Urban environments lie at the confluence of social,cultural,and economic activities and have unique biophysical characteristics due to continued infrastructure development that generally replaces natural landscapes wi...Urban environments lie at the confluence of social,cultural,and economic activities and have unique biophysical characteristics due to continued infrastructure development that generally replaces natural landscapes with built-up structures.The vast majority of studies on urban perturbation of local weather and climate have been centered on the urban heat island(UHI)effect,referring to the higher temperature in cities compared to their natural surroundings.Besides the UHI effect and heat waves,urbanization also impacts atmospheric moisture,wind,boundary layer structure,cloud formation,dispersion of air pollutants,precipitation,and storms.In this review article,we first introduce the datasets and methods used in studying urban areas and their impacts through both observation and modeling and then summarize the scientific insights on the impact of urbanization on various aspects of regional climate and extreme weather based on more than 500 studies.We also highlight the major research gaps and challenges in our understanding of the impacts of urbanization and provide our perspective and recommendations for future research priorities and directions.展开更多
Green-blue spaces(GBS)are pivotal in mitigating thermal discomfort.However,their management lacks guidelines rooted in epidemiological evidence for specific planning and design.Here we show how various GBS types modif...Green-blue spaces(GBS)are pivotal in mitigating thermal discomfort.However,their management lacks guidelines rooted in epidemiological evidence for specific planning and design.Here we show how various GBS types modify the link between non-optimal temperatures and cardiovascular mortality across different thermal extremes.We merged fine-scale population density and GBS data to create novel GBS exposure index.A case time series approach was employed to analyse temperature-cardiovascular mortality association and the effect modifications of type-specific GBSs across 1085 subdistricts in south-eastern China.Our findings indicate that both green and blue spaces may significantly reduce high-temperature-related cardiovascular mortality risks(e.g.,for low(5%)vs.high(95%)level of overall green spaces at 99th vs.minimum mortality temperature(MMT),Ratio of relative risk(RRR)=1.14(95%CI:1.07,1.21);for overall blue spaces,RRR=1.20(95%CI:1.12,1.29)),while specific blue space types offer protection against cold temperatures(e.g.,for the rivers at 1st vs MMT,RRR=1.17(95%CI:1.07,1.28)).Notably,forests,parks,nature reserves,street greenery,and lakes are linked with lower heat-related cardiovascular mortality,whereas rivers and coasts mitigate cold-related cardiovascular mortality.Blue spaces provide greater benefits than green spaces.The severity of temperature extremes further amplifies GBS's protective effects.This study enhances our understanding of how type-specific GBS influences health risks associated with non-optimal temperatures,offering valuable insights for integrating GBS into climate adaptation strategies for maximal health benefits.展开更多
Given extensive and rapid urbanization globally,assessing regional urban thermal effects(UTE)in both canopy and boundary layers under extreme weather/climate conditions is of significant interest.Rapid population and ...Given extensive and rapid urbanization globally,assessing regional urban thermal effects(UTE)in both canopy and boundary layers under extreme weather/climate conditions is of significant interest.Rapid population and economic growth in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD)have made it one of the largest city clusters in China.Here,we explore the three-dimensional(3D)UTE in the YRD using multi-source observations from high-resolution automatic weather stations,radiosondes,and eddy covariance sensors during the record-setting heat wave(HW)of July-August 2013.It is found that the regional canopy layer UTE is up to 0.6-1.2℃,and the nocturnal UTE(0.7-1.6℃)is larger than daytime UTE(0.2-0.5℃)during the HW.The regional canopy layer UTE is enhanced and expanded northwards,with some rural sites contaminated by the urban influences,especially at night.In the boundary layer,the strengthened regional UTE extends vertically to at least 925 hPa(~750 m)during this HW.The strengthened 3D UTE in the YRD is associated with an enlarged Bowen ratio difference between urban and non-urban areas.These findings about the 3D UTE are beneficial for better understanding of the thermal environment of large city clusters under HW and for more appropriate adaption and mitigation strategies.展开更多
基金supported by the US Department of Energy,Office of Science,Biological and Environmental Research program,as part of the Regional and Global Modeling and Analysis(RGMA)program,Multi-sector Dynamics Modeling(MSD)program,and Earth System Model Development(ESMD)program,through the collaborative,multiprogram Integrated Coastal Modeling(ICoM)project,HyperFACETS project,and COMPASS-GLM projectPacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated for the Department of Energy by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE-AC05-76RL01830.
