The penetration of new energy sources such as wind power is increasing,which consequently increases the occurrence rate of subsynchronous oscillation events.However,existing subsynchronous oscillation source-identific...The penetration of new energy sources such as wind power is increasing,which consequently increases the occurrence rate of subsynchronous oscillation events.However,existing subsynchronous oscillation source-identification methods primarily analyze fixed-mode oscillations and rarely consider time-varying features,such as frequency drift,caused by the random volatility of wind farms when oscillations occur.This paper proposes a subsynchronous oscillation sourcelocalization method that involves an enhanced short-time Fourier transform and a convolutional neural network(CNN).First,an enhanced STFT is performed to secure high-resolution time-frequency distribution(TFD)images from the measured data of the generation unit ports.Next,these TFD images are amalgamated to form a subsynchronous oscillation feature map that serves as input to the CNN to train the localization model.Ultimately,the trained CNN model realizes the online localization of subsynchronous oscillation sources.The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method are validated via multimachine system models simulating forced and natural oscillation events using the Power Systems Computer Aided Design platform.Test results show that the proposed method can localize subsynchronous oscillation sources online while considering unpredictable fluctuations in wind farms,thus providing a foundation for oscillation suppression in practical engineering scenarios.展开更多
To analyze the additional cost caused by the performance attenuation of a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer(PEMEL)under the fluctuating input of renewable energy,this study proposes an optimization method for powe...To analyze the additional cost caused by the performance attenuation of a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer(PEMEL)under the fluctuating input of renewable energy,this study proposes an optimization method for power scheduling in hydrogen production systems under the scenario of photovoltaic(PV)electrolysis of water.First,voltage and performance attenuation models of the PEMEL are proposed,and the degradation cost of the electrolyzer under a fluctuating input is considered.Then,the calculation of the investment and operating costs of the hydrogen production system for a typical day is based on the life cycle cost.Finally,a layered power scheduling optimization method is proposed to reasonably distribute the power of the electrolyzer and energy storage system in a hydrogen production system.In the up-layer optimization,the PV power absorbed by the hydrogen production system was optimized using MALTAB+Gurobi.In low-layer optimization,the power allocation between the PEMEL and battery energy storage system(BESS)is optimized using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm(NSGA-Ⅱ)combined with the firefly algorithm(FA).A better optimization result,characterized by lower degradation and total costs,was obtained using the method proposed in this study.The improved algorithm can search for a better population and obtain optimization results in fewer iterations.As a calculation example,data from a PV power station in northwest China were used for optimization,and the effectiveness and rationality of the proposed optimization method were verified.展开更多
The premise and basis of load modeling are substation load composition inquiries and cluster analyses.However,the traditional kernel fuzzy C-means(KFCM)algorithm is limited by artificial clustering number selection an...The premise and basis of load modeling are substation load composition inquiries and cluster analyses.However,the traditional kernel fuzzy C-means(KFCM)algorithm is limited by artificial clustering number selection and its convergence to local optimal solutions.To overcome these limitations,an improved KFCM algorithm with adaptive optimal clustering number selection is proposed in this paper.This algorithm optimizes the KFCM algorithm by combining the powerful global search ability of genetic algorithm and the robust local search ability of simulated annealing algorithm.The improved KFCM algorithm adaptively determines the ideal number of clusters using the clustering evaluation index ratio.Compared with the traditional KFCM algorithm,the enhanced KFCM algorithm has robust clustering and comprehensive abilities,enabling the efficient convergence to the global optimal solution.展开更多
