El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO) exhibits a distinctive phase-locking characteristic, first expressed during its onset in boreal spring, developing during summer and autumn, reaching its peak towards winter, and de...El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO) exhibits a distinctive phase-locking characteristic, first expressed during its onset in boreal spring, developing during summer and autumn, reaching its peak towards winter, and decaying over the next spring. Several studies have demonstrated that this feature arises as a result of seasonal variation in the growth rate of ENSO as expressed by the sea surface temperature(SST). The bias towards simulating the phase locking of ENSO by many state-of-the-art climate models is also attributed to the unrealistic depiction of the growth rate. In this study, the seasonal variation of SST growth rate in the Ni?o-3.4 region(5°S–5°N, 120°–170°W) is estimated in detail based on the mixed layer heat budget equation and recharge oscillator model during 1981–2020. It is suggested that the consideration of a variable mixed layer depth is essential to its diagnostic process. The estimated growth rate has a remarkable seasonal cycle with minimum rates occurring in spring and maximum rates evident in autumn. More specifically, the growth rate derived from the meridional advection(surface heat flux) is positive(negative) throughout the year. Vertical diffusion generally makes a negative contribution to the evolution of growth rate and the magnitude of vertical entrainment represents the smallest contributor. Analysis indicates that the zonal advective feedback is regulated by the meridional immigration of the intertropical convergence zone, which approaches its southernmost extent in February and progresses to its northernmost location in September, and dominates the seasonal variation of the SST growth rate.展开更多
Herein,a novel small molecule probe,tetraphenylethylene‐cystein(TPE‐Cys),was rationally designed and developed for the intracellular lysosome localization.The combination of tetraphenylethylene and cysteine serve as...Herein,a novel small molecule probe,tetraphenylethylene‐cystein(TPE‐Cys),was rationally designed and developed for the intracellular lysosome localization.The combination of tetraphenylethylene and cysteine serve as a novel strategy for lysosome‐targeting,with significant aggregation‐induced emission increases with the proportion of water by as high as 25‐folds.Biofluorescence imaging experiments show that the probe TPE‐Cys has a good colocalization effect with the commercially available lysotracker red,with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.91.In addition,we also demonstrate that TPE‐Cys has good light stability.TPE‐Cys,as a neutral compound,is free of alkalinizing effect when applied in lysosome localization.Moreover,molecular dynamics simulations and density function theories are employed to explore the detailed aggregation process and the mechanism of TPE‐Cys aggregation in water solution.The mechanism of lysosome localization of probe TPE‐Cys was explained by cellular endocytosis process and the formation of larger particle in the more acidic environment of lysosomes.This work not only demonstrates an efficient strategy for the construction of fluorescent probes for lysosome localization,but also indicates that they are promising as live cell imaging tools.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42192564)Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research (Grant No. 2020B0301030004)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (Grant No.2020YFA0608802)。
文摘El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO) exhibits a distinctive phase-locking characteristic, first expressed during its onset in boreal spring, developing during summer and autumn, reaching its peak towards winter, and decaying over the next spring. Several studies have demonstrated that this feature arises as a result of seasonal variation in the growth rate of ENSO as expressed by the sea surface temperature(SST). The bias towards simulating the phase locking of ENSO by many state-of-the-art climate models is also attributed to the unrealistic depiction of the growth rate. In this study, the seasonal variation of SST growth rate in the Ni?o-3.4 region(5°S–5°N, 120°–170°W) is estimated in detail based on the mixed layer heat budget equation and recharge oscillator model during 1981–2020. It is suggested that the consideration of a variable mixed layer depth is essential to its diagnostic process. The estimated growth rate has a remarkable seasonal cycle with minimum rates occurring in spring and maximum rates evident in autumn. More specifically, the growth rate derived from the meridional advection(surface heat flux) is positive(negative) throughout the year. Vertical diffusion generally makes a negative contribution to the evolution of growth rate and the magnitude of vertical entrainment represents the smallest contributor. Analysis indicates that the zonal advective feedback is regulated by the meridional immigration of the intertropical convergence zone, which approaches its southernmost extent in February and progresses to its northernmost location in September, and dominates the seasonal variation of the SST growth rate.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21873068,21703245,21673237,21422309,and 21573229)the Fundamental Research Funds of Shandong University(2019GN019).
文摘Herein,a novel small molecule probe,tetraphenylethylene‐cystein(TPE‐Cys),was rationally designed and developed for the intracellular lysosome localization.The combination of tetraphenylethylene and cysteine serve as a novel strategy for lysosome‐targeting,with significant aggregation‐induced emission increases with the proportion of water by as high as 25‐folds.Biofluorescence imaging experiments show that the probe TPE‐Cys has a good colocalization effect with the commercially available lysotracker red,with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.91.In addition,we also demonstrate that TPE‐Cys has good light stability.TPE‐Cys,as a neutral compound,is free of alkalinizing effect when applied in lysosome localization.Moreover,molecular dynamics simulations and density function theories are employed to explore the detailed aggregation process and the mechanism of TPE‐Cys aggregation in water solution.The mechanism of lysosome localization of probe TPE‐Cys was explained by cellular endocytosis process and the formation of larger particle in the more acidic environment of lysosomes.This work not only demonstrates an efficient strategy for the construction of fluorescent probes for lysosome localization,but also indicates that they are promising as live cell imaging tools.
