Background Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland that has serious economic impacts on the dairy industry and endangers food safety.Our previous study found that the body has a gut/rumen-mammary glan...Background Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland that has serious economic impacts on the dairy industry and endangers food safety.Our previous study found that the body has a gut/rumen-mammary gland axis and that disturbance of the gut/rumen microbiota could result in‘gastroenterogenic mastitis'.However,the mechanism has not been fully clarified.Recently,we found that long-term feeding of a high-concentrate diet induced mastitis in dairy cows,and the abundance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia(S.maltophilia)was significantly increased in both the rumen and milk microbiota.Accordingly,we hypothesized that‘gastroenterogenic mastitis'can be induced by the migration of endogenous gut bacteria to the mammary gland.Therefore,this study investigated the mechanism by which enterogenic S.maltophilia induces mastitis.Results First,S.maltophilia was labelled with superfolder GFP and administered to mice via gavage.The results showed that treatment with S.maltophilia promoted the occurrence of mastitis and increased the permeability of the blood-milk barrier,leading to intestinal inflammation and intestinal leakage.Furthermore,tracking of ingested S.maltophilia revealed that S.maltophilia could migrate from the gut to the mammary gland and induce mastitis.Subsequently,mammary gland transcriptome analysis showed that the calcium and AMPK signalling pathways were significantly upregulated in mice treated with S.maltophilia.Then,using mouse mammary epithelial cells(MMECs),we verified that S.maltophilia induces mastitis through activation of the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway.Conclusions In conclusion,the results showed that enterogenic S.maltophilia could migrate from the gut to the mammary gland via the gut-mammary axis and activate the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway to induce mastitis.Targeting the gut-mammary gland axis may also be an effective method to treat mastitis.展开更多
Ocean fronts play important roles in nutrient transport and in the shaping ecological patterns.Frontal zones in small bays are typically small in scale,have a complex structure,and they are spatially and temporally va...Ocean fronts play important roles in nutrient transport and in the shaping ecological patterns.Frontal zones in small bays are typically small in scale,have a complex structure,and they are spatially and temporally variable,but there are limited data on how biological communities respond to this variation.Hangzhou Bay,a mediumsized estuary in China,is an ideal place in which to study the response of plankton to small-scale ocean fronts,because three water masses(Qiantang River Diluted Water,Changjiang River Diluted Water,and the East China Sea current) converge here and form dynamic salinity fronts throughout the year.We investigate zooplankton communities,and temperature,salinity and chlorophyll a(Chl a) in Hangzhou Bay in June(wet perio d) and December(dry period) of 2022 and examine the dominant environmental factors that affect zooplankton community spatial variability.We then match the spatial distributions of zooplankton communities with those of salinity fronts.S alinity is the most important explanatory variable to affect zooplankton community spatial variability during both wet and dry periods,in that it contributes>60% of the variability in community structure.Furthermore,the spatial distributions of zooplankton match well with salinity fronts.During December,with weaker Qiantang River Diluted Water and a stronger secondary Changjiang River Plume,zooplankton communities occur in moderate salinity(MS,salinity range 15.6±2.2) and high salinity(HS,22.4±1.7) regions,and their ecological boundaries closely match the Qiantang River Diluted Water front.In June,different zooplankton communities occur in low salinity(LS,3.9±1.0),MS(11.7±3.6) and HS(21.3±1.9) regions.Although the LS region occurs abnormally in the central bay rather than its apex because of the anomalous influence of rising and falling tides during the sampling perio d,the ecological boundaries still match salinity interfaces.Low-salinity or brackish-water zooplankter taxa are relatively more abundant in LS or MS regions,and the biomass and abundance of zooplankton is higher in the MS region.展开更多