The equivalent simplification of large wind farms is essential for evaluating the safety of power systems.However,sub-synchronous oscillations can significantly affect the stability of power systems.Although detailed ...The equivalent simplification of large wind farms is essential for evaluating the safety of power systems.However,sub-synchronous oscillations can significantly affect the stability of power systems.Although detailed mathematical models of wind farms can help accurately analyze the oscillation mechanism,the solution process is complicated and may lead to problems such as the“dimensional disaster.”Therefore,this paper proposes a sub-synchronous frequency domain-equivalent modeling method for wind farms based on the nature of the equivalent resistance of the rotor,in order to analyze sub-synchronous oscillations accurately.To this end,Matlab/Simulink is used to simulate a detailed model,a single-unit model,and an equivalent model,considering a wind farm as an example.A simulation analysis is then performed under the sub-synchronous frequency to prove that the model is effective and that the wind farm equivalence model method is valid.展开更多
Alkaline stress has serious-negative effects on citrus production.Ziyang xiangcheng(Citrus junos Sieb.ex Tanaka)(Cj)is a rootstock that is tolerant to alkaline stress and iron deficiency.Trifoliate orange(Poncirus tri...Alkaline stress has serious-negative effects on citrus production.Ziyang xiangcheng(Citrus junos Sieb.ex Tanaka)(Cj)is a rootstock that is tolerant to alkaline stress and iron deficiency.Trifoliate orange(Poncirus trifoliata(L.)Raf.)(Pt),the most widely used rootstock in China,is sensitive to alkaline stress.To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the tolerance of Cj to alkaline stress,next-generation sequencing was employed to profile the root transcriptomes and small RNAs of Cj and Pt seedlings that were cultured in nutrient solutions along a three pH gradient.This two-level regulation data set provides a system-level view of molecular events with a precise resolution.The data suggest that the auxin pathway may play a central role in the inhibitory effect of alkaline stress on root growth and that the regulation of auxin homeostasis under alkaline stress is important for the adaptation of citrus to alkaline stress.Moreover,the jasmonate(JA)pathway exhibits the opposite response to alkaline stress in Cj and Pt and may contribute to the differences in the alkaline stress tolerance and iron acquisition between Cj and Pt.The dataset provides a wealth of genomic resources and new clues to further study the mechanisms underlying alkaline stress resistance in Cj.展开更多
In this paper,a typical-operation-curve generation method of a hydrogen energy storage system operating under the mode of stabilizing wind power fluctuations is proposed.This method is used to optimize the power and c...In this paper,a typical-operation-curve generation method of a hydrogen energy storage system operating under the mode of stabilizing wind power fluctuations is proposed.This method is used to optimize the power and capacity configuration of the energy storage system.The time series curves of the charging and discharging powers of the hydrogen energy storage are obtained by EMD decomposition,and the curves are classified according to the similarities and differences of the characteristic parameters in different time periods.After the classification,typical charging and discharging power values of each type of curve at each moment are obtained by a cloud model,and then,typical operation curves of each type are obtained by integration.On this basis,the power and capacity of the energy storage system are optimized with the objective of economic optimization through the MATLAB CPLEX toolbox.Combined with the measured data of a wind farm with an installed capacity of 400 MW in Northeast China,the validity and rationality of the typical operation curve generation method proposed in this paper are verified.展开更多
For the load modeling of a large power grid,the large number of substations covered by it must be segregated into several categories and,thereafter,a load model built for each type.To address the problem of skewed clu...For the load modeling of a large power grid,the large number of substations covered by it must be segregated into several categories and,thereafter,a load model built for each type.To address the problem of skewed clustering tree in the classical hierarchical clustering method used for categorizing substations,a fair hierarchical clustering method is proposed in this paper.First,the fairness index is defined based on the Gini coefficient.Thereafter,a hierarchical clustering method is proposed based on the fairness index.Finally,the clustering results are evaluated using the contour coefficient and the t-SNE two-dimensional plane map.The substations clustering example of a real large power grid considered in this paper illustrates that the proposed fair hierarchical clustering method can effectively address the problem of the skewed clustering tree with high accuracy.展开更多
