Ischemic stroke is an important disease leading to death and disability for all human beings, and the key to its treatment lies in the early opening of obstructed vessels and restoration of perfusion to the local infa...Ischemic stroke is an important disease leading to death and disability for all human beings, and the key to its treatment lies in the early opening of obstructed vessels and restoration of perfusion to the local infarcted area. Intravenous thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is one of the effective therapies to achieve revascularization, but it faces strict indications with a narrow therapeutic time window, and significantly increases the incidence of hemorrhagic transformation, HT, after reperfusion of the infarcted foci, which greatly reduces the incidence of patients with ischemic stroke. which significantly increases the incidence of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after reperfusion of the infarcted focus, greatly reducing patient utilization and clinical benefit. Since the mechanism of HT has not been fully elucidated, and the related molecular mechanisms are complex and interactive, there is no specific and effective therapy to avoid the occurrence of HT. In this article, we focus on the research progress on the mechanism of HT after tPA intravenous thrombolysis in ischemic stroke patients from the aspects of vascular integrity disruption, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammatory response and the corresponding therapeutic strategies, in order to improve the safety and prognosis of tPA intravenous thrombolysis in the clinic.展开更多
Vertebrate neurons are highly dynamic cells that undergo several alterations in their functioning and physiologies in adaptation to various external stimuli.In particular,how these neurons respond to physical exercise...Vertebrate neurons are highly dynamic cells that undergo several alterations in their functioning and physiologies in adaptation to various external stimuli.In particular,how these neurons respond to physical exercise has long been an area of active research.Studies of the vertebrate locomotor system’s adaptability suggest multiple mechanisms are involved in the regulation of neuronal activity and properties during exercise.In this brief review,we highlight recent results and insights from the field with a focus on the following mechanisms:(a)alterations in neuronal excitability during acute exercise;(b)alterations in neuronal excitability after chronic exercise;(c)exercise-induced changes in neuronal membrane properties via modulation of ion channel activity;(d)exercise-enhanced dendritic plasticity;and(e)exercise-induced alterations in neuronal gene expression and protein synthesis.Our hope is to update the community with a cellular and molecular understanding of the recent mechanisms underlying the adaptability of the vertebrate locomotor system in response to both acute and chronic physical exercise.展开更多
Time synchronization(TS)is crucial for ensuring the secure and reliable functioning of the distribution power Internet of Things(IoT).Multi-clock source time synchronization(MTS)has significant advantages of high reli...Time synchronization(TS)is crucial for ensuring the secure and reliable functioning of the distribution power Internet of Things(IoT).Multi-clock source time synchronization(MTS)has significant advantages of high reliability and accuracy but still faces challenges such as optimization of the multi-clock source selection and the clock source weight calculation at different timescales,and the coupling of synchronization latency jitter and pulse phase difference.In this paper,the multi-timescale MTS model is conducted,and the reinforcement learning(RL)and analytic hierarchy process(AHP)-based multi-timescale MTS algorithm is designed to improve the weighted summation of synchronization latency jitter standard deviation and average pulse phase difference.Specifically,the multi-clock source selection is optimized based on Softmax in the large timescale,and the clock source weight calculation is optimized based on lower confidence bound-assisted AHP in the small timescale.Simulation shows that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce time synchronization delay standard deviation and average pulse phase difference.展开更多
An oasis is a unique natural landscape in arid and semi-arid areas,significant for regulating regional microclimates and hydrological processes in deserts.However,little is known regarding the response of natural oasi...An oasis is a unique natural landscape in arid and semi-arid areas,significant for regulating regional microclimates and hydrological processes in deserts.However,little is known regarding the response of natural oasis plants communities to various environmental factors.Nineteen sample plots(50 m×50 m)were selected in the Daliyabuyi Oasis in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland based on the location of groundwater monitoring wells and 76 vegetation quadrats(25 m×25 m)were established.A two-way indicator species analysis,Mantel test,detrended correspondence analysis,canonical correspondence analysis(CCA),and hierarchical partitioning were used to provide an in-depth analysis of