Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been developed over the past decade as the forefront of the state-of-theart photovoltaic technologies owing to their high efficiency and low cost,where nanostructured functional materi...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been developed over the past decade as the forefront of the state-of-theart photovoltaic technologies owing to their high efficiency and low cost,where nanostructured functional materials play key roles in performance optimization.As a versatile class of two-dimensional(2D)materials,transition metal carbides/nitrides MXenes have gained enormous attentions in PSCs since 2018 due to their superior properties such as excellent metallic conductivity,abundant surface functional groups,tunable work functions,high optical transparency,and mechanical robustness.The explorations of MXenes are of significance in performance promotion and commercialization expansion of devices.As such,this review focuses on the diversified advantages of MXenes,comprehensively summarizing their applications and developments in PSCs as additives,electron/hole transporting layers,interfacial engineering layers,and electrodes in sequence and explaining the relevant mechanisms behind.Simultaneously,the problems emerged from the related studies are considered and the corresponding suggestions like opening up the type of MXenes usage,taking further insight of the modulation of surface termination groups on Fermi levels,understanding the effect on energy level structures of perovskite or other functional layers,and realizing commercialization,etc.are provided for the future in-depth explorations.This review is intended to provide overall perspective of the current status of MXenes and highlight the direction for the future advancements in MXenes design and processes towards efficient,stable,large-area,and low-cost PSCs.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to study the 3x + 1 problem based on the Collatz iterative formula. It can be seen from the iterative formula that the necessary condition for the Collatz iteration convergence is that its slo...The aim of this paper is to study the 3x + 1 problem based on the Collatz iterative formula. It can be seen from the iterative formula that the necessary condition for the Collatz iteration convergence is that its slope being less than 1. An odd number N that satisfies the condition of a slope less than 1 after n<sup>th</sup> Collatz iterations is defined as an n-step odd number. Through statistical analysis, it is found that after n<sup>th</sup> Collatz iterations, the iterative value of any n-step odd number N that is greater than 1 is less than N, which proves that the slope less than 1 is a sufficient and necessary condition for Collatz iteration convergence.展开更多
Photocatalysis shows great promise in the field of solar energy conversion.One of the reasons for this is because it promotes the development of multi-field-coupled catalysis.In order to explore the principles of mult...Photocatalysis shows great promise in the field of solar energy conversion.One of the reasons for this is because it promotes the development of multi-field-coupled catalysis.In order to explore the principles of multi-field-coupled catalytic reactions,an in situ multi-field-coupled characterization technique is required.In this study,we obtained hydrogenated ST-01 TiO2 and observed enhanced catalytic activity by thermal coupled photocatalysis.In situ photoconductivity was employed to understand the activity enhancement.The effects of the reaction temperature,reaction atmosphere,and oxygen vacancy(Ov)on the photoconductivity of TiO2 were studied.After coupling thermal into photoconductivity measurement,highly active Ov-TiO2 displayed rapid decay of photoconductivity in a CO2 atmosphere and slow decay of photoconductivity in a N2 atmosphere.These phenomena revealed that photothermal coupling assisted the detrapping of electrons at the Ov surface and promoted electron transfer to CO2,which clearly explained the high photothermal catalytic activity of Ov-TiO2.This study demonstrated that photoconductivity is a useful tool to help understand photothermal catalytic phenomena.展开更多
Semiconductor oxides are widely used to achieve photocatalytic removal of NOx(NO and NO2) species. These materials also exhibit enhanced oxidation ability in thermally assisted photocatalysis;however, many of them ten...Semiconductor oxides are widely used to achieve photocatalytic removal of NOx(NO and NO2) species. These materials also exhibit enhanced oxidation ability in thermally assisted photocatalysis;however, many of them tend to be deactivated at high relative humidity(RH) levels. In the case of the benchmark P25 TiO2 photocatalyst, we observe a significant decrease in non-NO2 selectivity from 95.02% to 58.33% when RH increases from 20% to 80%. Interestingly, the porous TiO2(B) microspheres synthesized in this work exhibit 99% selectivity at 20% RH;the selectivity remains as high as 96.18% at 80% RH. The high humidity tolerance of the TiO2(B) sample can be ascribed to its strong water desorption capacity and easy O2 adsorption at elevated temperatures, which reflects the fact that the superoxide radical is the main active species for the deep oxidation of NOx. This work may inspire the design of efficient photothermal catalysts with application in NOx removal in hot and humid environments.展开更多
Bandgap engineering by doping and co‐catalyst loading are two primary approaches to designing efficient photocatalysts by promoting visible‐light absorption and charge separation,respectively.Shifting of the TiO2con...Bandgap engineering by doping and co‐catalyst loading are two primary approaches to designing efficient photocatalysts by promoting visible‐light absorption and charge separation,respectively.Shifting of the TiO2conduction band edge is frequently applied to increase visible‐light absorption but also lowers the reductive properties of photo‐excited electrons.Herein,we report a visible‐light‐driven photocatalyst based on valance band edge control induced by oxygen excess defects and modification with a CuxO electron transfer co‐catalyst.The CuxO grafted oxygen‐rich TiO2microspheres were prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of the peroxotitanate precursor followed by a wet chemical impregnated treatment.We found that oxygen excess defects in TiO2shifted the valence band maximum upward and improved the visible‐light absorption.The CuxO grafted onto the surface acted as a co‐catalyst that efficiently reduced oxygen molecules to active intermediates(i.e.,O2??radial and H2O2),thus consuming the photo‐generated electrons.Consequently,the CuxO grafted oxygen‐rich TiO2microspheres achieved a photocatalytic activity respectively8.6,13.0and11.0as times high as those of oxygen‐rich TiO2,normal TiO2and CuxO grafted TiO2,for degradation of gaseous acetaldehyde under visible‐light irradiation.Our results suggest that high visible‐light photocatalytic efficiency can be achieved by combining oxygen excess defects to improve visible‐light absorption together with a CuxO electron transfer co‐catalyst.These findings provide a new approach to developing efficient heterojunction photocatalysts.展开更多
Kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4(CZTSSe)solar cells have drawn worldwide attention for their promising photovoltaics performance and earth-abundant element composition,yet the record efficiency of this type of device is still...Kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4(CZTSSe)solar cells have drawn worldwide attention for their promising photovoltaics performance and earth-abundant element composition,yet the record efficiency of this type of device is still far lower than its theoretical conversion efficiency.Undesirable band alignment and severe non-radiative recombination at CZTSSe/CdS heterojunction interfaces are the major causes limiting the current/voltage output and overall device performance.Herein,we propose a novel two-step CdS deposition strategy to improve the quality of CZTSSe/CdS heterojunction interface and thereby improve the performance of CZTSSe solar cell.The two-step strategy includes firstly pre-deposits CdS thin layer on CZTSSe absorber layer by chemical bath deposition(CBD),followed with a mild heat treatment to facilitate element inter-diffusion,and secondly deposits an appropriate thickness of CdS layer by CBD to cover the whole surface of pre-deposited CdS and CZTSSe layers.The solar energy conversion efficiency of CZTSSe solar cells with two-step deposited CdS layer approaches to 8.76%(with an active area of about 0.19 cm2),which shows an encouraging improvement of over 87.98%or 30.16%compared to the devices with traditional CBD-deposited CdS layer without and with the mild annealing process,respectively.The performance enhancement by the two-step CdS deposition is attributed to the formation of more favorable band alignment at CZTSSe/CdS interface as well as the effective decrease in interfacial recombination paths on the basis of material and device characterizations.The two-step CdS deposition strategy is simple but effective,and should have large room to improve the quality of CZTSSe/CdS heterojunction interface and further lift up the conversion efficiency of CZTSSe solar cells.展开更多
Isometric exercise(IE)is a promising intervention of noninvasive revascularization in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI).This study aimed to investigate the impact and mechanisms of IE training on arteriog...Isometric exercise(IE)is a promising intervention of noninvasive revascularization in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI).This study aimed to investigate the impact and mechanisms of IE training on arteriogenesis in AMI.Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into the sham-operation group(SO),myocardial infarction(MI)group,and 13 IE subgroups treated according to training intensity,frequency,duration,or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1),or/and fibroblast growth factor-2(FGF-2)inhibitors for eight weeks.Our results demonstrated that the IE group achieved superior improvement compared with the MI group in terms of left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),myocardial infarction size(MIS),arterial density(AD),monocytes(MNCs),smooth muscle cells(SMCs),endothelial cells(ECs),relative collateral blood flow(RCBF),MCP-1,and FGF-2 at the endpoint.Positive correlations between MCP-1 and MNCs,MNCs and FGF-2,FGF-2 and SMCs,SMCs and AD,as well as AD and RCBF were observed.This study demonstrated that with MI of 100%load 20 times daily for eight weeks,the arteriogenesis was improved,which may be attributed to the recruitment of MNCs and SMCs in remote ischemic myocardium caused by increases in MCP-1 and FGF-2 expression.展开更多
Cardioplegia has been widely used to reduce myocardial injury during pediatric cardiac surgery;however,which cardioplegia solution has the best protective effect has not been established.Thus,we compared the myocardia...Cardioplegia has been widely used to reduce myocardial injury during pediatric cardiac surgery;however,which cardioplegia solution has the best protective effect has not been established.Thus,we compared the myocardial protective effects of different cardioplegia solutions used in pediatric cardiac surgery.Seven databases were searched to identify the relevant randomized controlled trials.A network meta-analysis with a Bayesian framework was conducted.The outcomes included the following biochemical and clinical outcomes:serum concentrations of the creatine kinase-myocardial band at 6 h postoperatively;cardiac troponin I(cTnI)at 4,12,and 24 h postoperatively;spontaneous beating after declamping;postoperative arrhythmias;inotropic support percentage and duration;mechanical ventilation hours;intensive care unit stay in days;hospital stay in days;and mortality.The group treated with cold crystalloid cardioplegia(cCCP)was chosen as the control group.The 22 studies involved 1529 patients.Six types of cardioplegia solutions were described in these studies,including cold blood cardioplegia,cCCP,del Nido,histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate(HTK),terminal warm blood cardioplegia,and warm blood cardioplegia(wBCP).The serum concentrations of the 24-h cTnI with wBCP(MD=−2.52,95%CI:−4.74 to−0.27)was significantly lower than cCCP.The serum concentrations of the 24-h cTnI with HTK(MD=4.91,95%CI:2.84–7.24)was significantly higher than cCCP.There was no significant difference in other biochemical and clinical outcomes when compared to cCCP.In conclusion,wBCP may have a superior myocardial protective effect with lower 24-h cTnI levels postoperatively and similar clinical outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery.展开更多
The electron transport layer （ETL） plays an important role in planar heterojunction perovskite solar cell （PSCs）, by affecting the light-harvesting, electron injection and transportation processes, and especially ...The electron transport layer （ETL） plays an important role in planar heterojunction perovskite solar cell （PSCs）, by affecting the light-harvesting, electron injection and transportation processes, and especially the crystal- lization of perovskite absorber. In this work, we utilized a commercial TKD-TiO2 nanoparticle with a small diameter of 6 nm for the first time to prepare a compact ETL by spin coating. The packing of small-size particles endowed TKD-TiO2 ETL an appropriate surface-wettability, which is beneficial to the crystallization of perovskite deposited via solution-processed method. The uniform and high-transmittance TKD-TiO2 films were successfully incorporated into PSCs as ETLs. Further careful optimization of ETL thickness gave birth to a highest power conversion efficiency of 11.0%, which was much higher than that of PSC using an ETL with the same thickness made by spray pyrolysis. This TKD-TiO2 provided a universal solar material suitable for the further large-scale production of PSCs. The excellent morphology and the convenient preparation method of TKD-TiO2 film gave it an extensive application in photovoltaic devices.展开更多
