Although the lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have been increasingly applied in consumer electronics, electric vehicles,and smart grid, they still face great challenges from the continuously improving requirements of energ...Although the lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have been increasingly applied in consumer electronics, electric vehicles,and smart grid, they still face great challenges from the continuously improving requirements of energy density, power density, service life, and safety. To solve these issues, various studies have been conducted surrounding the battery design and management methods in recent decades. In the hope of providing some inspirations to the research in this field, the state of the art of design and management methods for LIBs are reviewed here from the perspective of process systems engineering. First, different types of battery models are summarized extensively, including electrical model and multi-physics coupled model, and the parameter identification methods are introduced correspondingly. Next, the model based battery design methods are reviewed briefly on three different scales, namely, electrode scale, cell scale, and pack scale. Then, the battery model based battery management methods, especially the state estimation methods with different model types are thoroughly compared. The key science and technology challenges for the development of battery systems engineering are clarified finally.展开更多
We study the approaches to two-dimensional integrable field theories via a six-dimensional(6 D) holomorphic Chern-Simons theory defined on twistor space. Under symmetry reduction, it reduces to a 4 D Chern-Simons theo...We study the approaches to two-dimensional integrable field theories via a six-dimensional(6 D) holomorphic Chern-Simons theory defined on twistor space. Under symmetry reduction, it reduces to a 4 D Chern-Simons theory, while under solving along fibres it leads to a four-dimensional(4 D) integrable theory, the anti-self-dual Yang-Mills or its generalizations. From both 4 D theories, various two-dimensional integrable field theories can be obtained. In this work, we try to investigate several twodimensional integrable deformations in this framework. We find that the λ-deformation, the rational η-deformation, and the generalized λ-deformation can not be realized from the 4 D integrable model approach, even though they could be obtained from the 4 D Chern-Simons theory. The obstacle stems from the incompatibility between the symmetry reduction and the boundary conditions. Nevertheless, we show that a coupled theory of the λ-deformation and the η-deformation in the trigonometric description could be obtained from the 6 D theory in both ways, by considering the case that(3, 0)-form in the 6 D theory is allowed to have zeros.展开更多
基金National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFB0905000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21978166).
文摘Although the lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have been increasingly applied in consumer electronics, electric vehicles,and smart grid, they still face great challenges from the continuously improving requirements of energy density, power density, service life, and safety. To solve these issues, various studies have been conducted surrounding the battery design and management methods in recent decades. In the hope of providing some inspirations to the research in this field, the state of the art of design and management methods for LIBs are reviewed here from the perspective of process systems engineering. First, different types of battery models are summarized extensively, including electrical model and multi-physics coupled model, and the parameter identification methods are introduced correspondingly. Next, the model based battery design methods are reviewed briefly on three different scales, namely, electrode scale, cell scale, and pack scale. Then, the battery model based battery management methods, especially the state estimation methods with different model types are thoroughly compared. The key science and technology challenges for the development of battery systems engineering are clarified finally.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11735001)supported by the National Youth Fund (Grant No. 12105289)+1 种基金the UCAS Program of Special Research Associatethe Internal Funds of the KITS。
文摘We study the approaches to two-dimensional integrable field theories via a six-dimensional(6 D) holomorphic Chern-Simons theory defined on twistor space. Under symmetry reduction, it reduces to a 4 D Chern-Simons theory, while under solving along fibres it leads to a four-dimensional(4 D) integrable theory, the anti-self-dual Yang-Mills or its generalizations. From both 4 D theories, various two-dimensional integrable field theories can be obtained. In this work, we try to investigate several twodimensional integrable deformations in this framework. We find that the λ-deformation, the rational η-deformation, and the generalized λ-deformation can not be realized from the 4 D integrable model approach, even though they could be obtained from the 4 D Chern-Simons theory. The obstacle stems from the incompatibility between the symmetry reduction and the boundary conditions. Nevertheless, we show that a coupled theory of the λ-deformation and the η-deformation in the trigonometric description could be obtained from the 6 D theory in both ways, by considering the case that(3, 0)-form in the 6 D theory is allowed to have zeros.