community classification,species composition,and environmental interpretation of the oasis.A generalized linear model was used to verify the results which showed that the current oasis community could be divided into four types according to the dominant species,which is controlled by soil moisture.Measurement of species composition and distribution of communities showed significant differences between species diversity of individual community types.Variations in groundwater depth affects patterns of species diversity which is sensitive to richness,while the degree of surface water disturbance affects the pattern of species evenness.Moreover,the CCA ordination map showed that community distribution and diversity characteristics have their own preferences in habitat gradients.The study concluded that the species dominance of the community and the composition and distribution are not dominated by a single factor.There are differences in the scale and effect of different water resource types in maintaining community characteristics.展开更多
Anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)injury is one of the most common types of sports injuries.People’s need to participate in sports and desire for a high quality of life promotes the continuous development of ACL reconst...Anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)injury is one of the most common types of sports injuries.People’s need to participate in sports and desire for a high quality of life promotes the continuous development of ACL reconstruction technology.Arthroscopic ACL reconstruction has been recognized as an effective method for the treatment of ACL injuries.This review analyses and summarizes the advantages and limitations of each surgical procedure for arthroscopic ACL reconstruction reported in the relevant literature so as to promote the future development of more relevant techniques.展开更多
Both cholinergic dysfunction and protein citrullination are the hallmarks of rheumatoid arthritis(RA),but the relationship between the two phenomena remains unclear.We explored whether and how cholinergic dysfunction ...Both cholinergic dysfunction and protein citrullination are the hallmarks of rheumatoid arthritis(RA),but the relationship between the two phenomena remains unclear.We explored whether and how cholinergic dysfunction accelerates protein citrullination and consequently drives the development of RA.Cholinergic function and protein citrullination levels in patients with RA and collageninduced arthritis(CIA)mice were collected.In both neuron-macrophage coculture system and CIA mice,the effect of cholinergic dysfunction on protein citrullination and expression of peptidylarginine deiminases(PADs)was assessed by immunofluorescence.The key transcription factors for PAD4 expression were predicted and validated.Cholinergic dysfunction in the patients with RA and CIA mice negatively correlated with the degree of protein citrullination in synovial tissues.The cholinergic or alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(a7nAChR)deactivation and activation resulted in the promotion and reduction of protein citrullination in vitro and in vivo,respectively.Especially,the activation deficiency of a7nAChR induced the earlier onset and aggravation of CIA.Furthermore,deactivation of a7nAChR increased the expression of PAD4 and specificity protein-3(SP3)in vitro and in vivo.Our results suggest that cholinergic dysfunction-induced deficient a7nAChR activation,which induces the expression of SP3 and its downstream molecule PAD4,accelerating protein citrullination and the development of RA.展开更多
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has spread worldwide and threatened human’s health.With the passing of time,the epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 evolves and the know...The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has spread worldwide and threatened human’s health.With the passing of time,the epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 evolves and the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection accumulates.To further improve the scientific and standardized diagnosis and treatment of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in China,the Chinese Society of Perinatal Medicine of Chinese Medical Association commissioned leading experts to develop the Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection under the guidance of the Maternal and Child Health Department of the National Health Commission.This recommendations includes the epidemiology,diagnosis,management,maternal care,medication treatment,care of birth and newborns,and psychological support associated with maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection.It is hoped that the recommendations will effectively help the clinical management of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection.展开更多
