Cryptic species are commonly misidentified because of high morphological similarities to other species.One group of plants that may harbor large numbers of cryptic species is the quillworts(Isoetes spp.),an ancient aq...Cryptic species are commonly misidentified because of high morphological similarities to other species.One group of plants that may harbor large numbers of cryptic species is the quillworts(Isoetes spp.),an ancient aquatic plant lineage.Although over 350 species of Isoetes have been reported globally,only ten species have been recorded in China.The aim of this study is to better understand Isoetes species diversity in China.For this purpose,we systematically explored the phylogeny and evolution of Isoetes using complete chloroplast genome(plastome)data,spore morphology,chromosome number,genetic structure,and haplotypes of almost all Chinese Isoetes populations.We identified three ploidy levels of Isoetes in Chinaddiploid(2n=22),tetraploid(2n=44),and hexaploid(2n=66).We also found four megaspore and microspore ornamentation types in diploids,six in tetraploids,and three in hexaploids.Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that I.hypsophila as the ancestral group of the genus and revealed that Isoetes diploids,tetraploids,and hexaploids do not form monophyletic clades.Most individual species possess a single genetic structure;however,several samples have conflicting positions on the phylogenetic tree based on SNPs and the tree based on plastome data.All 36 samples shared 22 haplotypes.Divergence time analysis showed that I.hypsophila diverged in the early Eocene(~48.05 Ma),and most other Isoetes species diverged 3-20 Ma.Additionally,different species of Isoetes were found to inhabit different water systems and environments along the Yangtze River.These findings provide new insights into the relationships among Isoetes species in China,where highly similar morphologic populations may harbor many cryptic species.展开更多
Background： In vitro experiments have revealed that toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4） pathway is involved in the progression ofimmunoglobulin A nephropathy （IgAN） by induction of proinflammatory cytokines. Evidence sho...Background： In vitro experiments have revealed that toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4） pathway is involved in the progression ofimmunoglobulin A nephropathy （IgAN） by induction of proinflammatory cytokines. Evidence showed that, in other disease models, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-7 （PPAR-7） agonists have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects through suppression of the expression and activity of TLR4. However, the interaction between PPAR-7 and TLR4 in IgAN has not been fully studied both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we explored whether TLR4 pathway attributed to the progression of IgAN in experimental rats. Methods： Bovine gamma globulin was used to establish IgAN model. Fifty-four Lewis rats were randomly divided into six groups： ControliaK242, IgANTAK242, toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor （TAK242） groups （rats were administrated with TLR4 inhibitor, TAK242） and Controlpo, IgANpo, Pio groups （rats were administrated with PPAR-y agonist, pioglitazone）. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio （ACR）, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. Renal histopathological changes were observed after hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the IgA deposition in glomeruli was measured by immunofluorescence staining. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to detect TLR4 and interleukin- 1 beta （IL- 1β） message ribonucleic acid （mRNA） and protein expression in renal tissues. Results were presented as mean -4- standard deviation. Differences between groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Results： Compared to normal rats, experimental rats showed higher ACR （4.45 ± 1.33 mg/mmol vs. 2.89 ± 0.96 mg/mmol, P 〈 0.05）, obvious IgA deposition with mesangial hypercellularity, hyperplasia of mesangial matrix accompanied by increased serum IL-Iβ （48.28 ± 13.49 μg/ml vs. 35.56 ± 7.41μg/ml, P 〈 0.05）, and renal expression of IL-Iβ and TLR4. The biochemical parameters and renal pathological injury were relieved in both TAK242 group and Pio group. The expressions of renal tissue TLR4, IL-Iβ, and serum IL- 1 β were decreased in rats treated with TAK242, and the expression ofTLR4 mRNA and protein was significantly reduced in Pio group compared to IgANpo group （1.22 4± 0.28 vs. 1.72 ± 0.45, P 〈 0.01, and 0.12 ± 0.03 vs. 0.21 ± 0.05, P 〈 0.01）. Conclusions： Our study proves that inflammation mediated by TLR4 signaling pathway is involved in the progression of IgAN in rat models. Moreover, pioglitazone can inhibit the expression of TLR4 in IgAN.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization(grant number OC202103)the Harbin Normal University Postgraduate Innovation Project(grant number HSDBSCX2021-01)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China General Projects(grant number 32170216)the Hangzhou Science and Technology Development Project(grant number 20201203B113).
