Objective:To assess if casticin induces caspase-mediated apoptosis via activation of mitochondrial pathway and upregulation of DR5 in human lung cancer ceils.Methods:Human non-small-cell lung carcinoma cell lines H460...Objective:To assess if casticin induces caspase-mediated apoptosis via activation of mitochondrial pathway and upregulation of DR5 in human lung cancer ceils.Methods:Human non-small-cell lung carcinoma cell lines H460,AS49 and H157 were cultured in vitro.The cytotoxic activities were determined using MTT assay.The apoptotic cells death was examined by flow cytometry using PI staining and DMA agarose gel electrophoresis.The activities of caspase-3, -8 and -9 were measured via ELISA.Cellular fractionation was determined by flow cytometry to assess release of cytochrome c and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential.Bcl-2/Bcl-XL/ XIAP/Bid/ DR5 and DR4 proteins were analyzed using western blot.Results:The concentrations required for a 50%decrease in cell growth(IC<sub>50</sub>) ranged from 1.8 to 3.2 Jt M.Casticin induced rapid apoptosis and triggered a series of effects associated with apoptosis by way of mitochondrial pathway,including the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane,release of cytochrome c from mitochondria,activation of procaspase-9 and -3,and increase of DNA fragments.Moreover, the pan caspase inhibitor zVAD-FMK and the caspase-3 inhibitor zOEVD-FMK suppressed casticin-induced apoptosis.In addition,casticin induced XIAP and Bcl-XL down-regulation, Bax upregulation and Bid clearage.In H157 cell line,casticin increased expression of DRS at protein levels but not affect the expression of DR4.The prelreatmenl with DR5/Fc chimera protein effectively attenuated casticin-induced apoptosis in H157 cells.No correlation was found between cell sensitivity to casticin and that to p53 status,suggesting that casticin induce a p53- independent apoptosis.Conclusions:Our results demonstrate that casticin induces caspase-mediated apoptosis via activation of mitochondrial pathway and upregulation of DRS in human lung cancer cells.展开更多
Aptamers are a class of single oligonucleotide molecules(DNA or RNA)that are screened from random DNA or RNA oligonucleotide chain libraries by the systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment technology.Th...Aptamers are a class of single oligonucleotide molecules(DNA or RNA)that are screened from random DNA or RNA oligonucleotide chain libraries by the systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment technology.The selected aptamers are capable of specifically binding to different targeting molecules,which is achieved by the three-dimensional structure of aptamers.Aptamers are similar in function to monoclonal antibodies,and therefore,they are also referred to as"chemical antibodies".Due to their high affinity and specificity and low immunogenicity,aptamers are topics of intense interest in today's biological targeting research especially in tumor research.They not only have high potential for clinical advances in tumor targeting detection but also are highly promising as targeted tumor drug carriers for use in tumor therapy.Various experimental studies have shown that aptamer-based diagnostic and therapeutic methods for liver cancer have great potential for application.This paper summarizes the structure,characteristics,and screening methods of aptamers and reviews the recent research progress on nucleic acid aptamers in the targeted diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer.展开更多
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main reasons of tumor-related deaths worldwide.At present,the main treatment is surgery,but the results are unsatisfactory,and the prognosis is poor.The majority of patients die d...Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main reasons of tumor-related deaths worldwide.At present,the main treatment is surgery,but the results are unsatisfactory,and the prognosis is poor.The majority of patients die due to liver or lung metastasis or recurrence.In recent years,great progress has been made in the field of tumor gene therapy,providing a new treatment for combating CRC.As oncolytic viruses selectively replicate almost exclusively in the cytoplasm of tumor cells and do not require integration into the host genome,they are safer,more effective and more attractive as oncolytic agents.Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a natural RNA oncolytic virus.After NDV selectively infects tumor cells,the immune response induced by NDV’s envelope protein and intracellular factors can effectively kill the tumor without affecting normal cells.Reverse genetic techniques make NDV a vector for gene therapy.Arming the virus by inserting various exogenous genes or using NDV in combination with immunotherapy can also improve the anti-CRC capacity of NDV,and good results have been achieved in animal models and clinical treatment trials.This article reviews the molecular biological characteristics and oncolytic mechanism of NDV and discusses in vitro and in vivo experiments on NDV anti-CRC capacity and clinical treatment.In conclusion,NDV is an excellent candidate for cancer treatment,but more preclinical studies and clinical trials are needed to ensure its safety and efficacy.展开更多
