of China’s potato industry.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82173775 and 81673397)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(Grant No.2020JM-023)the Open and Sharing Platform for Science and Technology Resource of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2020PT-041)。