Minimax algorithm and machine learning technologies have been studied for decades to reach an ideal optimization in game areas such as chess and backgammon. In these fields, several generations try to optimize the cod...Minimax algorithm and machine learning technologies have been studied for decades to reach an ideal optimization in game areas such as chess and backgammon. In these fields, several generations try to optimize the code for pruning and effectiveness of evaluation function. Thus, there are well-armed algorithms to deal with various sophisticated situations in gaming occasion. However, as a traditional zero-sum game, Connect-4 receives less attention compared with the other members of its zero-sum family using traditional minimax algorithm. In recent years, new generation of heuristics is created to address this problem based on research conclusions, expertise and gaming experiences. However, this paper mainly introduced a self-developed heuristics supported by well-demonstrated result from researches and our own experiences which fighting against the available version of Connect-4 system online. While most previous works focused on winning algorithms and knowledge based approaches, we complement these works with analysis of heuristics. We have conducted three experiments on the relationship among functionality, depth of searching and number of features and doing contrastive test with sample online. Different from the sample based on summarized experience and generalized features, our heuristics have a basic concentration on detailed connection between pieces on board. By analysing the winning percentages when our version fights against the online sample with different searching depths, we find that our heuristics with minimax algorithm is perfect on the early stages of the zero-sum game playing. Because some nodes in the game tree have no influence on the final decision of minimax algorithm, we use alpha-beta pruning to decrease the number of meaningless node which greatly increases the minimax efficiency. During the contrastive experiment with the online sample, this paper also verifies basic characters of the minimax algorithm including depths and quantity of features. According to the experiment, these two characters can both effect the decision for each step and none of them can be absolutely in charge. Besides, we also explore some potential future issues in Connect-4 game optimization such as precise adjustment on heuristic values and inefficiency pruning on the search tree.展开更多
The hot pressing process parameters were optimized to prepare flax fiber reinforced polyethylene(PE)thermoplastic composite by the Taguchi method.The optimal hot pressing process parameters were determined to increase...The hot pressing process parameters were optimized to prepare flax fiber reinforced polyethylene(PE)thermoplastic composite by the Taguchi method.The optimal hot pressing process parameters were determined to increase the tensile strength of the composite.The optimal parameters of the design include the following sections:hot pressing temperature,pressure,hot pressing time and coupling agent modification time.An L9(3*4)orthogonal matrix based on the Taguchi method was created.By means of analysis of signal-to-noise ratio and analysis of variance,the optimal hot pressing process parameters combination was found,compared to the average tensile strength in the nine design experiments,and the tensile strength was improved nearly 10%.展开更多
The rivet joints have been widely applied in aerospace and vehicle fields.During the joining process of the carbon fiber reinforced plastic(CFRP)laminates,the pre-tightening force of pulling-rivet was the key factor t...The rivet joints have been widely applied in aerospace and vehicle fields.During the joining process of the carbon fiber reinforced plastic(CFRP)laminates,the pre-tightening force of pulling-rivet was the key factor to ensure the connection performance.To predict the impact of clamping loads on stress and failure of laminates,the value of stress and damage evolution of the wall of a hole under the pre-tightening force were simulated by the finite element method.The results of the simulation showed that excessive clamping force led to the damage and failure of CFRP in the hole edge.Connection performance together with progressive failure process and failure modes of CFRP laminates with various pre-tightening forces were investigated.A kind of metal embedded parts embedded in the laminates was designed to reduce the damage by the simulation study.Simulation results showed that embedment reduced the failure and damage efficiently.The embedment reduced about 64%of the maximum stress.展开更多
Background To compare the preventive effects of levetiracetam and valproate on late-onset post-traumatic seizures in patients with traumatic brain injury(TBI).Methods A total of 95 patients with TBI were recruited fro...Background To compare the preventive effects of levetiracetam and valproate on late-onset post-traumatic seizures in patients with traumatic brain injury(TBI).Methods A total of 95 patients with TBI were recruited from 2017 to 2020.They were randomized into three groups:levetiracetam(LEV)group(n=30)receiving LEV treatment(500 mg,bid,po);valproate group(n=32)receiving sodium valproate(500 mg/d,once daily,po);and control group(n=33)receiving no anti-seizure medication.LEV and valproate were given to corresponding groups within seven days after TBI,and the administration lasted for one month.The incidence of epilepsy and adverse events were evaluated at 7 days and 12 months post-TBI.Results The cumulative incidences of late post-traumatic seizures at the 12-month follow-up in the LEV,valproate,and control groups were 3.33%,12.50%and 15.63%,respectively.The cumulative incidence of late post-traumatic seizures in the LEV group was significantly lower than those in the valproate and control groups(P<0.05).The cumulative incidence of late post-traumatic seizure in the valproate group was not significantly different from that in the control group(P>0.05).Conclusions LEV can reduce the cumulative incidence of late post-traumatic seizures,whereas valproate can not.展开更多
