Stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),is one of the most important diseases threatening the yield and stability of wheat production in China and many other countries.Identification and utilizati...Stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),is one of the most important diseases threatening the yield and stability of wheat production in China and many other countries.Identification and utilization of new genes for durable stripe rust resistance are important for ongoing control of this disease.The objectives of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with adult-plant stripe rust resistance in the Chinese wheat landrace Yibinzhuermai(YBZR)and to provide wheat breeders with new sources of potentially durable resistance.A total of 117 recombinant inbred lines(RILs)(F5:8)derived from a cross between YBZR and highly susceptible cultivar Taichung 29(TC29)were assessed for stripe rust severity in field experiments at Wenjiang in 2016 and 2017 and Chongzhou in 2016,2017,2018,and 2019 in Sichuan following inoculation with a mixture of current Pst races.The RILs were genotyped using the Wheat55K single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)array.Three QTL were identified on chromosome arms 6AL,5BL and 7DS.QYr.YBZR-6AL and QYr.YBZR-7DS conferred major effects in all field environments,explaining 10.6%to 14.7%and 11.5%to 21.2%of phenotypic variation,respectively.The QTL on 5BL and 7DS likely correspond to previously known QTL,whereas QYr.YBZR-6AL is probably novel.Haplotype analysis revealed that the resistance allele at QYr.YBZR-6AL was present in 2.8%of 324 Chinese wheat landraces.SNP markers closely linked with QYr.YBZR-6AL were converted to kompetitive allele-specific PCR markers and validated in the RIL population and a subset of 92 wheat cultivars.QYr.YBZR-6AL and its markers should be useful in breeding programs to improve the level and durability of stripe rust resistance.展开更多
A new bipyridine fused rhodamine-like chelating ligand and the corresponding transition metal complexes of platinum(Ⅱ)and iridi-um(Ⅲ)have been designed,synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallogr...A new bipyridine fused rhodamine-like chelating ligand and the corresponding transition metal complexes of platinum(Ⅱ)and iridi-um(Ⅲ)have been designed,synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography.Their photophysical properties and acid-or metal ion-promoted spirocarbon ring-opening properties have been investigated.The platinum(Ⅱ)and iridium(Ⅲ)complexes show a drastic color change in solution with Hg^(2+) ions and emergency of an absorption band at around 450-600 nm,assignable to the absorption band of the ring-opened rhodamine-like ligand.The platinum(Ⅱ)complex was suggested to undergo dissociation with Hg^(2+) ion,based on the corresponding absorption titration study.Emission titration studies of iridium(Ⅲ)complexes were found to suffer from the quenching process,probably due to the presence of a lower-lying non-emissive excited state from the ring-opened form of ligand.展开更多
Miners in various blockchain-backed cryptocurrency networks compete to maintain the validity of the underlying distributed ledgers to earn the bootstrapped cryptocurrencies.With limited hashing power,each miner needs ...Miners in various blockchain-backed cryptocurrency networks compete to maintain the validity of the underlying distributed ledgers to earn the bootstrapped cryptocurrencies.With limited hashing power,each miner needs to decide how to allocate their resource to different cryptocurrencies so as to achieve the best overall payoff.Together all the miners form a hashing power allocation game.We consider two settings of the game,depending on whether each miner can allocate their fund to a risk-free asset or not.We show that this game admits unique pure Nash equilibrium in closed-form for both settings.展开更多
Bitcoin is the most famous and the most used cryptocurrency in the world,such that it has received extreme popularity in recent years.However the Bitcoin system is accompanied by different attacks,including the block ...Bitcoin is the most famous and the most used cryptocurrency in the world,such that it has received extreme popularity in recent years.However the Bitcoin system is accompanied by different attacks,including the block withholding(BWH)attack.When a miner plays the BWH attack,it will withhold all the blocks newly discovered in the attack pool,damaging the honest miners’right to obtain the fair reward.In this paper,we consider a setting in which two miners may honestly mine or perform the BWH attack in a mining pool.Different strategy profiles will bring different payoffs,in addition influence the selection of the strategies.Therefore,we establish an evolutionary game model to study the behavior tendency of the miners and the evolutionary stable strategies under different conditions,by formulating the replicator dynamic equations.Through numerical simulations,we further verify the theoretical results on evolutionary stable solutions and discuss the impact of the factors on miners’strategic choice.Based on these simulation results,we also make some recommendations for the manager and the miners to mitigate the BWH attack and to promote the cooperation between miners in a mining pool.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100100)the International Science and Technology Cooperation and Exchanges Programs of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(2019YFH0063)the Applied Basic Research Programs of Sichuan Province(2021YJ0297)。
