Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a key factor in stress adaptation and avoidance of a social stress behavioral response.Recent studies have shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in stressed mice ...Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a key factor in stress adaptation and avoidance of a social stress behavioral response.Recent studies have shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in stressed mice is brain region–specific,particularly involving the corticolimbic system,including the ventral tegmental area,nucleus accumbens,prefrontal cortex,amygdala,and hippocampus.Determining how brain-derived neurotrophic factor participates in stress processing in different brain regions will deepen our understanding of social stress psychopathology.In this review,we discuss the expression and regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in stress-sensitive brain regions closely related to the pathophysiology of depression.We focused on associated molecular pathways and neural circuits,with special attention to the brain-derived neurotrophic factor–tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling pathway and the ventral tegmental area–nucleus accumbens dopamine circuit.We determined that stress-induced alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are likely related to the nature,severity,and duration of stress,especially in the above-mentioned brain regions of the corticolimbic system.Therefore,BDNF might be a biological indicator regulating stress-related processes in various brain regions.展开更多
The genus Trigonotis comprises nearly 60 species mainly distributed in East and Southeast Asia.China has the largest number of Trigonotis species in the world,with a total of 44 species,of which 38 are endemic.Nutlet ...The genus Trigonotis comprises nearly 60 species mainly distributed in East and Southeast Asia.China has the largest number of Trigonotis species in the world,with a total of 44 species,of which 38 are endemic.Nutlet morphology is useful for the taxonomic delimitation of Trigonotis.However,there are still controversial circumscriptions of nutlet shape in some species.In previous studies,interspecies phylogenetic relationships were inferred using few DNA markers and very few taxa,which possibly led to erroneous or incomplete conclusions.In this study,the nutlet morphology of 39 Trigonotis taxa and the characteristics of 34 complete chloroplast genomes(29 taxa)were investigated and analyzed.Then,the phylogenetic relationships were discussed within this genus based on complete chloroplast genomes.To the best of our knowledge,this study is the first comprehensive analysis of nutlet morphology and complete chloroplast genome of Trigonotis.Based on nutlet morphology,Trigonotis can be divided into two groups:Group 1,hemispherical or oblique tetrahedron with carpopodiums,and Group 2,inverted tetrahedron without carpopodiums.The chloroplast genome of Trigonotis exhibited a typical quadripartite structure,including 84-86 protein-coding,37 transfer RNA,and 8 ribosomal RNA genes,with a total length of 147,247-148,986 bp.Genes in the junctions were well conserved in Trigonotis,similar to those in other Boraginaceae s.str.species.Furthermore,Trigonotis chloroplast genomes showed relatively high diversity,with more conserved genic regions than intergenic regions;in addition,we detected 14 hot spots(Pi>0.005)in non-coding regions.Phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast genome data identified highly resolved relationships between Trigonotis species.Specifically,Trigonotis was divided into two clades with strong support:one clade included species with hemispherical or oblique tetrahedron nutlets with carpopodiums and bracts,whereas the other clade included species with inverted tetrahedron nutlets without carpopodiums or bracts.Our results may inform future taxonomic,phylogenetic,and evolutionary studies on Boraginaceae.展开更多
To the editor:The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic in 2020 on mental health was substantialin Chinai2and various other countries.34 Beyond the direct consequences of COVID-19,the pandemic creat...To the editor:The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic in 2020 on mental health was substantialin Chinai2and various other countries.34 Beyond the direct consequences of COVID-19,the pandemic created an environment in which many determinants of mental health were affected.Issues associated with the pandemic,such as loss of livelihood,limited access to medical services,reduced social interactions,and economic downturn,could potentially have adverse effects on the population's mental well-being.5 In November 2021,the World Health Organization(WHO)designated the new variant of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),variant B.1.1.529,as a variant of concern and named it Omicron;its rapid mutation and spread raised a new global health concern.展开更多
Background Methamphetamine(METH)addiction causes a huge burden on society.The prefrontal cortex(PFC),associated with emotion and cognitive behaviours,is also involved in addiction neurocircuitry.Although bulk RNA sequ...Background Methamphetamine(METH)addiction causes a huge burden on society.The prefrontal cortex(PFC),associated with emotion and cognitive behaviours,is also involved in addiction neurocircuitry.Although bulk RNA sequencing has shown METH-induced gene alterations in the mouse PFC,the impact on different cell types remains unknown.Aims To clarify the effects of METH treatment on different cell types of the PFC and the potential pathways involved in METH-related disorders.Methods We performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing(snRNA-seq)to examine the transcriptomes of 20465 nuclei isolated from the PFC of chronic METH-treated and control mice.Main cell types and differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified and confirmed by RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH).Results Six main cell types were identified depending on the single-cell nucleus sequencing;of particular interest were the mature oligodendrocytes in the PFC.The DEGs of mature oligodendrocytes were enriched in the myelin sheath,adenosine triphosphate(ATP)metabolic process,mitochondrial function and components,and so on.The messenger RNA levels of Aldoc and Atp5l(FISH)and the protein level of the mitochondrial membrane pore subunit TOM40(immunofluorescence)decreased in the mature oligodendrocytes.Fast blue staining and transmission electron microscopy image indicated myelin damage,and the myelin thickness decreased in METH brains.Conclusions snRNA-seq reveals altered transcriptomes of different cell types in mouse PFC induced by chronic METH treatment,underscoring potential relationships with psychiatric disorders.展开更多
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82071272(to YZ).