Fiber-reinforced composites have become the preferred material in the fields of aviation and aerospace because of their high-strength performance in unit weight.The composite components are manufactured by near netsha...Fiber-reinforced composites have become the preferred material in the fields of aviation and aerospace because of their high-strength performance in unit weight.The composite components are manufactured by near netshape and only require finishing operations to achieve final dimensional and assembly tolerances.Milling and grinding arise as the preferred choices because of their precision processing.Nevertheless,given their laminated,anisotropic,and heterogeneous nature,these materials are considered difficult-to-machine.As undesirable results and challenging breakthroughs,the surface damage and integrity of these materials is a research hotspot with important engineering significance.This review summarizes an up-to-date progress of the damage formation mechanisms and suppression strategies in milling and grinding for the fiber-reinforced composites reported in the literature.First,the formation mechanisms of milling damage,including delamination,burr,and tear,are analyzed.Second,the grinding mechanisms,covering material removal mechanism,thermal mechanical behavior,surface integrity,and damage,are discussed.Third,suppression strategies are reviewed systematically from the aspects of advanced cutting tools and technologies,including ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining,cryogenic cooling,minimum quantity lubrication(MQL),and tool optimization design.Ultrasonic vibration shows the greatest advantage of restraining machining force,which can be reduced by approximately 60%compared with conventional machining.Cryogenic cooling is the most effective method to reduce temperature with a maximum reduction of approximately 60%.MQL shows its advantages in terms of reducing friction coefficient,force,temperature,and tool wear.Finally,research gaps and future exploration directions are prospected,giving researchers opportunity to deepen specific aspects and explore new area for achieving high precision surface machining of fiber-reinforced composites.展开更多
Background:Local inflammation induced by microglial activation plays a significant role in the pathological process of cerebral ischemia.Angelica keiskei(Miq.)Koidz.,a traditional botanical drug,can be used as a diure...Background:Local inflammation induced by microglial activation plays a significant role in the pathological process of cerebral ischemia.Angelica keiskei(Miq.)Koidz.,a traditional botanical drug,can be used as a diuretic,laxative or galactagogue.Xanthoangelol(XA),an active chalcone compound from the aerial part of Angelica keiskei,has anti-inflammatory effects in the peripheral tissues.However,its effect against neuroinflammation is yet unclear.Objective:The present study aims to investigate whether XA could mitigate ischemic stroke damage through attenuating neuroinflammation due to microglia activation.Methods:Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion(MCAO/R)induced cerebral ischemia and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion(OGD/R)or lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia cells were utilized to evaluate XA’s protection against ischemic injury and neuroinflammation.The severity of brain injury was assessed using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC)staining and neurological assessment.The expressions of inflam-matory cytokines were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Reactive oxygen species(ROS)were assessed using dichlorodihydrofluores-cein diacetate(DCF-DA)staining.NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation was confirmed by immunofluorescence(IF)staining.The expressions of proteins were quantified by Western blotting.Results:XA was efficacious in reducing infarct size and improving neurological function in MCAO/R mice.In ischemic brain tissue,XA reduced microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression.In lipopolysac-charide(LPS)and OGD/R-induced cell models,XA suppressed the production of ROS and decreased the secretion of inflammatory cytokines.Additionally,XA suppressed the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and blocked the activation of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3)inflammasome.The protec-tion of XA against MCAO/R-induced damages was not attenuated in TLR4^(−/−)and MD2^(−/−)mice.Mito-TEMPO treatment reversed XA’s anti-inflammatory properties in OGD/R-induced BV2 cells.Conclusion:XA attenuates ischemic stroke injury by suppressing microglial inflammatory responses.This efficacy is tied to its antioxidant activity and is independent of Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)or myeloid differentiation protein 2(MD2).展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32102738,32122087,and 31972749)Scientific research project of Education Department of Jilin Province(No.JJKH20251201KJ)。