The development of resistance against most of the available antibiotics has made Acinetobacter baumannii(A.baumannii)a pathogen of high risk.In this study,thirty novel berberine derivatives are rationally designed,syn...The development of resistance against most of the available antibiotics has made Acinetobacter baumannii(A.baumannii)a pathogen of high risk.In this study,thirty novel berberine derivatives are rationally designed,synthesized,and evaluated for their synergistic antibacterial activities against A.baumannii.Among them,compound 2d shows the most potent synergetic effect to aztreonam against A.baumannii,including carbapenem-resistant and extended-spectrumβ-lactamases-producing strains.Moreover,synergistic effects were observed for the combinations of 2d and different antibacterial used in clinical practices,indicating its potent broad-spectrum antibiotic-sensitizing effects against A.baumannii.The combination of 2d and aztreonam significantly improves the survival rates of G.mellonella larvae compared with aztreonam treatment alone.Mechanism studies indicate that 2d inhibits the drug efflux and iron acquisition of the bacteria by targeting the AdeB transporter protein,thus achieving a synergistic antimicrobial efficacy with different antibacterial agents.Therefore,berberine derivatives represent a new family of antimicrobial adjuvants against A.baumannii,with the advantage of dual-function antibacterial effect,and are worthy of further investigation.展开更多
Vapor catalysis was recently found to play a crucial role in superclean graphene growth via chemical vapor decomposition(CVD).However,knowledge of vapor-phase catalysis is scarce,and several fundamental issues,includi...Vapor catalysis was recently found to play a crucial role in superclean graphene growth via chemical vapor decomposition(CVD).However,knowledge of vapor-phase catalysis is scarce,and several fundamental issues,including vapor compositions and their impact on graphene growth,are ambiguous.Here,by combining density functional theory(DFT)calculations,an ideal gas model,and a designed experiment,we found that the vapor was mainly composed of Cui clusters with tens of atoms.The vapor pressure was estimated to be~10^(-12)-10^(-1)1 bar under normal low-pressure CVD system(LPCVD)conditions for graphene growth,and the exposed surface area of Cui clusters in the vapor was 22-269 times that of the Cu substrate surface,highlighting the importance of vapor catalysis.DFT calculations show Cu clusters,represented by Cu17,have strong capabilities for adsorption,dehydrogenation,and decomposition of hydrocarbons.They exhibit an adsorption lifetime and reaction flux six orders of magnitude higher than those on the Cu surface,thus providing a sufficient supply of active C atoms for rapid graphene growth and improving the surface cleanliness of the synthesized graphene.Further experimental validation showed that increasing the amount of Cu vapor improved the as-synthesized graphene growth rate and surface cleanliness.This study provides a comprehensive understanding of vapor catalysis and the fundamental basis of vapor control for superclean graphene rapid growth.展开更多
The authors regret that there are some misplaced figure numbers in the body of this article due to negligence in the layout and proofreading of the figures.Although it does not affect the conclusion,it is an obvious e...The authors regret that there are some misplaced figure numbers in the body of this article due to negligence in the layout and proofreading of the figures.Although it does not affect the conclusion,it is an obvious error.The authors have now modified as below.The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused to the journal and readers.展开更多
Using chemoproteomic techniques,we first identified EIF2AK2,eEF1A1,PRDX3 and VPS4B as direct targets of berberine(BBR)for its synergistically anti-inflammatory effects.Of them,BBR has the strongest affinity with EIF2A...Using chemoproteomic techniques,we first identified EIF2AK2,eEF1A1,PRDX3 and VPS4B as direct targets of berberine(BBR)for its synergistically anti-inflammatory effects.Of them,BBR has the strongest affinity with EIF2AK2 via two ionic bonds,and regulates several key inflammatory pathways through EIF2AK2,indicating the dominant role of EIF2AK2.Also,BBR could subtly inhibit the dimerization of EIF2AK2,rather than its enzyme activity,to selectively modulate its downstream pathways including JNK,NF-κB,AKT and NLRP3,with an advantage of good safety profile.In EIF2AK2 gene knockdown mice,the inhibitory IL-1β,IL-6,IL-18 and TNF-a secretion of BBR was obviously attenuated,confirming an EIF2AK2-dependent anti-inflammatory efficacy.The results highlight the BBR's network mechanism on anti-inflammatory effects in which EIF2AK2 is a key target,and inhibition of EIF2AK2 dimerization has a potential to be a therapeutic strategy against inflammationrelated disorders.展开更多
Photothermal CO_(2)reduction with H2O,integrating advantages of photocatalysis driven H2O splitting and thermal catalysis promoted CO_(2)reduction,has drawn sharply increasing attention in artificial synthesis of sola...Photothermal CO_(2)reduction with H2O,integrating advantages of photocatalysis driven H2O splitting and thermal catalysis promoted CO_(2)reduction,has drawn sharply increasing attention in artificial synthesis of solar fuels.The photothermal effect of metal nanoparticles facilities CO_(2)hydrogenation and activation of lattice oxygen in oxide photocatalyst promotes H2O oxidation,which is essentially considered for highly efficient photothermal catalysis.However,the large thermal conductivity of most metal nanoparticles induces inevitable heat dissipation,restricting the increase of catalyst temperature.In this work,to minimize the heat dissipation,we employ bismuth nanoparticles as photothermal unit,which is of the lowest thermal conductivity in the metal family.Meanwhile,we adopt bismuth doped NaTaO_(3)as photocatalytic unit because of the bismuth doping induced activation of lattice oxygen.The bismuth nanoparticles are assembled with bismuth doped NaTaO_(3)through one-step tunable transformation from Bi4TaO8Cl.Benefiting from the photothermal effect,thermal insulation caused by bismuth metal,and lattice oxygen activation by bismuth doping,the NaTaO_(3):Bi hybrid exhibits high photothermal catalytic performance.The yield of CO over NaTaO_(3):Bi hybrid at 413 K via photothermal catalysis is 141 times higher than that room temperature photocatalysis.Further,ultraviolet(UV)light irradiation leads to 89.2%selectivity of CO and visible light irradiation leads to 97.5%selectivity of CH4.This work may broaden the photocatalytic application of ABO_(3)perovskite and provides a novel strategy for the development of photothermal catalysts for artificial photosynthesis.展开更多