Introduction:In terms of food preparation settings,catering service facilities have been identified as locations with the highest incidence of foodborne disease outbreaks in China.Since 2010,the China National Center ...Introduction:In terms of food preparation settings,catering service facilities have been identified as locations with the highest incidence of foodborne disease outbreaks in China.Since 2010,the China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment has established the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System(FDOSS)to monitor foodborne disease outbreaks.Consequently,data from the FDOSS has provided a more accurate depiction of the epidemic characteristics of outbreaks within these facilities.Methods:From 2010 to 2020,the FDOSS gathered data related to the prevalence of outbreaks,cases,hospitalizations,and deaths linked to foodborne disease outbreaks in catering service facilities.This study examined the temporal and geographical distribution,pathogenic factors,and contributing variables of these outbreaks over the course of the decade.Results:From 2010 to 2020,China’s catering service facilities reported 18,331 outbreaks,which resulted in 206,718 illnesses,68,561 hospitalizations,and 201 deaths.The second and third quarters of the year accounted for 76.12%of the outbreaks and 72.93%of the cases.The primary pathogenic factors were pathogenic organisms,which caused 4,883(26.64%)outbreaks,94,047(45.50%)cases,32,170(46.92%)hospitalizations,and 21(10.45%)deaths.There were 5,607(30.59%)outbreaks in restaurants,2,876(15.69%)outbreaks from street vendors,and 2,560(13.97%)outbreaks in employee canteens in China.Conclusions:The implementation of relevant control methods,including health education and promotion,is critical for addressing foodborne diseases in catering service facilities.Regular food safety training sessions for restaurant personnel and managers are essential to ensuring the effective management of these health risks.展开更多
从20世纪30年代至今,国际社会一直强调转让定价的分析需要遵循独立交易原则。但实践中很难在市场中找到可比的交易作为参照,以衡量关联交易方是否符合独立交易原则。在Altera Corp v. Commissioner一案中,美国最高法院于2020年6月否决...从20世纪30年代至今,国际社会一直强调转让定价的分析需要遵循独立交易原则。但实践中很难在市场中找到可比的交易作为参照,以衡量关联交易方是否符合独立交易原则。在Altera Corp v. Commissioner一案中,美国最高法院于2020年6月否决了纳税人Altera的复审申请。Altera案件争议点在于股权激励是否必须写入成本分摊协议,这也是大量跨国公司共同面临的转让定价问题。美国第九巡回上诉法院与美国税务法院的不同判决意见指出了独立交易原则的制度性缺陷。本文通过探讨Altera案件的前因后果,对比第九巡回上诉法院的先例判决,结合经济合作与发展组织《转让定价指南》,分析独立交易原则的适用性,并为解决该国际转让定价问题提出思路和建议。展开更多
Introduction:Foodborne diseases are a growing public health problem and have caused a large burden of disease in China.This study analyzed epidemiological characteristics of foodborne diseases in China in 2020 to prov...Introduction:Foodborne diseases are a growing public health problem and have caused a large burden of disease in China.This study analyzed epidemiological characteristics of foodborne diseases in China in 2020 to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control measures.Methods:Data were collected from 30 of 31 provincial-level administrative divisions(PLADs)in the mainland of China,excluding Xizang(Tibet)Autonomous Region,via the National Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Surveillance System・The number and proportion of outbreaks,illnesses,hospitalizations,deaths by setting,pathogen-food category pairs and etiology were calculated.Results:In 2020,7,073 foodborne disease outbreaks were reported,resulting in 37,454 illnesses and 143 deaths.Among the identified pathogens,microbial pathogens were the most common confirmed etiology,accounting for 41.7%of illnesses.Poisonous mushrooms caused the largest proportion of outbreaks(58.0%)and deaths(57.6%).For venues where foodborne disease outbreaks occur,household had the highest number of outbreaks(4,140)and deaths(128),and catering service locations caused the largest proportion of illnesses(59.9%).Outbreaks occurring between June and September accounted for 62.8%of total outbreaks.Conclusions:Foodborne disease outbreaks mainly occurred in households・Microbial pathogens remained the top cause of outbreak-associated illnesses.Poisonous mushrooms were ranked the top cause of deaths in private homes in China.The supervision and management of food safety and health education should be strengthened to reduce the burden of foodborne diseases・Publicity should be increased to reduce the incidence of mushroom poisonings in families,and supervision and management of food should be strengthened to reduce microbial contamination.展开更多
Objective To systematic review and analyze the practices and effects of integrating post-abortion family planning(PAFP)services into existing health system worldwide in order to inform the future interventions to deli...Objective To systematic review and analyze the practices and effects of integrating post-abortion family planning(PAFP)services into existing health system worldwide in order to inform the future interventions to deliver PAFP in China.Methods A systematic search for relevant published and unpublished literature was conducted.Based on a set of criteria,citation and full text were screened,related data were extracted.Findings of included studies were reviewed and analyzed using a textual narrative approach to synthesis.Results A total of 28 studies were included in the synthesis.The studies were published between 1995 and 2008 and covered 20 countries.Some countries were in the stage of piloting post-abortion care(PAC)/PAFP intervention,while others were either from piloting to scaling up or examined how well a pilot PAC/PAFP intervention and resulting improvements were able to be maintained over