This paper presents a novel Koopman Operator based framework to estimate the region of attraction for power system transient stability analysis.The Koopman eigenfunctions are used to numerically construct a Lyapunov f...This paper presents a novel Koopman Operator based framework to estimate the region of attraction for power system transient stability analysis.The Koopman eigenfunctions are used to numerically construct a Lyapunov function.Then the level set of the function is utilized to estimate the boundary of the region of attraction.The method provides a systematic method to construct the Lyapunov function with data sampled from the state space,which suits any power system models and is easy to use compared to traditional Lyapunov direct methods.In addition,the constructed Lyapunov function can capture the geometric properties of the region of attraction,thus providing useful information about the instability modes.The method has been verified by a simple illustrative example and three power system models,including a voltage source converter interfaced system to analyze the large signal synchronizing instability induced by the phase lock loop dynamics.The proposed method provides an alternative approach to understanding the geometric properties and estimating the boundary of the region of attraction of power systems in a data driven manner.Index Terms-Koopman operator,lyapunov function,power system transient stability,region of attraction.展开更多
DearEditor,Eukaryotic transcription by RNA polymerase I(Pol I)is a strictly regulated process that involves the interplay of numerous factors.Promoter-proximal pausing is a regulatory mechanism that connects transcrip...DearEditor,Eukaryotic transcription by RNA polymerase I(Pol I)is a strictly regulated process that involves the interplay of numerous factors.Promoter-proximal pausing is a regulatory mechanism that connects transcription initiation and productive elongation in metazoans(Core and Adelman,2019).Pol II forms a paused elongation complex(PEC)through binding of two transcriptional regulation factors DSIF and NELF(Vos et al.,2018).Following the duration of pausing,Pol II either proceeds into productive elongation or undergoes promoter-proximal premature transcription termination(PTT)(Kamieniarz-Gdula and Proudfoot,2019),which plays a decisive role in determining transcriptional outputs.展开更多
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome,hypercoagulability,hypertension,and multiorgan dysfunction.Effective antivirals with safe clinical pro...Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome,hypercoagulability,hypertension,and multiorgan dysfunction.Effective antivirals with safe clinical profile are urgently needed to improve the overall prognosis.In an analysis of a randomly collected cohort of 124 patients with COVID-19,we found that hypercoagulability as indicated by elevated concentrations of D-dimers was associated with disease severity.By virtual screening of a U.S.FDA approved drug library,we identified an anticoagulation agent dipyridamole(DIP)in silico,which suppressed SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro.In a proof-of-concept trial involving 31 patients with COVID-19,DIP supplementation was associated with significantly decreased concentrations of D-dimers(P<0.05),increased lymphocyte and platelet recovery in the circulation,and markedly improved clinical outcomes in comparison to the control patients.In particular,all 8 of the DIP-treated severely ill patients showed remarkable improvement:7 patients(87.5%)achieved clinical cure and were discharged from the hospitals while the remaining 1 patient(12.5%)was in clinical remission.展开更多
Dear Editor,The Hippo tumor suppressor pathway plays an important role in development and tumorigenesis.Yes-associated protein(YAP)is a major effector of the Hippo pathway regulating the expression of genes involved i...Dear Editor,The Hippo tumor suppressor pathway plays an important role in development and tumorigenesis.Yes-associated protein(YAP)is a major effector of the Hippo pathway regulating the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation,cell death,and cell differentiation(Pan,2010;Johnson and Haider,2014;Piccolo etal.,2014;Yu etal.,2015).In intestine,YAP is mainly expressed in leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5(LGR5)marked stem cells,and is required for regeneration following tissue damage and the development of colon cancer in mice(Cai etal.,2010;Barry etal.,2013;Wang etal.,2017).Moreover,in colorectal cancer(CRC)specimens,elevated YAP expression and activity is frequently observed(Steinhardt et al.,2008).It has been shown that high YAP expression is associated with cancer metastasis,poor prognosis,resistance to chemotherapy,and greater possibility of relapse(Johnson and Haider,2014;Yu etal.,2015).展开更多
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(5100202199536A-0-5-ZN)。