The extremely low bioavailability of oral paclitaxel(PTX)mainly due to the complicated gastrointestinal environment,the obstruction of intestinal mucus layer and epithelium barrier.Thus,it is of great significance to ...The extremely low bioavailability of oral paclitaxel(PTX)mainly due to the complicated gastrointestinal environment,the obstruction of intestinal mucus layer and epithelium barrier.Thus,it is of great significance to construct a coordinative delivery system which can overcome multiple intestinal physicochemical obstacles simultaneously.In this work,a high-density PEGylation-based glycocholic acid-decorated micelles(PTX@GNPs)was constructed by a novel polymer,9-Fluorenylmethoxy carbonyl-poly ethylene glycocholic acid(Fmoc-PEG-GCA).The Fmoc motif in this polymer could encapsulate PTX viaπ-πstacking to form the core of micelles,and the low molecular weight and non-long hydrophobic chain of Fmoc ensures the high-density of PEG.Based on this versatile and flexible carriers,PTX@GNPs possess mucus trapping escape ability due to the flexible PEG,and excellent intestine epithelium targeting attributed to the high affinity of GCA with apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter.The in vitro and in vivo results showed that this oral micelle could enhance oral bioavailability of PTX,and exhibited similar antitumor efficacy to Taxol injection via intravenous route.In addition,oral PTX@GNPs administered with lower dosage within shorter interval could increase in vivo retention time of PTX,which supposed to remodel immune microenvironment and enhance oral chemotherapy efficacy by synergistic effect.展开更多
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of selenoprotein M(SelM)in endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in nickel-exposed mouse hearts and to explore the detoxifying effects of melatonin.At 21 d after ...The aim of this study was to investigate the role of selenoprotein M(SelM)in endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in nickel-exposed mouse hearts and to explore the detoxifying effects of melatonin.At 21 d after intraperitoneal injection of nickel chloride(NiCl_(2))and/or melatonin into male wild-type(WT)and SelM knockout(KO)C57BL/6J mice,NiCl_(2)was found to induce changes in the microstructure and ultrastructure of the hearts of both WT and SelM KO mice,which were caused by oxidative stress,endoplasmic reticulum stress,and apoptosis,as evidenced by decreases in malondialdehyde(MDA)content and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)activity.Changes in the messenger RNA(mRNA)and protein expression of genes related to endoplasmic reticulum stress(activating transcription factor 4(ATF4),inositol-requiring protein 1(IRE1),c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK),and C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP))and apoptosis(B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax),Caspase-3,Caspase-9,and Caspase-12)were also observed.Notably,the observed damage was worse in SelM KO mice.Furthermore,melatonin alleviated the heart injury caused by NiCl_(2)in WT mice but could not exert a good protective effect in the heart of SelM KO mice.Overall,the findings suggested that the antioxidant capacity of SelM,as well as its modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis,plays important roles in nickel-induced heart injury.展开更多
Radical-containing porous organic polymers(POPs)have drawn great interest in various applications.However,the synthesis of radical POPs remains challenging due to the unstable nature of organic radicals.Here,a persist...Radical-containing porous organic polymers(POPs)have drawn great interest in various applications.However,the synthesis of radical POPs remains challenging due to the unstable nature of organic radicals.Here,a persistent and stable three-dimensional silicon-diacetylene porous organic radical polymer was synthesized via a classic Eglinton homocoupling reaction of tetraethynylsilane.The presence of carbon radicals in this material was confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance,and its paramagnetic behavior was analyzed by a superconducting quantum interference device.This unique material has a low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)energy level(−5.47 eV)and a small energy gap(ca.1.46 eV),which shows long-term cycling stability and excellent rate capability as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries,demonstrating potential application in energy fields.展开更多
Due to its safety,convenience,low cost and good compliance,oral administration attracts lots of attention.However,the efficacy of many oral drugs is limited to their unsatisfactory bioavailability in the gastrointesti...Due to its safety,convenience,low cost and good compliance,oral administration attracts lots of attention.However,the efficacy of many oral drugs is limited to their unsatisfactory bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract.One of the critical and most overlooked factors is the symbiotic gut microbiota that can modulate the bioavailability of oral drugs by participating in the biotransformation of oral drugs,influencing the drug transport process and altering some gastrointestinal properties.In this review,we summarized the existing research investigating the possible relationship between the gut microbiota and the bioavailability of oral drugs,which may provide great ideas and useful instructions for the design of novel drug delivery systems or the achievement of personalized medicine.展开更多
Candida albicans （C. albicans） infection has a high mortality rate in immunocompromised patients. Owing to the inefficiency of the current diagnostic system and the absence of licensed vaccines against candidiasis, ...Candida albicans （C. albicans） infection has a high mortality rate in immunocompromised patients. Owing to the inefficiency of the current diagnostic system and the absence of licensed vaccines against candidiasis, the prevention of C. albicans infection remains a challenge. C. albicans infection can be evaluated and prevented by the anti-secreted aspartyl proteinase 2 antibody （anti-Sap2 IgG） and Hsp90 antibody （anti-Hsp90 IgG）. In this study, to explore a new agent for the improvement of the diagnosis and the prevention of C. albicans infection, an engineered fd bacteriophage, which is considered a human-safe virus nanofiber, was designed and prepared with two epitopes that could induce and capture anti-Sap2 IgG and anti-Hsp90 IgG. The dual-display phage was employed as a novel capture probe to develop a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） method, which significantly improved the detection rate compared with those of the ELISA in which recombinant protein Sap2 was used as coating antigen to capture the spedfic antibodies （rSap2-ELISA） and the ELISA in which recombinant protein Hsp90 was used as coating antigen to capture the specific antibodies （rHsp90-ELISA）. In addition, the nanofibers acted as a potential vaccine to immunize mice, as well as recombinant proteins, more efficiently mediated humoral and cellular immune responses, decreased levels of C. albicans colonization, and increased the survival rates in C. albicans-infected mice. Therefore, the phage dual-display nanofiber has been shown to be a powerful bifunctional agent for protection against and sensitive detection of clinical infections, which has the potential to be widely used in the life sciences, clinical medicine, and environmental sciences.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFA0716404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51872043,51732003,11974129)+1 种基金the“111”project (B13013)the Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission (2022C040-1)。