Objective:To develop a novel artificial antigen-presenting system for efficiently inducing melanoma-specific CD8+CD28+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte（CTL） responses.Methods:Cell-sized Dynabeads? M-450 Epoxy beads coated wit...Objective:To develop a novel artificial antigen-presenting system for efficiently inducing melanoma-specific CD8+CD28+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte（CTL） responses.Methods:Cell-sized Dynabeads? M-450 Epoxy beads coated with H-2Kb:Ig-TRP2(181111K and anti-CD28 antibody were used as artificial antigen-presenting cells（aAPCs） lo induce melanoma-specific CD8*CD28’ CTL responses with the help of IL-2I and IL-I5.Dimer staining,proliferation,ELISPOT,and cytotoxicity experiments were conducted to evaluate the frequency and activity of induced CTLs.Results:Dimer staining demonstrated that the new artificial antigen-presenting system efficiently induced melanoma TRP2-specific CD8CD28' CTLs.Proliferation and ELISPOT assays indicated that the induced CTLs rapidly proliferate and produce increased IFN- y under the slimulalion of H-2K:Ig-TRP2-aAPCs,TL-15,and IL-21.In addition,cytoloxicily experiments showed lhat induced CTLs have specific killing activity of target cells.Conclusions:The new artificial antigen-presenting system including aAPCs plus IL-21 and IL-15 can induce a large number of antigen-specific CD8+CD28+ CTLs against the melanoma.Our study provides evidence for a novel adoptive immunotherapy against tumors.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effects of preoperative portal venous injection of donor spleen cells(PVIDSC) and intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin in the acute rejection of cardiac allograft in mice and the underly...Objective:To investigate the effects of preoperative portal venous injection of donor spleen cells(PVIDSC) and intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin in the acute rejection of cardiac allograft in mice and the underlying mechanisms. Methods:Homogenous female B6 mice and BALB/c mice were used as recipients and donors of heart transplantation. These mice were randomly divided into different groups and received PVIDSC alone,rapamycin alone,or PVIDSC and rapamycin combined therapy. In addition,the underlying mechanism was studied by measuring a number of cytokines. Results:Preoperative combination of PVIDSC and intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin significantly prolonged the survival of heterotopic cardiac allograft in mice,but had no effects on the survival time of cardiac allografts in mice pre-sensitized by skin grafting. Preoperative combination of PVIDSC and intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin increased the expression of IL-10 and Foxp3 and reduced the expression of INF-γ. Short-term preoperative administration of rapamycin promotes the expression of CD4^+CD25^+Foxp3^+ regulator T cells. However,preoperative using alone of rapamycin,or combination of PVIDSC and rapamycin had no effects on the inhibition of proliferation of memory T cells. Conclusions:Preoperative application of combination of PVIDSC and rapamycin significantly prolonged the survival time of cardiac allografts in mice but not in mice pre-sensitized by skin grafting. This may be explained by the fact that combination of PVIDSC and rapamycin inhibited the cellular immune response and induced the expression of IL-10 from Tr1 cells and CD4^+CD25^+FoxP3^+ regulatory T cells.展开更多
Background Inhibition of aging of vascular endothelial cells （VECs） may delay aging and prolong life. The goal of this study was to prepare anti-CD31 monoclonal antibody conjugated PEG-modified liposomes containing ...Background Inhibition of aging of vascular endothelial cells （VECs） may delay aging and prolong life. The goal of this study was to prepare anti-CD31 monoclonal antibody conjugated PEG-modified liposomes containing the AU-rich region connecting factor 1 （AUF1） gene （CD31-PILs-AUF1） and to explore the effects of targeting CD31-PILs-AUF1 to aging VECs. Methods The mean particle sizes of various PEGylated immunoliposomes （PILs） were measured using a Zetasizer Nano ZS. Gel retardation assay was used to confirm whether PILs had encapsulated the AUF1 plasmid successfully. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to quantify binding of CD31-PILs-AUF1 to target cells. Flow cytometry was also used to analyze the cell cycles of aging bEnd3 cells treated with CD31-PILs-AUF1. We also developed an aging mouse model by treating mice with D-galactose. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to evaluate the levels of interleuldn-6 （IL-6） and tumor necrosis factor-or （TNF-ct）. The malondialdehyde （MDA） and the superoxide dismutase （SOD） levels were detected by commercial kits. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to determine whether treatment with CD31-PILs-AUF 1 was toxic to the mice. Results CD31-PILs-AUF 1 specifically could targeted bEnd3 VECs and increased the percentage of cells in the S and G2/M phases of aging bEnd3 cells. ELISA showed that content of the IL-6 and TNF-ct decreased in CD31-PILs-AUF1 group. The level of SOD increased, whereas MDA decreased in the CD31-PILs-AUF1 group. Additionally, CD31-PILs-AUF 1 was not toxic to the mice. Conclusion CD31-PILs-AUF 1 targets VECs and may delay their senescence.展开更多