文摘Background Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland that has serious economic impacts on the dairy industry and endangers food safety.Our previous study found that the body has a gut/rumen-mammary gland axis and that disturbance of the gut/rumen microbiota could result in‘gastroenterogenic mastitis'.However,the mechanism has not been fully clarified.Recently,we found that long-term feeding of a high-concentrate diet induced mastitis in dairy cows,and the abundance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia(S.maltophilia)was significantly increased in both the rumen and milk microbiota.Accordingly,we hypothesized that‘gastroenterogenic mastitis'can be induced by the migration of endogenous gut bacteria to the mammary gland.Therefore,this study investigated the mechanism by which enterogenic S.maltophilia induces mastitis.Results First,S.maltophilia was labelled with superfolder GFP and administered to mice via gavage.The results showed that treatment with S.maltophilia promoted the occurrence of mastitis and increased the permeability of the blood-milk barrier,leading to intestinal inflammation and intestinal leakage.Furthermore,tracking of ingested S.maltophilia revealed that S.maltophilia could migrate from the gut to the mammary gland and induce mastitis.Subsequently,mammary gland transcriptome analysis showed that the calcium and AMPK signalling pathways were significantly upregulated in mice treated with S.maltophilia.Then,using mouse mammary epithelial cells(MMECs),we verified that S.maltophilia induces mastitis through activation of the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway.Conclusions In conclusion,the results showed that enterogenic S.maltophilia could migrate from the gut to the mammary gland via the gut-mammary axis and activate the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway to induce mastitis.Targeting the gut-mammary gland axis may also be an effective method to treat mastitis.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contact No.2021YFC3101702the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province under contact Nos LY22D060006 and LY14D060007+1 种基金the Key R&D Program of Zhejiang under contact No.2022C03044the Project of Long-term Observation and Research Plan in the Changjiang Estuary and Adjacent East China Sea (LORCE) under contact No.SZ2001。
文摘Ocean fronts play important roles in nutrient transport and in the shaping ecological patterns.Frontal zones in small bays are typically small in scale,have a complex structure,and they are spatially and temporally variable,but there are limited data on how biological communities respond to this variation.Hangzhou Bay,a mediumsized estuary in China,is an ideal place in which to study the response of plankton to small-scale ocean fronts,because three water masses(Qiantang River Diluted Water,Changjiang River Diluted Water,and the East China Sea current) converge here and form dynamic salinity fronts throughout the year.We investigate zooplankton communities,and temperature,salinity and chlorophyll a(Chl a) in Hangzhou Bay in June(wet perio d) and December(dry period) of 2022 and examine the dominant environmental factors that affect zooplankton community spatial variability.We then match the spatial distributions of zooplankton communities with those of salinity fronts.S alinity is the most important explanatory variable to affect zooplankton community spatial variability during both wet and dry periods,in that it contributes>60% of the variability in community structure.Furthermore,the spatial distributions of zooplankton match well with salinity fronts.During December,with weaker Qiantang River Diluted Water and a stronger secondary Changjiang River Plume,zooplankton communities occur in moderate salinity(MS,salinity range 15.6±2.2) and high salinity(HS,22.4±1.7) regions,and their ecological boundaries closely match the Qiantang River Diluted Water front.In June,different zooplankton communities occur in low salinity(LS,3.9±1.0),MS(11.7±3.6) and HS(21.3±1.9) regions.Although the LS region occurs abnormally in the central bay rather than its apex because of the anomalous influence of rising and falling tides during the sampling perio d,the ecological boundaries still match salinity interfaces.Low-salinity or brackish-water zooplankter taxa are relatively more abundant in LS or MS regions,and the biomass and abundance of zooplankton is higher in the MS region.