the long term in the same intervention site.Most studies examined initiatives that were implemented at public sectors from tertiary,secondary to primary health facilities,while a few were implemented at private sectors.Efforts of integrating PAFP into existing health system from health system perspectives such as funding the programs,training of trainer(TOT)training or on the job training of physicians and mid-level service provider,expansion the range of contraceptive methods available including a few free distribution of contraceptives,improving data collection including cost analysis in a few countries,service guidelines provided to health professionals,supportive supervision at program sites to ensure quality of care,and leadership from government to strengthen PAC/PAFP service by revising or developing a new national policy.Effects of those intervention programs included that 2 studies decreased abortion rates,7 studies improved modern contraceptive use,1 study improved women’s knowledge on sexual&reproductive health,and 5 studies reported women’s high satisfaction rate with receiving PAC/PAFP services.Conclusion Each study was conducted within a cultural,legal,social,and religious framework.There might be no single set of best practices that can be put forward as a model to integrate PAFP into existing health system in China.These areas should be taken into account in our future intervention including government’s optimization and complement to the regulations related to abortion,contraception and PAFP,capacity building for service provider,continuous efforts to improve the quality of PAFP service,and accessibility of multiple contraceptive methods for married as well as unmarried youth.展开更多
Accurate drug delivery to the lesion has been deliberated for several decades,but one important phenomenon is usually neglected that the immune system can prevent smooth transportation of nanomedicine.Although injecti...Accurate drug delivery to the lesion has been deliberated for several decades,but one important phenomenon is usually neglected that the immune system can prevent smooth transportation of nanomedicine.Although injection would reduce first-pass effect,macrophages in the blood can still recognize and phagocytose nanomedicine.Here we show that a lubricated nanocontainer,which is prepared based on polyelectrolytes and mesoporous silica nanoparticles,can accurately target muscarinic bioreceptor while escaping from the identification of macrophages.Through in vitro and in vivo studies,this nanocontainer,combining both immune escape and bioreceptor targeting,has greatly improved the drug bioavailability.Additionally,this nanocontainer shows good biocompatibility,and the targeted heart tissues and other important metabolic organs,such as liver and kidney,keep physiological structures and functions without the detection of side effects.Furthermore,the mechanism of immune escape for the developed nanocontainer has been investigated by lubrication test and molecular simulation.We anticipate that our study will establish a new perspective on the achievement of immune escape-based targeted drug delivery,which can provide a fundamental approach for the design of related biomaterials.展开更多
Amorphous materials are attractive candidates for fabricating the superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors(SNSPDs) due to their superior tolerance and scalability over crystalline niobium nitride. However, the...Amorphous materials are attractive candidates for fabricating the superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors(SNSPDs) due to their superior tolerance and scalability over crystalline niobium nitride. However, the reduced superconducting transition temperature degenerates both operating temperature and saturation efficiency. Herein, the SNSPD(6.5 nm thickness and 50 nm width) based on the amorphous Mo0.8Si0.2 film with a high optical absorption coefficient demonstrates close-to-unity intrinsic detection efficiency for 1550 nm photons from 75 m K to 2.2 K. Further, a high-performance array SNSPD with optimized 90 nm-width wires is also demonstrated. As-fabricated uniform 4-pixel SNSPD exhibits a saturation plateau for the photon counts at 2.2 K,which overcomes the limitation of operation at low temperature(< 1 K) for traditional amorphous SNSPDs.Coupled with superior intrinsic quantum efficiency, highly efficient photon counts, and low dark count ratio, this detector paves a way for achieving high efficiency and superior yield for large array systems.展开更多