文摘Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been developed over the past decade as the forefront of the state-of-theart photovoltaic technologies owing to their high efficiency and low cost,where nanostructured functional materials play key roles in performance optimization.As a versatile class of two-dimensional(2D)materials,transition metal carbides/nitrides MXenes have gained enormous attentions in PSCs since 2018 due to their superior properties such as excellent metallic conductivity,abundant surface functional groups,tunable work functions,high optical transparency,and mechanical robustness.The explorations of MXenes are of significance in performance promotion and commercialization expansion of devices.As such,this review focuses on the diversified advantages of MXenes,comprehensively summarizing their applications and developments in PSCs as additives,electron/hole transporting layers,interfacial engineering layers,and electrodes in sequence and explaining the relevant mechanisms behind.Simultaneously,the problems emerged from the related studies are considered and the corresponding suggestions like opening up the type of MXenes usage,taking further insight of the modulation of surface termination groups on Fermi levels,understanding the effect on energy level structures of perovskite or other functional layers,and realizing commercialization,etc.are provided for the future in-depth explorations.This review is intended to provide overall perspective of the current status of MXenes and highlight the direction for the future advancements in MXenes design and processes towards efficient,stable,large-area,and low-cost PSCs.
文摘The aim of this paper is to study the 3x + 1 problem based on the Collatz iterative formula. It can be seen from the iterative formula that the necessary condition for the Collatz iteration convergence is that its slope being less than 1. An odd number N that satisfies the condition of a slope less than 1 after n<sup>th</sup> Collatz iterations is defined as an n-step odd number. Through statistical analysis, it is found that after n<sup>th</sup> Collatz iterations, the iterative value of any n-step odd number N that is greater than 1 is less than N, which proves that the slope less than 1 is a sufficient and necessary condition for Collatz iteration convergence.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(51072032,51372036,51102001)the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education(113020A)+1 种基金the 111 project(B13013)Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan(20180101175JC,20160520170JH)~~
文摘Photocatalysis shows great promise in the field of solar energy conversion.One of the reasons for this is because it promotes the development of multi-field-coupled catalysis.In order to explore the principles of multi-field-coupled catalytic reactions,an in situ multi-field-coupled characterization technique is required.In this study,we obtained hydrogenated ST-01 TiO2 and observed enhanced catalytic activity by thermal coupled photocatalysis.In situ photoconductivity was employed to understand the activity enhancement.The effects of the reaction temperature,reaction atmosphere,and oxygen vacancy(Ov)on the photoconductivity of TiO2 were studied.After coupling thermal into photoconductivity measurement,highly active Ov-TiO2 displayed rapid decay of photoconductivity in a CO2 atmosphere and slow decay of photoconductivity in a N2 atmosphere.These phenomena revealed that photothermal coupling assisted the detrapping of electrons at the Ov surface and promoted electron transfer to CO2,which clearly explained the high photothermal catalytic activity of Ov-TiO2.This study demonstrated that photoconductivity is a useful tool to help understand photothermal catalytic phenomena.
文摘Semiconductor oxides are widely used to achieve photocatalytic removal of NOx(NO and NO2) species. These materials also exhibit enhanced oxidation ability in thermally assisted photocatalysis;however, many of them tend to be deactivated at high relative humidity(RH) levels. In the case of the benchmark P25 TiO2 photocatalyst, we observe a significant decrease in non-NO2 selectivity from 95.02% to 58.33% when RH increases from 20% to 80%. Interestingly, the porous TiO2(B) microspheres synthesized in this work exhibit 99% selectivity at 20% RH;the selectivity remains as high as 96.18% at 80% RH. The high humidity tolerance of the TiO2(B) sample can be ascribed to its strong water desorption capacity and easy O2 adsorption at elevated temperatures, which reflects the fact that the superoxide radical is the main active species for the deep oxidation of NOx. This work may inspire the design of efficient photothermal catalysts with application in NOx removal in hot and humid environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51072032,51372036,51702235)~~
文摘Bandgap engineering by doping and co‐catalyst loading are two primary approaches to designing efficient photocatalysts by promoting visible‐light absorption and charge separation,respectively.Shifting of the TiO2conduction band edge is frequently applied to increase visible‐light absorption but also lowers the reductive properties of photo‐excited electrons.Herein,we report a visible‐light‐driven photocatalyst based on valance band edge control induced by oxygen excess defects and modification with a CuxO electron transfer co‐catalyst.The CuxO grafted oxygen‐rich TiO2microspheres were prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of the peroxotitanate precursor followed by a wet chemical impregnated treatment.We found that oxygen excess defects in TiO2shifted the valence band maximum upward and improved the visible‐light absorption.The CuxO grafted onto the surface acted as a co‐catalyst that efficiently reduced oxygen molecules to active intermediates(i.e.,O2??radial and H2O2),thus consuming the photo‐generated electrons.Consequently,the CuxO grafted oxygen‐rich TiO2microspheres achieved a photocatalytic activity respectively8.6,13.0and11.0as times high as those of oxygen‐rich TiO2,normal TiO2and CuxO grafted TiO2,for degradation of gaseous acetaldehyde under visible‐light irradiation.Our results suggest that high visible‐light photocatalytic efficiency can be achieved by combining oxygen excess defects to improve visible‐light absorption together with a CuxO electron transfer co‐catalyst.These findings provide a new approach to developing efficient heterojunction photocatalysts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91833303,51872044,51372036,51202025 and 51602047)the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education(113020A)+3 种基金the 111 project(B13013)the Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Project(20180101175JC and 20140520096JH)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2412019FZ043)the Open Project of Key Laboratory for UV Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education(130028857).
