In the process of tumor proliferation and metastasis,tumor cells encounter hypoxia,low glucose,acidosis,and other stressful environments.These conditions prompt tumor cells to generate endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS...In the process of tumor proliferation and metastasis,tumor cells encounter hypoxia,low glucose,acidosis,and other stressful environments.These conditions prompt tumor cells to generate endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS).As a signal mechanism that mitigates ERS in eukaryotic cells,the unfolded protein response(UPR)pathway can activate cells and tissues,regulating pathological activities in various cells,and maintaining ER homeostasis.It forms the most crucial adaptive and defensive mechanism for cells.However,under the continuous influence of chemotherapy drugs,the quantity of unfolded proteins and erroneous proteins produced by tumor cells significantly increases,surpassing the normal regulatory range of UPR.Consequently,ERS fails to function properly,fostering tumor cell proliferation and the development of drug resistance.This review delves into the study of three UPR pathways(PERK,IRE1,and ATF6),elucidating the mechanisms of drug resistance and research progress in the signal transduction pathway of UPR related to cancers.It provides a profound understanding of the role and relationship between UPR and anti-tumor drugs,offering a new direction for effective clinical treatment.展开更多
Light detection and ranging(LiDAR),as a hot imaging technology in both industry and academia,has undergone rapid innovation and evolution.The current mainstream direction is towards system miniaturization and integrat...Light detection and ranging(LiDAR),as a hot imaging technology in both industry and academia,has undergone rapid innovation and evolution.The current mainstream direction is towards system miniaturization and integration.There are many metrics that can be used to evaluate the performance of a LiDAR system,such as lateral resolution,ranging accuracy,stability,size,and price.Until recently,with the continuous enrichment of LiDAR application scenarios,the pursuit of imaging speed has attracted tremendous research interest.Particularly,for autonomous vehicles running on motorways or industrial automation applications,the imaging speed of LiDAR systems is a critical bottleneck.In this review,we will focus on discussing the upper speed limit of the LiDAR system.Based on the working mechanism,the limitation of optical parts on the maximum imaging speed is analyzed.The beam scanner has the greatest impact on imaging speed.We provide the working principle of current popular beam scanners used in LiDAR systems and summarize the main constraints on the scanning speed.Especially,we highlight the spectral scanning LiDAR as a new paradigm of ultrafast LiDAR.Additionally,to further improve the imaging speed,we then review the parallel detection methods,which include multiple-detector schemes and multiplexing technologies.Furthermore,we summarize the LiDAR systems with the fastest point acquisition rate reported nowadays.In the outlook,we address the current technical challenges for ultrafast LiDAR systems from different aspects and give a brief analysis of the feasibility of different approaches.展开更多
文摘In the process of tumor proliferation and metastasis,tumor cells encounter hypoxia,low glucose,acidosis,and other stressful environments.These conditions prompt tumor cells to generate endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS).As a signal mechanism that mitigates ERS in eukaryotic cells,the unfolded protein response(UPR)pathway can activate cells and tissues,regulating pathological activities in various cells,and maintaining ER homeostasis.It forms the most crucial adaptive and defensive mechanism for cells.However,under the continuous influence of chemotherapy drugs,the quantity of unfolded proteins and erroneous proteins produced by tumor cells significantly increases,surpassing the normal regulatory range of UPR.Consequently,ERS fails to function properly,fostering tumor cell proliferation and the development of drug resistance.This review delves into the study of three UPR pathways(PERK,IRE1,and ATF6),elucidating the mechanisms of drug resistance and research progress in the signal transduction pathway of UPR related to cancers.It provides a profound understanding of the role and relationship between UPR and anti-tumor drugs,offering a new direction for effective clinical treatment.
基金Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School-Shenzhen Pengrui Young Faculty Program of Shenzhen Pengrui Foundation(SZPR2023008)Shenzhen Technology and Innovation Council(WDZC20200820160650001)。
文摘Light detection and ranging(LiDAR),as a hot imaging technology in both industry and academia,has undergone rapid innovation and evolution.The current mainstream direction is towards system miniaturization and integration.There are many metrics that can be used to evaluate the performance of a LiDAR system,such as lateral resolution,ranging accuracy,stability,size,and price.Until recently,with the continuous enrichment of LiDAR application scenarios,the pursuit of imaging speed has attracted tremendous research interest.Particularly,for autonomous vehicles running on motorways or industrial automation applications,the imaging speed of LiDAR systems is a critical bottleneck.In this review,we will focus on discussing the upper speed limit of the LiDAR system.Based on the working mechanism,the limitation of optical parts on the maximum imaging speed is analyzed.The beam scanner has the greatest impact on imaging speed.We provide the working principle of current popular beam scanners used in LiDAR systems and summarize the main constraints on the scanning speed.Especially,we highlight the spectral scanning LiDAR as a new paradigm of ultrafast LiDAR.Additionally,to further improve the imaging speed,we then review the parallel detection methods,which include multiple-detector schemes and multiplexing technologies.Furthermore,we summarize the LiDAR systems with the fastest point acquisition rate reported nowadays.In the outlook,we address the current technical challenges for ultrafast LiDAR systems from different aspects and give a brief analysis of the feasibility of different approaches.