文摘Cryptic species are commonly misidentified because of high morphological similarities to other species.One group of plants that may harbor large numbers of cryptic species is the quillworts(Isoetes spp.),an ancient aquatic plant lineage.Although over 350 species of Isoetes have been reported globally,only ten species have been recorded in China.The aim of this study is to better understand Isoetes species diversity in China.For this purpose,we systematically explored the phylogeny and evolution of Isoetes using complete chloroplast genome(plastome)data,spore morphology,chromosome number,genetic structure,and haplotypes of almost all Chinese Isoetes populations.We identified three ploidy levels of Isoetes in Chinaddiploid(2n=22),tetraploid(2n=44),and hexaploid(2n=66).We also found four megaspore and microspore ornamentation types in diploids,six in tetraploids,and three in hexaploids.Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that I.hypsophila as the ancestral group of the genus and revealed that Isoetes diploids,tetraploids,and hexaploids do not form monophyletic clades.Most individual species possess a single genetic structure;however,several samples have conflicting positions on the phylogenetic tree based on SNPs and the tree based on plastome data.All 36 samples shared 22 haplotypes.Divergence time analysis showed that I.hypsophila diverged in the early Eocene(~48.05 Ma),and most other Isoetes species diverged 3-20 Ma.Additionally,different species of Isoetes were found to inhabit different water systems and environments along the Yangtze River.These findings provide new insights into the relationships among Isoetes species in China,where highly similar morphologic populations may harbor many cryptic species.
文摘Background： In vitro experiments have revealed that toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4） pathway is involved in the progression ofimmunoglobulin A nephropathy （IgAN） by induction of proinflammatory cytokines. Evidence showed that, in other disease models, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-7 （PPAR-7） agonists have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects through suppression of the expression and activity of TLR4. However, the interaction between PPAR-7 and TLR4 in IgAN has not been fully studied both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we explored whether TLR4 pathway attributed to the progression of IgAN in experimental rats. Methods： Bovine gamma globulin was used to establish IgAN model. Fifty-four Lewis rats were randomly divided into six groups： ControliaK242, IgANTAK242, toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor （TAK242） groups （rats were administrated with TLR4 inhibitor, TAK242） and Controlpo, IgANpo, Pio groups （rats were administrated with PPAR-y agonist, pioglitazone）. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio （ACR）, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. Renal histopathological changes were observed after hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the IgA deposition in glomeruli was measured by immunofluorescence staining. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to detect TLR4 and interleukin- 1 beta （IL- 1β） message ribonucleic acid （mRNA） and protein expression in renal tissues. Results were presented as mean -4- standard deviation. Differences between groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Results： Compared to normal rats, experimental rats showed higher ACR （4.45 ± 1.33 mg/mmol vs. 2.89 ± 0.96 mg/mmol, P 〈 0.05）, obvious IgA deposition with mesangial hypercellularity, hyperplasia of mesangial matrix accompanied by increased serum IL-Iβ （48.28 ± 13.49 μg/ml vs. 35.56 ± 7.41μg/ml, P 〈 0.05）, and renal expression of IL-Iβ and TLR4. The biochemical parameters and renal pathological injury were relieved in both TAK242 group and Pio group. The expressions of renal tissue TLR4, IL-Iβ, and serum IL- 1 β were decreased in rats treated with TAK242, and the expression ofTLR4 mRNA and protein was significantly reduced in Pio group compared to IgANpo group （1.22 4± 0.28 vs. 1.72 ± 0.45, P 〈 0.01, and 0.12 ± 0.03 vs. 0.21 ± 0.05, P 〈 0.01）. Conclusions： Our study proves that inflammation mediated by TLR4 signaling pathway is involved in the progression of IgAN in rat models. Moreover, pioglitazone can inhibit the expression of TLR4 in IgAN.