文摘Stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),is one of the most important diseases threatening the yield and stability of wheat production in China and many other countries.Identification and utilization of new genes for durable stripe rust resistance are important for ongoing control of this disease.The objectives of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with adult-plant stripe rust resistance in the Chinese wheat landrace Yibinzhuermai(YBZR)and to provide wheat breeders with new sources of potentially durable resistance.A total of 117 recombinant inbred lines(RILs)(F5:8)derived from a cross between YBZR and highly susceptible cultivar Taichung 29(TC29)were assessed for stripe rust severity in field experiments at Wenjiang in 2016 and 2017 and Chongzhou in 2016,2017,2018,and 2019 in Sichuan following inoculation with a mixture of current Pst races.The RILs were genotyped using the Wheat55K single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)array.Three QTL were identified on chromosome arms 6AL,5BL and 7DS.QYr.YBZR-6AL and QYr.YBZR-7DS conferred major effects in all field environments,explaining 10.6%to 14.7%and 11.5%to 21.2%of phenotypic variation,respectively.The QTL on 5BL and 7DS likely correspond to previously known QTL,whereas QYr.YBZR-6AL is probably novel.Haplotype analysis revealed that the resistance allele at QYr.YBZR-6AL was present in 2.8%of 324 Chinese wheat landraces.SNP markers closely linked with QYr.YBZR-6AL were converted to kompetitive allele-specific PCR markers and validated in the RIL population and a subset of 92 wheat cultivars.QYr.YBZR-6AL and its markers should be useful in breeding programs to improve the level and durability of stripe rust resistance.
基金the NSFC-CNRS_PRC Joint Research Projects Program(No.21911530232)K.M.C.W.acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21771099)Science,Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality(Nos.JCYJ20170817110721105 and JCYJ20190809165411528).
文摘A new bipyridine fused rhodamine-like chelating ligand and the corresponding transition metal complexes of platinum(Ⅱ)and iridi-um(Ⅲ)have been designed,synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography.Their photophysical properties and acid-or metal ion-promoted spirocarbon ring-opening properties have been investigated.The platinum(Ⅱ)and iridium(Ⅲ)complexes show a drastic color change in solution with Hg^(2+) ions and emergency of an absorption band at around 450-600 nm,assignable to the absorption band of the ring-opened rhodamine-like ligand.The platinum(Ⅱ)complex was suggested to undergo dissociation with Hg^(2+) ion,based on the corresponding absorption titration study.Emission titration studies of iridium(Ⅲ)complexes were found to suffer from the quenching process,probably due to the presence of a lower-lying non-emissive excited state from the ring-opened form of ligand.
基金the National Nature Science Foundation of China(11871366)USTS Think Tank for Urban Development+3 种基金Qin Lan Project for Young Academic LeadersQin Lan Project for Key Teacherssupported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)(06446)NSFC(11771386 and 11728104)。
文摘Miners in various blockchain-backed cryptocurrency networks compete to maintain the validity of the underlying distributed ledgers to earn the bootstrapped cryptocurrencies.With limited hashing power,each miner needs to decide how to allocate their resource to different cryptocurrencies so as to achieve the best overall payoff.Together all the miners form a hashing power allocation game.We consider two settings of the game,depending on whether each miner can allocate their fund to a risk-free asset or not.We show that this game admits unique pure Nash equilibrium in closed-form for both settings.
基金the National Nature Science Foundation of China(11871366)Qing Lan Project for Young Academic Leaders+1 种基金Qing Lan Project for Key Teachersthe Research Innovation Program for College Graduate Students of Jiangsu Province(KYCX20-2790)。
文摘Bitcoin is the most famous and the most used cryptocurrency in the world,such that it has received extreme popularity in recent years.However the Bitcoin system is accompanied by different attacks,including the block withholding(BWH)attack.When a miner plays the BWH attack,it will withhold all the blocks newly discovered in the attack pool,damaging the honest miners’right to obtain the fair reward.In this paper,we consider a setting in which two miners may honestly mine or perform the BWH attack in a mining pool.Different strategy profiles will bring different payoffs,in addition influence the selection of the strategies.Therefore,we establish an evolutionary game model to study the behavior tendency of the miners and the evolutionary stable strategies under different conditions,by formulating the replicator dynamic equations.Through numerical simulations,we further verify the theoretical results on evolutionary stable solutions and discuss the impact of the factors on miners’strategic choice.Based on these simulation results,we also make some recommendations for the manager and the miners to mitigate the BWH attack and to promote the cooperation between miners in a mining pool.