文摘Ischemic stroke is an important disease leading to death and disability for all human beings, and the key to its treatment lies in the early opening of obstructed vessels and restoration of perfusion to the local infarcted area. Intravenous thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is one of the effective therapies to achieve revascularization, but it faces strict indications with a narrow therapeutic time window, and significantly increases the incidence of hemorrhagic transformation, HT, after reperfusion of the infarcted foci, which greatly reduces the incidence of patients with ischemic stroke. which significantly increases the incidence of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after reperfusion of the infarcted focus, greatly reducing patient utilization and clinical benefit. Since the mechanism of HT has not been fully elucidated, and the related molecular mechanisms are complex and interactive, there is no specific and effective therapy to avoid the occurrence of HT. In this article, we focus on the research progress on the mechanism of HT after tPA intravenous thrombolysis in ischemic stroke patients from the aspects of vascular integrity disruption, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammatory response and the corresponding therapeutic strategies, in order to improve the safety and prognosis of tPA intravenous thrombolysis in the clinic.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)to YD(32171129)from China Postdoctoral Science Foundation to YC(2023M731112)from NSFC to RG(32260216)。
文摘Vertebrate neurons are highly dynamic cells that undergo several alterations in their functioning and physiologies in adaptation to various external stimuli.In particular,how these neurons respond to physical exercise has long been an area of active research.Studies of the vertebrate locomotor system’s adaptability suggest multiple mechanisms are involved in the regulation of neuronal activity and properties during exercise.In this brief review,we highlight recent results and insights from the field with a focus on the following mechanisms:(a)alterations in neuronal excitability during acute exercise;(b)alterations in neuronal excitability after chronic exercise;(c)exercise-induced changes in neuronal membrane properties via modulation of ion channel activity;(d)exercise-enhanced dendritic plasticity;and(e)exercise-induced alterations in neuronal gene expression and protein synthesis.Our hope is to update the community with a cellular and molecular understanding of the recent mechanisms underlying the adaptability of the vertebrate locomotor system in response to both acute and chronic physical exercise.
基金supported by Science and Technology Project of China Southern Power Grid Company Limited under Grant Number 036000KK52200058(GDKJXM20202001).
文摘Time synchronization(TS)is crucial for ensuring the secure and reliable functioning of the distribution power Internet of Things(IoT).Multi-clock source time synchronization(MTS)has significant advantages of high reliability and accuracy but still faces challenges such as optimization of the multi-clock source selection and the clock source weight calculation at different timescales,and the coupling of synchronization latency jitter and pulse phase difference.In this paper,the multi-timescale MTS model is conducted,and the reinforcement learning(RL)and analytic hierarchy process(AHP)-based multi-timescale MTS algorithm is designed to improve the weighted summation of synchronization latency jitter standard deviation and average pulse phase difference.Specifically,the multi-clock source selection is optimized based on Softmax in the large timescale,and the clock source weight calculation is optimized based on lower confidence bound-assisted AHP in the small timescale.Simulation shows that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce time synchronization delay standard deviation and average pulse phase difference.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of the China Joint Key Program(No.U1703237)Postgraduate Research Innovation Project in the Autonomous Region(No.XJ2022G017)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Program(No.32160260)。
文摘An oasis is a unique natural landscape in arid and semi-arid areas,significant for regulating regional microclimates and hydrological processes in deserts.However,little is known regarding the response of natural oasis plants communities to various environmental factors.Nineteen sample plots(50 m×50 m)were selected in the Daliyabuyi Oasis in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland based on the location of groundwater monitoring wells and 76 vegetation quadrats(25 m×25 m)were established.A two-way indicator species analysis,Mantel test,detrended correspondence analysis,canonical correspondence analysis(CCA),and hierarchical partitioning were used to provide an in-depth analysis of community classification,species composition,and environmental interpretation of the oasis.A generalized linear model was used to verify the results which showed that the current oasis community could be divided into four types according to the dominant species,which is controlled by soil moisture.Measurement of species composition and distribution of communities showed significant differences between species diversity of individual community types.Variations in groundwater depth affects patterns of species diversity which is sensitive to richness,while the degree of surface water disturbance affects the pattern of species evenness.Moreover,the CCA ordination map showed that community distribution and diversity characteristics have their own preferences in habitat gradients.The study concluded that the species dominance of the community and the composition and distribution are not dominated by a single factor.There are differences in the scale and effect of different water resource types in maintaining community characteristics.