文摘Urban environments lie at the confluence of social,cultural,and economic activities and have unique biophysical characteristics due to continued infrastructure development that generally replaces natural landscapes with built-up structures.The vast majority of studies on urban perturbation of local weather and climate have been centered on the urban heat island(UHI)effect,referring to the higher temperature in cities compared to their natural surroundings.Besides the UHI effect and heat waves,urbanization also impacts atmospheric moisture,wind,boundary layer structure,cloud formation,dispersion of air pollutants,precipitation,and storms.In this review article,we first introduce the datasets and methods used in studying urban areas and their impacts through both observation and modeling and then summarize the scientific insights on the impact of urbanization on various aspects of regional climate and extreme weather based on more than 500 studies.We also highlight the major research gaps and challenges in our understanding of the impacts of urbanization and provide our perspective and recommendations for future research priorities and directions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42001013,41971019,32271935)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Y23D050006)+2 种基金the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province,China(2020E10004)the Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang(2019R01007)the Healthy Zhejiang One Million People Cohort(20230085).
文摘Green-blue spaces(GBS)are pivotal in mitigating thermal discomfort.However,their management lacks guidelines rooted in epidemiological evidence for specific planning and design.Here we show how various GBS types modify the link between non-optimal temperatures and cardiovascular mortality across different thermal extremes.We merged fine-scale population density and GBS data to create novel GBS exposure index.A case time series approach was employed to analyse temperature-cardiovascular mortality association and the effect modifications of type-specific GBSs across 1085 subdistricts in south-eastern China.Our findings indicate that both green and blue spaces may significantly reduce high-temperature-related cardiovascular mortality risks(e.g.,for low(5%)vs.high(95%)level of overall green spaces at 99th vs.minimum mortality temperature(MMT),Ratio of relative risk(RRR)=1.14(95%CI:1.07,1.21);for overall blue spaces,RRR=1.20(95%CI:1.12,1.29)),while specific blue space types offer protection against cold temperatures(e.g.,for the rivers at 1st vs MMT,RRR=1.17(95%CI:1.07,1.28)).Notably,forests,parks,nature reserves,street greenery,and lakes are linked with lower heat-related cardiovascular mortality,whereas rivers and coasts mitigate cold-related cardiovascular mortality.Blue spaces provide greater benefits than green spaces.The severity of temperature extremes further amplifies GBS's protective effects.This study enhances our understanding of how type-specific GBS influences health risks associated with non-optimal temperatures,offering valuable insights for integrating GBS into climate adaptation strategies for maximal health benefits.
基金Supported by the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(2020B0301030004)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42175056,41790471)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(21ZR1457600)China Meteorological Administration Innovation and Development Project(CXFZ2022J009)UK-China Research and Innovation Partnership Fund through the Met Office Climate Science for Service Partnership(CSSP)China as part of the Newton Fund.
文摘Given extensive and rapid urbanization globally,assessing regional urban thermal effects(UTE)in both canopy and boundary layers under extreme weather/climate conditions is of significant interest.Rapid population and economic growth in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD)have made it one of the largest city clusters in China.Here,we explore the three-dimensional(3D)UTE in the YRD using multi-source observations from high-resolution automatic weather stations,radiosondes,and eddy covariance sensors during the record-setting heat wave(HW)of July-August 2013.It is found that the regional canopy layer UTE is up to 0.6-1.2℃,and the nocturnal UTE(0.7-1.6℃)is larger than daytime UTE(0.2-0.5℃)during the HW.The regional canopy layer UTE is enhanced and expanded northwards,with some rural sites contaminated by the urban influences,especially at night.In the boundary layer,the strengthened regional UTE extends vertically to at least 925 hPa(~750 m)during this HW.The strengthened 3D UTE in the YRD is associated with an enlarged Bowen ratio difference between urban and non-urban areas.These findings about the 3D UTE are beneficial for better understanding of the thermal environment of large city clusters under HW and for more appropriate adaption and mitigation strategies.