文摘The penetration of new energy sources such as wind power is increasing,which consequently increases the occurrence rate of subsynchronous oscillation events.However,existing subsynchronous oscillation source-identification methods primarily analyze fixed-mode oscillations and rarely consider time-varying features,such as frequency drift,caused by the random volatility of wind farms when oscillations occur.This paper proposes a subsynchronous oscillation sourcelocalization method that involves an enhanced short-time Fourier transform and a convolutional neural network(CNN).First,an enhanced STFT is performed to secure high-resolution time-frequency distribution(TFD)images from the measured data of the generation unit ports.Next,these TFD images are amalgamated to form a subsynchronous oscillation feature map that serves as input to the CNN to train the localization model.Ultimately,the trained CNN model realizes the online localization of subsynchronous oscillation sources.The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method are validated via multimachine system models simulating forced and natural oscillation events using the Power Systems Computer Aided Design platform.Test results show that the proposed method can localize subsynchronous oscillation sources online while considering unpredictable fluctuations in wind farms,thus providing a foundation for oscillation suppression in practical engineering scenarios.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Materials and Process Basis of Electrolytic Hydrogen Production from Fluctuating Power Sources such as Photovoltaic/Wind Power,No.2021YFB4000100)。
文摘To analyze the additional cost caused by the performance attenuation of a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer(PEMEL)under the fluctuating input of renewable energy,this study proposes an optimization method for power scheduling in hydrogen production systems under the scenario of photovoltaic(PV)electrolysis of water.First,voltage and performance attenuation models of the PEMEL are proposed,and the degradation cost of the electrolyzer under a fluctuating input is considered.Then,the calculation of the investment and operating costs of the hydrogen production system for a typical day is based on the life cycle cost.Finally,a layered power scheduling optimization method is proposed to reasonably distribute the power of the electrolyzer and energy storage system in a hydrogen production system.In the up-layer optimization,the PV power absorbed by the hydrogen production system was optimized using MALTAB+Gurobi.In low-layer optimization,the power allocation between the PEMEL and battery energy storage system(BESS)is optimized using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm(NSGA-Ⅱ)combined with the firefly algorithm(FA).A better optimization result,characterized by lower degradation and total costs,was obtained using the method proposed in this study.The improved algorithm can search for a better population and obtain optimization results in fewer iterations.As a calculation example,data from a PV power station in northwest China were used for optimization,and the effectiveness and rationality of the proposed optimization method were verified.
基金supported by the Planning Special Project of Guangdong Power Grid Co.,Ltd.:“Study on load modeling based on total measurement and discrimination method suitable for system characteristic analysis and calculation during the implementation of target grid in Guangdong power grid”(0319002022030203JF00023).
文摘The premise and basis of load modeling are substation load composition inquiries and cluster analyses.However,the traditional kernel fuzzy C-means(KFCM)algorithm is limited by artificial clustering number selection and its convergence to local optimal solutions.To overcome these limitations,an improved KFCM algorithm with adaptive optimal clustering number selection is proposed in this paper.This algorithm optimizes the KFCM algorithm by combining the powerful global search ability of genetic algorithm and the robust local search ability of simulated annealing algorithm.The improved KFCM algorithm adaptively determines the ideal number of clusters using the clustering evaluation index ratio.Compared with the traditional KFCM algorithm,the enhanced KFCM algorithm has robust clustering and comprehensive abilities,enabling the efficient convergence to the global optimal solution.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China“Response-driven intelligent enhanced analysis and control for bulk power system stability”(No.2021YFB2400800)。
文摘The equivalent simplification of large wind farms is essential for evaluating the safety of power systems.However,sub-synchronous oscillations can significantly affect the stability of power systems.Although detailed mathematical models of wind farms can help accurately analyze the oscillation mechanism,the solution process is complicated and may lead to problems such as the“dimensional disaster.”Therefore,this paper proposes a sub-synchronous frequency domain-equivalent modeling method for wind farms based on the nature of the equivalent resistance of the rotor,in order to analyze sub-synchronous oscillations accurately.To this end,Matlab/Simulink is used to simulate a detailed model,a single-unit model,and an equivalent model,considering a wind farm as an example.A simulation analysis is then performed under the sub-synchronous frequency to prove that the model is effective and that the wind farm equivalence model method is valid.
基金supported by the National Modern Citrus Industry System(CARS-26)NSFC(Natural Science Foundation of China)(31601729),NSFC(31521092)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2015M582242).