文摘Minimax algorithm and machine learning technologies have been studied for decades to reach an ideal optimization in game areas such as chess and backgammon. In these fields, several generations try to optimize the code for pruning and effectiveness of evaluation function. Thus, there are well-armed algorithms to deal with various sophisticated situations in gaming occasion. However, as a traditional zero-sum game, Connect-4 receives less attention compared with the other members of its zero-sum family using traditional minimax algorithm. In recent years, new generation of heuristics is created to address this problem based on research conclusions, expertise and gaming experiences. However, this paper mainly introduced a self-developed heuristics supported by well-demonstrated result from researches and our own experiences which fighting against the available version of Connect-4 system online. While most previous works focused on winning algorithms and knowledge based approaches, we complement these works with analysis of heuristics. We have conducted three experiments on the relationship among functionality, depth of searching and number of features and doing contrastive test with sample online. Different from the sample based on summarized experience and generalized features, our heuristics have a basic concentration on detailed connection between pieces on board. By analysing the winning percentages when our version fights against the online sample with different searching depths, we find that our heuristics with minimax algorithm is perfect on the early stages of the zero-sum game playing. Because some nodes in the game tree have no influence on the final decision of minimax algorithm, we use alpha-beta pruning to decrease the number of meaningless node which greatly increases the minimax efficiency. During the contrastive experiment with the online sample, this paper also verifies basic characters of the minimax algorithm including depths and quantity of features. According to the experiment, these two characters can both effect the decision for each step and none of them can be absolutely in charge. Besides, we also explore some potential future issues in Connect-4 game optimization such as precise adjustment on heuristic values and inefficiency pruning on the search tree.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)[grant nos.51605076,51875079]the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities[grant no.DUT18LAB18].
文摘The hot pressing process parameters were optimized to prepare flax fiber reinforced polyethylene(PE)thermoplastic composite by the Taguchi method.The optimal hot pressing process parameters were determined to increase the tensile strength of the composite.The optimal parameters of the design include the following sections:hot pressing temperature,pressure,hot pressing time and coupling agent modification time.An L9(3*4)orthogonal matrix based on the Taguchi method was created.By means of analysis of signal-to-noise ratio and analysis of variance,the optimal hot pressing process parameters combination was found,compared to the average tensile strength in the nine design experiments,and the tensile strength was improved nearly 10%.
文摘The rivet joints have been widely applied in aerospace and vehicle fields.During the joining process of the carbon fiber reinforced plastic(CFRP)laminates,the pre-tightening force of pulling-rivet was the key factor to ensure the connection performance.To predict the impact of clamping loads on stress and failure of laminates,the value of stress and damage evolution of the wall of a hole under the pre-tightening force were simulated by the finite element method.The results of the simulation showed that excessive clamping force led to the damage and failure of CFRP in the hole edge.Connection performance together with progressive failure process and failure modes of CFRP laminates with various pre-tightening forces were investigated.A kind of metal embedded parts embedded in the laminates was designed to reduce the damage by the simulation study.Simulation results showed that embedment reduced the failure and damage efficiently.The embedment reduced about 64%of the maximum stress.
基金funded by the Scientific Research Fund of China Association Against Epilepsy(No 2012002).
文摘Background To compare the preventive effects of levetiracetam and valproate on late-onset post-traumatic seizures in patients with traumatic brain injury(TBI).Methods A total of 95 patients with TBI were recruited from 2017 to 2020.They were randomized into three groups:levetiracetam(LEV)group(n=30)receiving LEV treatment(500 mg,bid,po);valproate group(n=32)receiving sodium valproate(500 mg/d,once daily,po);and control group(n=33)receiving no anti-seizure medication.LEV and valproate were given to corresponding groups within seven days after TBI,and the administration lasted for one month.The incidence of epilepsy and adverse events were evaluated at 7 days and 12 months post-TBI.Results The cumulative incidences of late post-traumatic seizures at the 12-month follow-up in the LEV,valproate,and control groups were 3.33%,12.50%and 15.63%,respectively.The cumulative incidence of late post-traumatic seizures in the LEV group was significantly lower than those in the valproate and control groups(P<0.05).The cumulative incidence of late post-traumatic seizure in the valproate group was not significantly different from that in the control group(P>0.05).Conclusions LEV can reduce the cumulative incidence of late post-traumatic seizures,whereas valproate can not.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFB2010500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51975305 and 51905289)+2 种基金Shandong Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant Nos.ZR2020KE027 and ZR2020ME158)the Innovation Talent Supporting Program for Postdoctoral Fellows of Shandong Province,China(Grant No.SDBX2020012)the Major Science and Technology Innovation Engineering Projects of Shandong Province,China(Grant No.2019JZZY020111).