文摘Kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4(CZTSSe)solar cells have drawn worldwide attention for their promising photovoltaics performance and earth-abundant element composition,yet the record efficiency of this type of device is still far lower than its theoretical conversion efficiency.Undesirable band alignment and severe non-radiative recombination at CZTSSe/CdS heterojunction interfaces are the major causes limiting the current/voltage output and overall device performance.Herein,we propose a novel two-step CdS deposition strategy to improve the quality of CZTSSe/CdS heterojunction interface and thereby improve the performance of CZTSSe solar cell.The two-step strategy includes firstly pre-deposits CdS thin layer on CZTSSe absorber layer by chemical bath deposition(CBD),followed with a mild heat treatment to facilitate element inter-diffusion,and secondly deposits an appropriate thickness of CdS layer by CBD to cover the whole surface of pre-deposited CdS and CZTSSe layers.The solar energy conversion efficiency of CZTSSe solar cells with two-step deposited CdS layer approaches to 8.76%(with an active area of about 0.19 cm2),which shows an encouraging improvement of over 87.98%or 30.16%compared to the devices with traditional CBD-deposited CdS layer without and with the mild annealing process,respectively.The performance enhancement by the two-step CdS deposition is attributed to the formation of more favorable band alignment at CZTSSe/CdS interface as well as the effective decrease in interfacial recombination paths on the basis of material and device characterizations.The two-step CdS deposition strategy is simple but effective,and should have large room to improve the quality of CZTSSe/CdS heterojunction interface and further lift up the conversion efficiency of CZTSSe solar cells.
基金supported by the research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.8177244,No.81902288,and No.82072546)Nanjing Municipal Science and Technology Bureau(Grant No.2019060002).
文摘Isometric exercise(IE)is a promising intervention of noninvasive revascularization in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI).This study aimed to investigate the impact and mechanisms of IE training on arteriogenesis in AMI.Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into the sham-operation group(SO),myocardial infarction(MI)group,and 13 IE subgroups treated according to training intensity,frequency,duration,or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1),or/and fibroblast growth factor-2(FGF-2)inhibitors for eight weeks.Our results demonstrated that the IE group achieved superior improvement compared with the MI group in terms of left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),myocardial infarction size(MIS),arterial density(AD),monocytes(MNCs),smooth muscle cells(SMCs),endothelial cells(ECs),relative collateral blood flow(RCBF),MCP-1,and FGF-2 at the endpoint.Positive correlations between MCP-1 and MNCs,MNCs and FGF-2,FGF-2 and SMCs,SMCs and AD,as well as AD and RCBF were observed.This study demonstrated that with MI of 100%load 20 times daily for eight weeks,the arteriogenesis was improved,which may be attributed to the recruitment of MNCs and SMCs in remote ischemic myocardium caused by increases in MCP-1 and FGF-2 expression.
文摘Cardioplegia has been widely used to reduce myocardial injury during pediatric cardiac surgery;however,which cardioplegia solution has the best protective effect has not been established.Thus,we compared the myocardial protective effects of different cardioplegia solutions used in pediatric cardiac surgery.Seven databases were searched to identify the relevant randomized controlled trials.A network meta-analysis with a Bayesian framework was conducted.The outcomes included the following biochemical and clinical outcomes:serum concentrations of the creatine kinase-myocardial band at 6 h postoperatively;cardiac troponin I(cTnI)at 4,12,and 24 h postoperatively;spontaneous beating after declamping;postoperative arrhythmias;inotropic support percentage and duration;mechanical ventilation hours;intensive care unit stay in days;hospital stay in days;and mortality.The group treated with cold crystalloid cardioplegia(cCCP)was chosen as the control group.The 22 studies involved 1529 patients.Six types of cardioplegia solutions were described in these studies,including cold blood cardioplegia,cCCP,del Nido,histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate(HTK),terminal warm blood cardioplegia,and warm blood cardioplegia(wBCP).The serum concentrations of the 24-h cTnI with wBCP(MD=−2.52,95%CI:−4.74 to−0.27)was significantly lower than cCCP.The serum concentrations of the 24-h cTnI with HTK(MD=4.91,95%CI:2.84–7.24)was significantly higher than cCCP.There was no significant difference in other biochemical and clinical outcomes when compared to cCCP.In conclusion,wBCP may have a superior myocardial protective effect with lower 24-h cTnI levels postoperatively and similar clinical outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.91233204,51372036 and 51102001)the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education(no.113020A)+4 种基金the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(20120043110002)the National Basic Research Program(2012CB933703)the 111 project(no.B13013)the International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of China(2013DFG50150)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2412015KJ010 and 14ZZ1510)
文摘The electron transport layer （ETL） plays an important role in planar heterojunction perovskite solar cell （PSCs）, by affecting the light-harvesting, electron injection and transportation processes, and especially the crystal- lization of perovskite absorber. In this work, we utilized a commercial TKD-TiO2 nanoparticle with a small diameter of 6 nm for the first time to prepare a compact ETL by spin coating. The packing of small-size particles endowed TKD-TiO2 ETL an appropriate surface-wettability, which is beneficial to the crystallization of perovskite deposited via solution-processed method. The uniform and high-transmittance TKD-TiO2 films were successfully incorporated into PSCs as ETLs. Further careful optimization of ETL thickness gave birth to a highest power conversion efficiency of 11.0%, which was much higher than that of PSC using an ETL with the same thickness made by spray pyrolysis. This TKD-TiO2 provided a universal solar material suitable for the further large-scale production of PSCs. The excellent morphology and the convenient preparation method of TKD-TiO2 film gave it an extensive application in photovoltaic devices.