文摘Alkaline stress has serious-negative effects on citrus production.Ziyang xiangcheng(Citrus junos Sieb.ex Tanaka)(Cj)is a rootstock that is tolerant to alkaline stress and iron deficiency.Trifoliate orange(Poncirus trifoliata(L.)Raf.)(Pt),the most widely used rootstock in China,is sensitive to alkaline stress.To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the tolerance of Cj to alkaline stress,next-generation sequencing was employed to profile the root transcriptomes and small RNAs of Cj and Pt seedlings that were cultured in nutrient solutions along a three pH gradient.This two-level regulation data set provides a system-level view of molecular events with a precise resolution.The data suggest that the auxin pathway may play a central role in the inhibitory effect of alkaline stress on root growth and that the regulation of auxin homeostasis under alkaline stress is important for the adaptation of citrus to alkaline stress.Moreover,the jasmonate(JA)pathway exhibits the opposite response to alkaline stress in Cj and Pt and may contribute to the differences in the alkaline stress tolerance and iron acquisition between Cj and Pt.The dataset provides a wealth of genomic resources and new clues to further study the mechanisms underlying alkaline stress resistance in Cj.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Materials and Process Basis of Electrolytic Hydrogen Production from Fluctuating Power Sources such as Photovoltaic/Wind Power,No.2021YFB4000100).
文摘In this paper,a typical-operation-curve generation method of a hydrogen energy storage system operating under the mode of stabilizing wind power fluctuations is proposed.This method is used to optimize the power and capacity configuration of the energy storage system.The time series curves of the charging and discharging powers of the hydrogen energy storage are obtained by EMD decomposition,and the curves are classified according to the similarities and differences of the characteristic parameters in different time periods.After the classification,typical charging and discharging power values of each type of curve at each moment are obtained by a cloud model,and then,typical operation curves of each type are obtained by integration.On this basis,the power and capacity of the energy storage system are optimized with the objective of economic optimization through the MATLAB CPLEX toolbox.Combined with the measured data of a wind farm with an installed capacity of 400 MW in Northeast China,the validity and rationality of the typical operation curve generation method proposed in this paper are verified.
基金supported by the Major Science and Technology Project of Yunnan Province entitled“Research and Application of Key Technologies of Power Grid Operation Analysis and Protection Control for Improving Green Power Consumption”(202002AF080001)the China South Power Grid Science and Technology Project entitled“Research on Load Model and Modeling Method of Yunnan Power Grid”(YNKJXM20180017).
文摘For the load modeling of a large power grid,the large number of substations covered by it must be segregated into several categories and,thereafter,a load model built for each type.To address the problem of skewed clustering tree in the classical hierarchical clustering method used for categorizing substations,a fair hierarchical clustering method is proposed in this paper.First,the fairness index is defined based on the Gini coefficient.Thereafter,a hierarchical clustering method is proposed based on the fairness index.Finally,the clustering results are evaluated using the contour coefficient and the t-SNE two-dimensional plane map.The substations clustering example of a real large power grid considered in this paper illustrates that the proposed fair hierarchical clustering method can effectively address the problem of the skewed clustering tree with high accuracy.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China Response-driven intelligent enhanced analysis and control for bulk power system stability(2021YFB2400800)。
文摘This paper presents a novel Koopman Operator based framework to estimate the region of attraction for power system transient stability analysis.The Koopman eigenfunctions are used to numerically construct a Lyapunov function.Then the level set of the function is utilized to estimate the boundary of the region of attraction.The method provides a systematic method to construct the Lyapunov function with data sampled from the state space,which suits any power system models and is easy to use compared to traditional Lyapunov direct methods.In addition,the constructed Lyapunov function can capture the geometric properties of the region of attraction,thus providing useful information about the instability modes.The method has been verified by a simple illustrative example and three power system models,including a voltage source converter interfaced system to analyze the large signal synchronizing instability induced by the phase lock loop dynamics.The proposed method provides an alternative approach to understanding the geometric properties and estimating the boundary of the region of attraction of power systems in a data driven manner.Index Terms-Koopman operator,lyapunov function,power system transient stability,region of attraction.
基金supported by grants from the National key R&D program of China(No.2021YFA1300100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32271308,32030055,31830107,and 31821002)+2 种基金the XPLORER Prize(YX.),the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(No.2017SHZDZX01)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission(No.19JC1411500)the Science and Technology Major Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China to the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock(No.2020ZD0008).