As a promising route to hydrogen production,hydrolysis of ammonia borane(AB)aqueous solution requires efficient and stable catalysts.In this paper,a carbon-coated zeolite is prepared by high temperature calcination us...As a promising route to hydrogen production,hydrolysis of ammonia borane(AB)aqueous solution requires efficient and stable catalysts.In this paper,a carbon-coated zeolite is prepared by high temperature calcination using glucose as carbon source.Ultrafine Ru nanoparticles are anchored on the composite support with core-shell structure using a simple in situ reduction method.The prepared catalyst expressed outstanding catalytic activity in the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB.The effects of support prepared by different synthesis parameters on the performance of catalyst are investigated.The Ru/S-1@C(RSC-2)catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic activity for hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB with a turnover frequency of 892 min^(-1)at room temperature.This performance is superior to that of many catalysts previously reported.The excellent catalytic activity is attributed to the carbon layer on catalyst surface effectively limiting the aggregation of Ru nanoparticles in the hydrolysis reaction.The zeolite also plays a role in preactivation of water.This pre-activation accelerates the ratelimiting step of water dissociation in the reaction.The kinetic studies for determining the activation energy(E_(a)=36.8 kJ·mol^(-1))were based on reaction temperature.The effects of catalyst concentration,AB concentration and NaOH concentration on hydrolysis rate of AB were further investigated.The high-performance catalysts and the preparation method in this study have wide application prospects in the field of clean energy.展开更多
Neuropilins(NRP1 and NRP2)are multifunctional receptor proteins that are involved in nerve,blood vessel,and tumor development.NRP1 was first found to be expressed in neurons,but subsequent studies have demonstrated it...Neuropilins(NRP1 and NRP2)are multifunctional receptor proteins that are involved in nerve,blood vessel,and tumor development.NRP1 was first found to be expressed in neurons,but subsequent studies have demonstrated its surface expression in cells from the endothelium and lymph nodes.NRP1 has been demonstrated to be involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of cancers.NRP1 interacts with various cytokines,such as vascular endothelial growth factor family and its receptor and transforming growth factor p i and its receptor,to affect tumor angiogenesis,tumor proliferation,and migration.In addition,NRP1+regulatory T cells(Tregs)play an inhibitory role in tumor immunity.High numbers of NRP1+Tregs were associated with cancer prognosis.Targeting NRP1 has shown promise,and antagonists against NRP1 have had therapeutic efficacy in preliminary clinical studies.NRP1 treatment modalities using nanomaterials,targeted drugs,oncolytic viruses,and radio-chemotherapy have gradually been developed.Hence,we reviewed the use of NRP1 in the context of tumorigenesis,progression,and treatment.展开更多
As an effective travel demand management means,park-and-ride(P&R)mode is an important part of urban traffic.In a traffic corridor with P&R service,suppose that the travel time on highway is uncertain,a cumulat...As an effective travel demand management means,park-and-ride(P&R)mode is an important part of urban traffic.In a traffic corridor with P&R service,suppose that the travel time on highway is uncertain,a cumulative prospect theory(CPT)-based travel decision-making model is established with two travel modes of driving all the way and(P&R).With this setting,the effect of various factors such as the transit fare rate,the parking fee and the total travel demand on the CPT-based and expected utility theory(EUT)-based equilibrium results are compared.In addition,the sensitivity analysis focus on CPT-related parameters are also performed.The numerical results in our case show that the equilibrium flow on P&R mode is always underestimated in an EUT-based model,especially for a low total travel demand.Also,it is found that reducing the transit fare rate or parking fee for P&R station and raising the parking fee for CBD has the same effect on promoting more commuters transfer to P&R mode,whatever CPT-based or EUT-based model is employed.Furthermore,commuter’s reference dependence characteristic is also observed in a CPT-based model,and it is especially noticeable when the road uncertainty is large.展开更多