文摘Fiber-reinforced composites have become the preferred material in the fields of aviation and aerospace because of their high-strength performance in unit weight.The composite components are manufactured by near netshape and only require finishing operations to achieve final dimensional and assembly tolerances.Milling and grinding arise as the preferred choices because of their precision processing.Nevertheless,given their laminated,anisotropic,and heterogeneous nature,these materials are considered difficult-to-machine.As undesirable results and challenging breakthroughs,the surface damage and integrity of these materials is a research hotspot with important engineering significance.This review summarizes an up-to-date progress of the damage formation mechanisms and suppression strategies in milling and grinding for the fiber-reinforced composites reported in the literature.First,the formation mechanisms of milling damage,including delamination,burr,and tear,are analyzed.Second,the grinding mechanisms,covering material removal mechanism,thermal mechanical behavior,surface integrity,and damage,are discussed.Third,suppression strategies are reviewed systematically from the aspects of advanced cutting tools and technologies,including ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining,cryogenic cooling,minimum quantity lubrication(MQL),and tool optimization design.Ultrasonic vibration shows the greatest advantage of restraining machining force,which can be reduced by approximately 60%compared with conventional machining.Cryogenic cooling is the most effective method to reduce temperature with a maximum reduction of approximately 60%.MQL shows its advantages in terms of reducing friction coefficient,force,temperature,and tool wear.Finally,research gaps and future exploration directions are prospected,giving researchers opportunity to deepen specific aspects and explore new area for achieving high precision surface machining of fiber-reinforced composites.
文摘Background:Local inflammation induced by microglial activation plays a significant role in the pathological process of cerebral ischemia.Angelica keiskei(Miq.)Koidz.,a traditional botanical drug,can be used as a diuretic,laxative or galactagogue.Xanthoangelol(XA),an active chalcone compound from the aerial part of Angelica keiskei,has anti-inflammatory effects in the peripheral tissues.However,its effect against neuroinflammation is yet unclear.Objective:The present study aims to investigate whether XA could mitigate ischemic stroke damage through attenuating neuroinflammation due to microglia activation.Methods:Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion(MCAO/R)induced cerebral ischemia and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion(OGD/R)or lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia cells were utilized to evaluate XA’s protection against ischemic injury and neuroinflammation.The severity of brain injury was assessed using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC)staining and neurological assessment.The expressions of inflam-matory cytokines were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Reactive oxygen species(ROS)were assessed using dichlorodihydrofluores-cein diacetate(DCF-DA)staining.NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation was confirmed by immunofluorescence(IF)staining.The expressions of proteins were quantified by Western blotting.Results:XA was efficacious in reducing infarct size and improving neurological function in MCAO/R mice.In ischemic brain tissue,XA reduced microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression.In lipopolysac-charide(LPS)and OGD/R-induced cell models,XA suppressed the production of ROS and decreased the secretion of inflammatory cytokines.Additionally,XA suppressed the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and blocked the activation of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3)inflammasome.The protec-tion of XA against MCAO/R-induced damages was not attenuated in TLR4^(−/−)and MD2^(−/−)mice.Mito-TEMPO treatment reversed XA’s anti-inflammatory properties in OGD/R-induced BV2 cells.Conclusion:XA attenuates ischemic stroke injury by suppressing microglial inflammatory responses.This efficacy is tied to its antioxidant activity and is independent of Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)or myeloid differentiation protein 2(MD2).