基金supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32141003,82104013)CAMS Initiative for Innovative Medicine(Nos.2021-1-I2M-070,2021-1-I2M-039,China)。
文摘The development of resistance against most of the available antibiotics has made Acinetobacter baumannii(A.baumannii)a pathogen of high risk.In this study,thirty novel berberine derivatives are rationally designed,synthesized,and evaluated for their synergistic antibacterial activities against A.baumannii.Among them,compound 2d shows the most potent synergetic effect to aztreonam against A.baumannii,including carbapenem-resistant and extended-spectrumβ-lactamases-producing strains.Moreover,synergistic effects were observed for the combinations of 2d and different antibacterial used in clinical practices,indicating its potent broad-spectrum antibiotic-sensitizing effects against A.baumannii.The combination of 2d and aztreonam significantly improves the survival rates of G.mellonella larvae compared with aztreonam treatment alone.Mechanism studies indicate that 2d inhibits the drug efflux and iron acquisition of the bacteria by targeting the AdeB transporter protein,thus achieving a synergistic antimicrobial efficacy with different antibacterial agents.Therefore,berberine derivatives represent a new family of antimicrobial adjuvants against A.baumannii,with the advantage of dual-function antibacterial effect,and are worthy of further investigation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.T2188101,52021006,52072042)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Scientist Fund(Nos.22105006,52202033)+2 种基金Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science(No.BNLMS-CXTD-202001)the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2016YFA0200101,2016YFA0200103,2018YFA0703502)the Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(Nos.Z191100000819005,Z191100000819007,Z201100008720005).
文摘Vapor catalysis was recently found to play a crucial role in superclean graphene growth via chemical vapor decomposition(CVD).However,knowledge of vapor-phase catalysis is scarce,and several fundamental issues,including vapor compositions and their impact on graphene growth,are ambiguous.Here,by combining density functional theory(DFT)calculations,an ideal gas model,and a designed experiment,we found that the vapor was mainly composed of Cui clusters with tens of atoms.The vapor pressure was estimated to be~10^(-12)-10^(-1)1 bar under normal low-pressure CVD system(LPCVD)conditions for graphene growth,and the exposed surface area of Cui clusters in the vapor was 22-269 times that of the Cu substrate surface,highlighting the importance of vapor catalysis.DFT calculations show Cu clusters,represented by Cu17,have strong capabilities for adsorption,dehydrogenation,and decomposition of hydrocarbons.They exhibit an adsorption lifetime and reaction flux six orders of magnitude higher than those on the Cu surface,thus providing a sufficient supply of active C atoms for rapid graphene growth and improving the surface cleanliness of the synthesized graphene.Further experimental validation showed that increasing the amount of Cu vapor improved the as-synthesized graphene growth rate and surface cleanliness.This study provides a comprehensive understanding of vapor catalysis and the fundamental basis of vapor control for superclean graphene rapid growth.
文摘The authors regret that there are some misplaced figure numbers in the body of this article due to negligence in the layout and proofreading of the figures.Although it does not affect the conclusion,it is an obvious error.The authors have now modified as below.The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused to the journal and readers.
基金the CAMS initiative for innovative medicine(2022-I2M-2-002,China)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32141003)。
文摘Using chemoproteomic techniques,we first identified EIF2AK2,eEF1A1,PRDX3 and VPS4B as direct targets of berberine(BBR)for its synergistically anti-inflammatory effects.Of them,BBR has the strongest affinity with EIF2AK2 via two ionic bonds,and regulates several key inflammatory pathways through EIF2AK2,indicating the dominant role of EIF2AK2.Also,BBR could subtly inhibit the dimerization of EIF2AK2,rather than its enzyme activity,to selectively modulate its downstream pathways including JNK,NF-κB,AKT and NLRP3,with an advantage of good safety profile.In EIF2AK2 gene knockdown mice,the inhibitory IL-1β,IL-6,IL-18 and TNF-a secretion of BBR was obviously attenuated,confirming an EIF2AK2-dependent anti-inflammatory efficacy.The results highlight the BBR's network mechanism on anti-inflammatory effects in which EIF2AK2 is a key target,and inhibition of EIF2AK2 dimerization has a potential to be a therapeutic strategy against inflammationrelated disorders.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.91833303,52273236,and 51872044)the 111 Project(No.B13013)Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Project(No.20220201073GX).
文摘Photothermal CO_(2)reduction with H2O,integrating advantages of photocatalysis driven H2O splitting and thermal catalysis promoted CO_(2)reduction,has drawn sharply increasing attention in artificial synthesis of solar fuels.The photothermal effect of metal nanoparticles facilities CO_(2)hydrogenation and activation of lattice oxygen in oxide photocatalyst promotes H2O oxidation,which is essentially considered for highly efficient photothermal catalysis.However,the large thermal conductivity of most metal nanoparticles induces inevitable heat dissipation,restricting the increase of catalyst temperature.In this work,to minimize the heat dissipation,we employ bismuth nanoparticles as photothermal unit,which is of the lowest thermal conductivity in the metal family.Meanwhile,we adopt bismuth doped NaTaO_(3)as photocatalytic unit because of the bismuth doping induced activation of lattice oxygen.The bismuth nanoparticles are assembled with bismuth doped NaTaO_(3)through one-step tunable transformation from Bi4TaO8Cl.Benefiting from the photothermal effect,thermal insulation caused by bismuth metal,and lattice oxygen activation by bismuth doping,the NaTaO_(3):Bi hybrid exhibits high photothermal catalytic performance.The yield of CO over NaTaO_(3):Bi hybrid at 413 K via photothermal catalysis is 141 times higher than that room temperature photocatalysis.Further,ultraviolet(UV)light irradiation leads to 89.2%selectivity of CO and visible light irradiation leads to 97.5%selectivity of CH4.This work may broaden the photocatalytic application of ABO_(3)perovskite and provides a novel strategy for the development of photothermal catalysts for artificial photosynthesis.