基金supported,in part,by grants from the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China(Nos.30760248, 81072161,81172139,81060183)Programs for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(No. IRT1119)+4 种基金Programs for Guangxi Innovative Research Team (No.2011GXNSFF018005)Program of Science and Technology of Guangxi(No.1140003A-16)Project of Scientific Research of Hunan Province the Administration Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2010081)the Project of Scientific Research of Hunan Province the Department of Education (No.10C0975Major Project of Scientific Research of Hunan Province the Department of Education(No.09A054)
文摘Objective:To assess if casticin induces caspase-mediated apoptosis via activation of mitochondrial pathway and upregulation of DR5 in human lung cancer ceils.Methods:Human non-small-cell lung carcinoma cell lines H460,AS49 and H157 were cultured in vitro.The cytotoxic activities were determined using MTT assay.The apoptotic cells death was examined by flow cytometry using PI staining and DMA agarose gel electrophoresis.The activities of caspase-3, -8 and -9 were measured via ELISA.Cellular fractionation was determined by flow cytometry to assess release of cytochrome c and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential.Bcl-2/Bcl-XL/ XIAP/Bid/ DR5 and DR4 proteins were analyzed using western blot.Results:The concentrations required for a 50%decrease in cell growth(IC<sub>50</sub>) ranged from 1.8 to 3.2 Jt M.Casticin induced rapid apoptosis and triggered a series of effects associated with apoptosis by way of mitochondrial pathway,including the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane,release of cytochrome c from mitochondria,activation of procaspase-9 and -3,and increase of DNA fragments.Moreover, the pan caspase inhibitor zVAD-FMK and the caspase-3 inhibitor zOEVD-FMK suppressed casticin-induced apoptosis.In addition,casticin induced XIAP and Bcl-XL down-regulation, Bax upregulation and Bid clearage.In H157 cell line,casticin increased expression of DRS at protein levels but not affect the expression of DR4.The prelreatmenl with DR5/Fc chimera protein effectively attenuated casticin-induced apoptosis in H157 cells.No correlation was found between cell sensitivity to casticin and that to p53 status,suggesting that casticin induce a p53- independent apoptosis.Conclusions:Our results demonstrate that casticin induces caspase-mediated apoptosis via activation of mitochondrial pathway and upregulation of DRS in human lung cancer cells.
文摘Aptamers are a class of single oligonucleotide molecules(DNA or RNA)that are screened from random DNA or RNA oligonucleotide chain libraries by the systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment technology.The selected aptamers are capable of specifically binding to different targeting molecules,which is achieved by the three-dimensional structure of aptamers.Aptamers are similar in function to monoclonal antibodies,and therefore,they are also referred to as"chemical antibodies".Due to their high affinity and specificity and low immunogenicity,aptamers are topics of intense interest in today's biological targeting research especially in tumor research.They not only have high potential for clinical advances in tumor targeting detection but also are highly promising as targeted tumor drug carriers for use in tumor therapy.Various experimental studies have shown that aptamer-based diagnostic and therapeutic methods for liver cancer have great potential for application.This paper summarizes the structure,characteristics,and screening methods of aptamers and reviews the recent research progress on nucleic acid aptamers in the targeted diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer.
文摘Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main reasons of tumor-related deaths worldwide.At present,the main treatment is surgery,but the results are unsatisfactory,and the prognosis is poor.The majority of patients die due to liver or lung metastasis or recurrence.In recent years,great progress has been made in the field of tumor gene therapy,providing a new treatment for combating CRC.As oncolytic viruses selectively replicate almost exclusively in the cytoplasm of tumor cells and do not require integration into the host genome,they are safer,more effective and more attractive as oncolytic agents.Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a natural RNA oncolytic virus.After NDV selectively infects tumor cells,the immune response induced by NDV’s envelope protein and intracellular factors can effectively kill the tumor without affecting normal cells.Reverse genetic techniques make NDV a vector for gene therapy.Arming the virus by inserting various exogenous genes or using NDV in combination with immunotherapy can also improve the anti-CRC capacity of NDV,and good results have been achieved in animal models and clinical treatment trials.This article reviews the molecular biological characteristics and oncolytic mechanism of NDV and discusses in vitro and in vivo experiments on NDV anti-CRC capacity and clinical treatment.In conclusion,NDV is an excellent candidate for cancer treatment,but more preclinical studies and clinical trials are needed to ensure its safety and efficacy.