文摘Anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)injury is one of the most common types of sports injuries.People’s need to participate in sports and desire for a high quality of life promotes the continuous development of ACL reconstruction technology.Arthroscopic ACL reconstruction has been recognized as an effective method for the treatment of ACL injuries.This review analyses and summarizes the advantages and limitations of each surgical procedure for arthroscopic ACL reconstruction reported in the relevant literature so as to promote the future development of more relevant techniques.
基金supported by the“Double First-Class”University Project(CPU2022QZ31,China)。
文摘Both cholinergic dysfunction and protein citrullination are the hallmarks of rheumatoid arthritis(RA),but the relationship between the two phenomena remains unclear.We explored whether and how cholinergic dysfunction accelerates protein citrullination and consequently drives the development of RA.Cholinergic function and protein citrullination levels in patients with RA and collageninduced arthritis(CIA)mice were collected.In both neuron-macrophage coculture system and CIA mice,the effect of cholinergic dysfunction on protein citrullination and expression of peptidylarginine deiminases(PADs)was assessed by immunofluorescence.The key transcription factors for PAD4 expression were predicted and validated.Cholinergic dysfunction in the patients with RA and CIA mice negatively correlated with the degree of protein citrullination in synovial tissues.The cholinergic or alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(a7nAChR)deactivation and activation resulted in the promotion and reduction of protein citrullination in vitro and in vivo,respectively.Especially,the activation deficiency of a7nAChR induced the earlier onset and aggravation of CIA.Furthermore,deactivation of a7nAChR increased the expression of PAD4 and specificity protein-3(SP3)in vitro and in vivo.Our results suggest that cholinergic dysfunction-induced deficient a7nAChR activation,which induces the expression of SP3 and its downstream molecule PAD4,accelerating protein citrullination and the development of RA.
文摘The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has spread worldwide and threatened human’s health.With the passing of time,the epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 evolves and the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection accumulates.To further improve the scientific and standardized diagnosis and treatment of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in China,the Chinese Society of Perinatal Medicine of Chinese Medical Association commissioned leading experts to develop the Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection under the guidance of the Maternal and Child Health Department of the National Health Commission.This recommendations includes the epidemiology,diagnosis,management,maternal care,medication treatment,care of birth and newborns,and psychological support associated with maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection.It is hoped that the recommendations will effectively help the clinical management of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC2602303).