基金supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82073778,China)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS)(2021-I2M-1-026,China)+1 种基金Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study(Z141102004414062,China)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82104106)。
文摘The extremely low bioavailability of oral paclitaxel(PTX)mainly due to the complicated gastrointestinal environment,the obstruction of intestinal mucus layer and epithelium barrier.Thus,it is of great significance to construct a coordinative delivery system which can overcome multiple intestinal physicochemical obstacles simultaneously.In this work,a high-density PEGylation-based glycocholic acid-decorated micelles(PTX@GNPs)was constructed by a novel polymer,9-Fluorenylmethoxy carbonyl-poly ethylene glycocholic acid(Fmoc-PEG-GCA).The Fmoc motif in this polymer could encapsulate PTX viaπ-πstacking to form the core of micelles,and the low molecular weight and non-long hydrophobic chain of Fmoc ensures the high-density of PEG.Based on this versatile and flexible carriers,PTX@GNPs possess mucus trapping escape ability due to the flexible PEG,and excellent intestine epithelium targeting attributed to the high affinity of GCA with apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter.The in vitro and in vivo results showed that this oral micelle could enhance oral bioavailability of PTX,and exhibited similar antitumor efficacy to Taxol injection via intravenous route.In addition,oral PTX@GNPs administered with lower dosage within shorter interval could increase in vivo retention time of PTX,which supposed to remodel immune microenvironment and enhance oral chemotherapy efficacy by synergistic effect.
基金supported by the Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Outstanding Youth(No.YQ2021C021),China。
文摘The aim of this study was to investigate the role of selenoprotein M(SelM)in endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in nickel-exposed mouse hearts and to explore the detoxifying effects of melatonin.At 21 d after intraperitoneal injection of nickel chloride(NiCl_(2))and/or melatonin into male wild-type(WT)and SelM knockout(KO)C57BL/6J mice,NiCl_(2)was found to induce changes in the microstructure and ultrastructure of the hearts of both WT and SelM KO mice,which were caused by oxidative stress,endoplasmic reticulum stress,and apoptosis,as evidenced by decreases in malondialdehyde(MDA)content and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)activity.Changes in the messenger RNA(mRNA)and protein expression of genes related to endoplasmic reticulum stress(activating transcription factor 4(ATF4),inositol-requiring protein 1(IRE1),c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK),and C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP))and apoptosis(B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax),Caspase-3,Caspase-9,and Caspase-12)were also observed.Notably,the observed damage was worse in SelM KO mice.Furthermore,melatonin alleviated the heart injury caused by NiCl_(2)in WT mice but could not exert a good protective effect in the heart of SelM KO mice.Overall,the findings suggested that the antioxidant capacity of SelM,as well as its modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis,plays important roles in nickel-induced heart injury.
基金Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.22131004,U21A20330,and 52173195)the“111”project(grant no.B18012)+1 种基金Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology(grant no.20210508048RQ)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Radical-containing porous organic polymers(POPs)have drawn great interest in various applications.However,the synthesis of radical POPs remains challenging due to the unstable nature of organic radicals.Here,a persistent and stable three-dimensional silicon-diacetylene porous organic radical polymer was synthesized via a classic Eglinton homocoupling reaction of tetraethynylsilane.The presence of carbon radicals in this material was confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance,and its paramagnetic behavior was analyzed by a superconducting quantum interference device.This unique material has a low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)energy level(−5.47 eV)and a small energy gap(ca.1.46 eV),which shows long-term cycling stability and excellent rate capability as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries,demonstrating potential application in energy fields.
基金supported by Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2017-I2M1e011,China)the Drug Innovation Major Project(2018ZX09711001-002-005,China)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82073778,China)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(2018PT35002,China)
文摘Due to its safety,convenience,low cost and good compliance,oral administration attracts lots of attention.However,the efficacy of many oral drugs is limited to their unsatisfactory bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract.One of the critical and most overlooked factors is the symbiotic gut microbiota that can modulate the bioavailability of oral drugs by participating in the biotransformation of oral drugs,influencing the drug transport process and altering some gastrointestinal properties.In this review,we summarized the existing research investigating the possible relationship between the gut microbiota and the bioavailability of oral drugs,which may provide great ideas and useful instructions for the design of novel drug delivery systems or the achievement of personalized medicine.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 81373231）, the Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province, China （No. 20160101216JC）, the Programme for Introducing Talents to Universities （No. B07017）, and Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China （No. LZ16E030001）. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
文摘Candida albicans （C. albicans） infection has a high mortality rate in immunocompromised patients. Owing to the inefficiency of the current diagnostic system and the absence of licensed vaccines against candidiasis, the prevention of C. albicans infection remains a challenge. C. albicans infection can be evaluated and prevented by the anti-secreted aspartyl proteinase 2 antibody （anti-Sap2 IgG） and Hsp90 antibody （anti-Hsp90 IgG）. In this study, to explore a new agent for the improvement of the diagnosis and the prevention of C. albicans infection, an engineered fd bacteriophage, which is considered a human-safe virus nanofiber, was designed and prepared with two epitopes that could induce and capture anti-Sap2 IgG and anti-Hsp90 IgG. The dual-display phage was employed as a novel capture probe to develop a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） method, which significantly improved the detection rate compared with those of the ELISA in which recombinant protein Sap2 was used as coating antigen to capture the spedfic antibodies （rSap2-ELISA） and the ELISA in which recombinant protein Hsp90 was used as coating antigen to capture the specific antibodies （rHsp90-ELISA）. In addition, the nanofibers acted as a potential vaccine to immunize mice, as well as recombinant proteins, more efficiently mediated humoral and cellular immune responses, decreased levels of C. albicans colonization, and increased the survival rates in C. albicans-infected mice. Therefore, the phage dual-display nanofiber has been shown to be a powerful bifunctional agent for protection against and sensitive detection of clinical infections, which has the potential to be widely used in the life sciences, clinical medicine, and environmental sciences.