基金supported,in part,by grants from the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NECT-10-0098)the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China(Nos.81072161.81000769.81172139.and 81060183)+3 种基金Programs for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(No. IRT1119)Innovative Research Team in Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (No.2011-18-5)Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars in Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(2012jjFA40005)Project of science and technology of Guangxi (1140003A-17)
文摘Objective:To develop a novel artificial antigen-presenting system for efficiently inducing melanoma-specific CD8+CD28+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte（CTL） responses.Methods:Cell-sized Dynabeads? M-450 Epoxy beads coated with H-2Kb:Ig-TRP2(181111K and anti-CD28 antibody were used as artificial antigen-presenting cells（aAPCs） lo induce melanoma-specific CD8*CD28’ CTL responses with the help of IL-2I and IL-I5.Dimer staining,proliferation,ELISPOT,and cytotoxicity experiments were conducted to evaluate the frequency and activity of induced CTLs.Results:Dimer staining demonstrated that the new artificial antigen-presenting system efficiently induced melanoma TRP2-specific CD8CD28' CTLs.Proliferation and ELISPOT assays indicated that the induced CTLs rapidly proliferate and produce increased IFN- y under the slimulalion of H-2K:Ig-TRP2-aAPCs,TL-15,and IL-21.In addition,cytoloxicily experiments showed lhat induced CTLs have specific killing activity of target cells.Conclusions:The new artificial antigen-presenting system including aAPCs plus IL-21 and IL-15 can induce a large number of antigen-specific CD8+CD28+ CTLs against the melanoma.Our study provides evidence for a novel adoptive immunotherapy against tumors.
基金supported,in part,by grants from National Science and Technology Major Project---national major new drug creation (No. 2015GKS-462)National Natural Science Foundation of key projects (No. 81430055)+2 种基金National "Chang Jiang Scholars and Innovative Team Development Program" Innovation Team Rolling Support Project (No. IRT_15R13)Guangxi Science Research and Technology Development Project (No.Gui Ke He 1599005-2-10)Inter-provincial cooperation projects (No.Gui Ke He 14251001)
文摘Objective:To investigate the effects of preoperative portal venous injection of donor spleen cells(PVIDSC) and intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin in the acute rejection of cardiac allograft in mice and the underlying mechanisms. Methods:Homogenous female B6 mice and BALB/c mice were used as recipients and donors of heart transplantation. These mice were randomly divided into different groups and received PVIDSC alone,rapamycin alone,or PVIDSC and rapamycin combined therapy. In addition,the underlying mechanism was studied by measuring a number of cytokines. Results:Preoperative combination of PVIDSC and intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin significantly prolonged the survival of heterotopic cardiac allograft in mice,but had no effects on the survival time of cardiac allografts in mice pre-sensitized by skin grafting. Preoperative combination of PVIDSC and intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin increased the expression of IL-10 and Foxp3 and reduced the expression of INF-γ. Short-term preoperative administration of rapamycin promotes the expression of CD4^+CD25^+Foxp3^+ regulator T cells. However,preoperative using alone of rapamycin,or combination of PVIDSC and rapamycin had no effects on the inhibition of proliferation of memory T cells. Conclusions:Preoperative application of combination of PVIDSC and rapamycin significantly prolonged the survival time of cardiac allografts in mice but not in mice pre-sensitized by skin grafting. This may be explained by the fact that combination of PVIDSC and rapamycin inhibited the cellular immune response and induced the expression of IL-10 from Tr1 cells and CD4^+CD25^+FoxP3^+ regulatory T cells.
基金This work was supported by grants from the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation （No. 2015GXNSFAA139217 and 2016GXNSFAA380231）, a grant from The Scientific Research Fund of Guangxi Education Department （No. YB2014057） entitled ＂AU-rich region connecting factor 1 targeted vascular endothelial cells for anti-aging＂, a grant from the Youth Foundation in Guangxi Medical Univer- sity （No. GXMUYSF201328）, a grant from the Undergraduate Innovative plan in Guangxi （No. 201510598012）, and a grant from the Guangxi Education Department Grant entitled ＂Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Educa- tion＂.