文摘Introduction:In terms of food preparation settings,catering service facilities have been identified as locations with the highest incidence of foodborne disease outbreaks in China.Since 2010,the China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment has established the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System(FDOSS)to monitor foodborne disease outbreaks.Consequently,data from the FDOSS has provided a more accurate depiction of the epidemic characteristics of outbreaks within these facilities.Methods:From 2010 to 2020,the FDOSS gathered data related to the prevalence of outbreaks,cases,hospitalizations,and deaths linked to foodborne disease outbreaks in catering service facilities.This study examined the temporal and geographical distribution,pathogenic factors,and contributing variables of these outbreaks over the course of the decade.Results:From 2010 to 2020,China’s catering service facilities reported 18,331 outbreaks,which resulted in 206,718 illnesses,68,561 hospitalizations,and 201 deaths.The second and third quarters of the year accounted for 76.12%of the outbreaks and 72.93%of the cases.The primary pathogenic factors were pathogenic organisms,which caused 4,883(26.64%)outbreaks,94,047(45.50%)cases,32,170(46.92%)hospitalizations,and 21(10.45%)deaths.There were 5,607(30.59%)outbreaks in restaurants,2,876(15.69%)outbreaks from street vendors,and 2,560(13.97%)outbreaks in employee canteens in China.Conclusions:The implementation of relevant control methods,including health education and promotion,is critical for addressing foodborne diseases in catering service facilities.Regular food safety training sessions for restaurant personnel and managers are essential to ensuring the effective management of these health risks.
文摘从20世纪30年代至今,国际社会一直强调转让定价的分析需要遵循独立交易原则。但实践中很难在市场中找到可比的交易作为参照,以衡量关联交易方是否符合独立交易原则。在Altera Corp v. Commissioner一案中,美国最高法院于2020年6月否决了纳税人Altera的复审申请。Altera案件争议点在于股权激励是否必须写入成本分摊协议,这也是大量跨国公司共同面临的转让定价问题。美国第九巡回上诉法院与美国税务法院的不同判决意见指出了独立交易原则的制度性缺陷。本文通过探讨Altera案件的前因后果,对比第九巡回上诉法院的先例判决,结合经济合作与发展组织《转让定价指南》,分析独立交易原则的适用性,并为解决该国际转让定价问题提出思路和建议。
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFA0304002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12033002, 61571217, 61521001, 61801206 and 11227904)+1 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)the Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manipulating Technique of Electromagnetic Waves
基金Supported by The National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant number 2017YFC1601502).
文摘Introduction:Foodborne diseases are a growing public health problem and have caused a large burden of disease in China.This study analyzed epidemiological characteristics of foodborne diseases in China in 2020 to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control measures.Methods:Data were collected from 30 of 31 provincial-level administrative divisions(PLADs)in the mainland of China,excluding Xizang(Tibet)Autonomous Region,via the National Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Surveillance System・The number and proportion of outbreaks,illnesses,hospitalizations,deaths by setting,pathogen-food category pairs and etiology were calculated.Results:In 2020,7,073 foodborne disease outbreaks were reported,resulting in 37,454 illnesses and 143 deaths.Among the identified pathogens,microbial pathogens were the most common confirmed etiology,accounting for 41.7%of illnesses.Poisonous mushrooms caused the largest proportion of outbreaks(58.0%)and deaths(57.6%).For venues where foodborne disease outbreaks occur,household had the highest number of outbreaks(4,140)and deaths(128),and catering service locations caused the largest proportion of illnesses(59.9%).Outbreaks occurring between June and September accounted for 62.8%of total outbreaks.Conclusions:Foodborne disease outbreaks mainly occurred in households・Microbial pathogens remained the top cause of outbreak-associated illnesses.Poisonous mushrooms were ranked the top cause of deaths in private homes in China.The supervision and management of food safety and health education should be strengthened to reduce the burden of foodborne diseases・Publicity should be increased to reduce the incidence of mushroom poisonings in families,and supervision and management of food should be strengthened to reduce microbial contamination.