文摘DearEditor,Eukaryotic transcription by RNA polymerase I(Pol I)is a strictly regulated process that involves the interplay of numerous factors.Promoter-proximal pausing is a regulatory mechanism that connects transcription initiation and productive elongation in metazoans(Core and Adelman,2019).Pol II forms a paused elongation complex(PEC)through binding of two transcriptional regulation factors DSIF and NELF(Vos et al.,2018).Following the duration of pausing,Pol II either proceeds into productive elongation or undergoes promoter-proximal premature transcription termination(PTT)(Kamieniarz-Gdula and Proudfoot,2019),which plays a decisive role in determining transcriptional outputs.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFB0202600 and 2020YFC0841400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(91742109,8152204,31770978,81773674,and 21877134)+8 种基金National Health&Medical Research of Australia(1080321,1143976 and 1150425)Science Foundation of Guangzhou City(201904020023,China)Guangdong Province Higher Vocational Colleges and Schools Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme(2016 and 2019,China)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction Foundation(2017B030314030,China)Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program(2017BT01Y093,China)Zhejiang University special scientific research fund for COVID-19 prevention and control(China)National Health&Medical Research of Australia(1080321,1143976,and 1150425)Taikang Insurance Group Co.,Ltd.Beijing Taikang Yicai Foundation(Beijing,China)
文摘Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome,hypercoagulability,hypertension,and multiorgan dysfunction.Effective antivirals with safe clinical profile are urgently needed to improve the overall prognosis.In an analysis of a randomly collected cohort of 124 patients with COVID-19,we found that hypercoagulability as indicated by elevated concentrations of D-dimers was associated with disease severity.By virtual screening of a U.S.FDA approved drug library,we identified an anticoagulation agent dipyridamole(DIP)in silico,which suppressed SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro.In a proof-of-concept trial involving 31 patients with COVID-19,DIP supplementation was associated with significantly decreased concentrations of D-dimers(P<0.05),increased lymphocyte and platelet recovery in the circulation,and markedly improved clinical outcomes in comparison to the control patients.In particular,all 8 of the DIP-treated severely ill patients showed remarkable improvement:7 patients(87.5%)achieved clinical cure and were discharged from the hospitals while the remaining 1 patient(12.5%)was in clinical remission.
基金This work was supported by Grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31571479,81622038,81772965,31830107,31821002,and 31425008)the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFA0500700 and 2018YFA0800304)+3 种基金Commission of Shanghai Municipality(19JC1411100 and 2017BR018)the National Ten-Thousand Talent Program(Y.X.)the National Program for support of Top-Notch Young Professionals(Y.X.)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB08000000).
文摘Dear Editor,The Hippo tumor suppressor pathway plays an important role in development and tumorigenesis.Yes-associated protein(YAP)is a major effector of the Hippo pathway regulating the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation,cell death,and cell differentiation(Pan,2010;Johnson and Haider,2014;Piccolo etal.,2014;Yu etal.,2015).In intestine,YAP is mainly expressed in leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5(LGR5)marked stem cells,and is required for regeneration following tissue damage and the development of colon cancer in mice(Cai etal.,2010;Barry etal.,2013;Wang etal.,2017).Moreover,in colorectal cancer(CRC)specimens,elevated YAP expression and activity is frequently observed(Steinhardt et al.,2008).It has been shown that high YAP expression is associated with cancer metastasis,poor prognosis,resistance to chemotherapy,and greater possibility of relapse(Johnson and Haider,2014;Yu etal.,2015).
基金We thank staff members Biomedical Core Facility, Fudan University and National Center for Protein Science Shanghai for their help on Mass Spectrometry analyses. We thank the Tsinghua Cryo-EM Facility and High Performance Computation Facility of National Center for Protein Science Beijing for their support in cryo-EM data collection and processing. This work was supported by Grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. U1432242, 31425008, 91419301）, Basic Research Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission （No. 12JC1402700）, the Program of Shanghai Subject Chief Scientist （,No. 14XD1400500）.