文摘Background Inhibition of aging of vascular endothelial cells （VECs） may delay aging and prolong life. The goal of this study was to prepare anti-CD31 monoclonal antibody conjugated PEG-modified liposomes containing the AU-rich region connecting factor 1 （AUF1） gene （CD31-PILs-AUF1） and to explore the effects of targeting CD31-PILs-AUF1 to aging VECs. Methods The mean particle sizes of various PEGylated immunoliposomes （PILs） were measured using a Zetasizer Nano ZS. Gel retardation assay was used to confirm whether PILs had encapsulated the AUF1 plasmid successfully. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to quantify binding of CD31-PILs-AUF1 to target cells. Flow cytometry was also used to analyze the cell cycles of aging bEnd3 cells treated with CD31-PILs-AUF1. We also developed an aging mouse model by treating mice with D-galactose. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to evaluate the levels of interleuldn-6 （IL-6） and tumor necrosis factor-or （TNF-ct）. The malondialdehyde （MDA） and the superoxide dismutase （SOD） levels were detected by commercial kits. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to determine whether treatment with CD31-PILs-AUF 1 was toxic to the mice. Results CD31-PILs-AUF 1 specifically could targeted bEnd3 VECs and increased the percentage of cells in the S and G2/M phases of aging bEnd3 cells. ELISA showed that content of the IL-6 and TNF-ct decreased in CD31-PILs-AUF1 group. The level of SOD increased, whereas MDA decreased in the CD31-PILs-AUF1 group. Additionally, CD31-PILs-AUF 1 was not toxic to the mice. Conclusion CD31-PILs-AUF 1 targets VECs and may delay their senescence.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22279118,31901272,U1204203 and 21401168)the Key Projects of Shanxi Coal-based Low Carbon Joint Fund(No.U1710221)。
文摘As a promising route to hydrogen production,hydrolysis of ammonia borane(AB)aqueous solution requires efficient and stable catalysts.In this paper,a carbon-coated zeolite is prepared by high temperature calcination using glucose as carbon source.Ultrafine Ru nanoparticles are anchored on the composite support with core-shell structure using a simple in situ reduction method.The prepared catalyst expressed outstanding catalytic activity in the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB.The effects of support prepared by different synthesis parameters on the performance of catalyst are investigated.The Ru/S-1@C(RSC-2)catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic activity for hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB with a turnover frequency of 892 min^(-1)at room temperature.This performance is superior to that of many catalysts previously reported.The excellent catalytic activity is attributed to the carbon layer on catalyst surface effectively limiting the aggregation of Ru nanoparticles in the hydrolysis reaction.The zeolite also plays a role in preactivation of water.This pre-activation accelerates the ratelimiting step of water dissociation in the reaction.The kinetic studies for determining the activation energy(E_(a)=36.8 kJ·mol^(-1))were based on reaction temperature.The effects of catalyst concentration,AB concentration and NaOH concentration on hydrolysis rate of AB were further investigated.The high-performance catalysts and the preparation method in this study have wide application prospects in the field of clean energy.
文摘Neuropilins(NRP1 and NRP2)are multifunctional receptor proteins that are involved in nerve,blood vessel,and tumor development.NRP1 was first found to be expressed in neurons,but subsequent studies have demonstrated its surface expression in cells from the endothelium and lymph nodes.NRP1 has been demonstrated to be involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of cancers.NRP1 interacts with various cytokines,such as vascular endothelial growth factor family and its receptor and transforming growth factor p i and its receptor,to affect tumor angiogenesis,tumor proliferation,and migration.In addition,NRP1+regulatory T cells(Tregs)play an inhibitory role in tumor immunity.High numbers of NRP1+Tregs were associated with cancer prognosis.Targeting NRP1 has shown promise,and antagonists against NRP1 have had therapeutic efficacy in preliminary clinical studies.NRP1 treatment modalities using nanomaterials,targeted drugs,oncolytic viruses,and radio-chemotherapy have gradually been developed.Hence,we reviewed the use of NRP1 in the context of tumorigenesis,progression,and treatment.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.71671044,71301028 and 71303051)Excellent Youth Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2016J06017).
文摘As an effective travel demand management means,park-and-ride(P&R)mode is an important part of urban traffic.In a traffic corridor with P&R service,suppose that the travel time on highway is uncertain,a cumulative prospect theory(CPT)-based travel decision-making model is established with two travel modes of driving all the way and(P&R).With this setting,the effect of various factors such as the transit fare rate,the parking fee and the total travel demand on the CPT-based and expected utility theory(EUT)-based equilibrium results are compared.In addition,the sensitivity analysis focus on CPT-related parameters are also performed.The numerical results in our case show that the equilibrium flow on P&R mode is always underestimated in an EUT-based model,especially for a low total travel demand.Also,it is found that reducing the transit fare rate or parking fee for P&R station and raising the parking fee for CBD has the same effect on promoting more commuters transfer to P&R mode,whatever CPT-based or EUT-based model is employed.Furthermore,commuter’s reference dependence characteristic is also observed in a CPT-based model,and it is especially noticeable when the road uncertainty is large.