基金funded by the European Commission’s Seventh Framework Program[FP7/2007-2013]under grant agreement No.282490
文摘Objective To systematic review and analyze the practices and effects of integrating post-abortion family planning(PAFP)services into existing health system worldwide in order to inform the future interventions to deliver PAFP in China.Methods A systematic search for relevant published and unpublished literature was conducted.Based on a set of criteria,citation and full text were screened,related data were extracted.Findings of included studies were reviewed and analyzed using a textual narrative approach to synthesis.Results A total of 28 studies were included in the synthesis.The studies were published between 1995 and 2008 and covered 20 countries.Some countries were in the stage of piloting post-abortion care(PAC)/PAFP intervention,while others were either from piloting to scaling up or examined how well a pilot PAC/PAFP intervention and resulting improvements were able to be maintained over the long term in the same intervention site.Most studies examined initiatives that were implemented at public sectors from tertiary,secondary to primary health facilities,while a few were implemented at private sectors.Efforts of integrating PAFP into existing health system from health system perspectives such as funding the programs,training of trainer(TOT)training or on the job training of physicians and mid-level service provider,expansion the range of contraceptive methods available including a few free distribution of contraceptives,improving data collection including cost analysis in a few countries,service guidelines provided to health professionals,supportive supervision at program sites to ensure quality of care,and leadership from government to strengthen PAC/PAFP service by revising or developing a new national policy.Effects of those intervention programs included that 2 studies decreased abortion rates,7 studies improved modern contraceptive use,1 study improved women’s knowledge on sexual&reproductive health,and 5 studies reported women’s high satisfaction rate with receiving PAC/PAFP services.Conclusion Each study was conducted within a cultural,legal,social,and religious framework.There might be no single set of best practices that can be put forward as a model to integrate PAFP into existing health system in China.These areas should be taken into account in our future intervention including government’s optimization and complement to the regulations related to abortion,contraception and PAFP,capacity building for service provider,continuous efforts to improve the quality of PAFP service,and accessibility of multiple contraceptive methods for married as well as unmarried youth.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52022043)Tsinghua University-Peking Union Medical College Hospital Initiative Scientific Research Program(20191080593)+3 种基金Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research(2020-2Z-40810)Precision Medicine Foundation,Tsinghua University,China(10001020107 and 10001020120)Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine(TM201802)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality Grant(17140902500).
文摘Accurate drug delivery to the lesion has been deliberated for several decades,but one important phenomenon is usually neglected that the immune system can prevent smooth transportation of nanomedicine.Although injection would reduce first-pass effect,macrophages in the blood can still recognize and phagocytose nanomedicine.Here we show that a lubricated nanocontainer,which is prepared based on polyelectrolytes and mesoporous silica nanoparticles,can accurately target muscarinic bioreceptor while escaping from the identification of macrophages.Through in vitro and in vivo studies,this nanocontainer,combining both immune escape and bioreceptor targeting,has greatly improved the drug bioavailability.Additionally,this nanocontainer shows good biocompatibility,and the targeted heart tissues and other important metabolic organs,such as liver and kidney,keep physiological structures and functions without the detection of side effects.Furthermore,the mechanism of immune escape for the developed nanocontainer has been investigated by lubrication test and molecular simulation.We anticipate that our study will establish a new perspective on the achievement of immune escape-based targeted drug delivery,which can provide a fundamental approach for the design of related biomaterials.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0304002)National Natural Science Foundation of China (12033002, 62071218, 61521001, 62071214, 61801206, 11227904)+5 种基金Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2020B0303020001)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesPriority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsRecruitment Program for Young ProfessionalsQing Lan ProjectJiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manipulating Technique of Electromagnetic Waves。
文摘Amorphous materials are attractive candidates for fabricating the superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors(SNSPDs) due to their superior tolerance and scalability over crystalline niobium nitride. However, the reduced superconducting transition temperature degenerates both operating temperature and saturation efficiency. Herein, the SNSPD(6.5 nm thickness and 50 nm width) based on the amorphous Mo0.8Si0.2 film with a high optical absorption coefficient demonstrates close-to-unity intrinsic detection efficiency for 1550 nm photons from 75 m K to 2.2 K. Further, a high-performance array SNSPD with optimized 90 nm-width wires is also demonstrated. As-fabricated uniform 4-pixel SNSPD exhibits a saturation plateau for the photon counts at 2.2 K,which overcomes the limitation of operation at low temperature(< 1 K) for traditional amorphous SNSPDs.Coupled with superior intrinsic quantum efficiency, highly efficient photon counts, and low dark count ratio, this detector paves a way for achieving high efficiency and superior yield for large array systems.