文摘Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a key factor in stress adaptation and avoidance of a social stress behavioral response.Recent studies have shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in stressed mice is brain region–specific,particularly involving the corticolimbic system,including the ventral tegmental area,nucleus accumbens,prefrontal cortex,amygdala,and hippocampus.Determining how brain-derived neurotrophic factor participates in stress processing in different brain regions will deepen our understanding of social stress psychopathology.In this review,we discuss the expression and regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in stress-sensitive brain regions closely related to the pathophysiology of depression.We focused on associated molecular pathways and neural circuits,with special attention to the brain-derived neurotrophic factor–tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling pathway and the ventral tegmental area–nucleus accumbens dopamine circuit.We determined that stress-induced alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are likely related to the nature,severity,and duration of stress,especially in the above-mentioned brain regions of the corticolimbic system.Therefore,BDNF might be a biological indicator regulating stress-related processes in various brain regions.
基金This project was funded by the Science and Technology Basic Work,Ministry of Science and Technology,China(2013FY112100 to Q.L.)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31700175 to Z.W.)Fostering Project for Young Teachers of Zhengzhou University,China(JC21343014 to Z.W.).
文摘The genus Trigonotis comprises nearly 60 species mainly distributed in East and Southeast Asia.China has the largest number of Trigonotis species in the world,with a total of 44 species,of which 38 are endemic.Nutlet morphology is useful for the taxonomic delimitation of Trigonotis.However,there are still controversial circumscriptions of nutlet shape in some species.In previous studies,interspecies phylogenetic relationships were inferred using few DNA markers and very few taxa,which possibly led to erroneous or incomplete conclusions.In this study,the nutlet morphology of 39 Trigonotis taxa and the characteristics of 34 complete chloroplast genomes(29 taxa)were investigated and analyzed.Then,the phylogenetic relationships were discussed within this genus based on complete chloroplast genomes.To the best of our knowledge,this study is the first comprehensive analysis of nutlet morphology and complete chloroplast genome of Trigonotis.Based on nutlet morphology,Trigonotis can be divided into two groups:Group 1,hemispherical or oblique tetrahedron with carpopodiums,and Group 2,inverted tetrahedron without carpopodiums.The chloroplast genome of Trigonotis exhibited a typical quadripartite structure,including 84-86 protein-coding,37 transfer RNA,and 8 ribosomal RNA genes,with a total length of 147,247-148,986 bp.Genes in the junctions were well conserved in Trigonotis,similar to those in other Boraginaceae s.str.species.Furthermore,Trigonotis chloroplast genomes showed relatively high diversity,with more conserved genic regions than intergenic regions;in addition,we detected 14 hot spots(Pi>0.005)in non-coding regions.Phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast genome data identified highly resolved relationships between Trigonotis species.Specifically,Trigonotis was divided into two clades with strong support:one clade included species with hemispherical or oblique tetrahedron nutlets with carpopodiums and bracts,whereas the other clade included species with inverted tetrahedron nutlets without carpopodiums or bracts.Our results may inform future taxonomic,phylogenetic,and evolutionary studies on Boraginaceae.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Programme of China(2020YFC2006000).
文摘To the editor:The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic in 2020 on mental health was substantialin Chinai2and various other countries.34 Beyond the direct consequences of COVID-19,the pandemic created an environment in which many determinants of mental health were affected.Issues associated with the pandemic,such as loss of livelihood,limited access to medical services,reduced social interactions,and economic downturn,could potentially have adverse effects on the population's mental well-being.5 In November 2021,the World Health Organization(WHO)designated the new variant of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),variant B.1.1.529,as a variant of concern and named it Omicron;its rapid mutation and spread raised a new global health concern.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31929002,31771114 and 92049107)grant from Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81721005)the Academic Frontier Youth Team Project(to XW)from Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
文摘Background Methamphetamine(METH)addiction causes a huge burden on society.The prefrontal cortex(PFC),associated with emotion and cognitive behaviours,is also involved in addiction neurocircuitry.Although bulk RNA sequencing has shown METH-induced gene alterations in the mouse PFC,the impact on different cell types remains unknown.Aims To clarify the effects of METH treatment on different cell types of the PFC and the potential pathways involved in METH-related disorders.Methods We performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing(snRNA-seq)to examine the transcriptomes of 20465 nuclei isolated from the PFC of chronic METH-treated and control mice.Main cell types and differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified and confirmed by RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH).Results Six main cell types were identified depending on the single-cell nucleus sequencing;of particular interest were the mature oligodendrocytes in the PFC.The DEGs of mature oligodendrocytes were enriched in the myelin sheath,adenosine triphosphate(ATP)metabolic process,mitochondrial function and components,and so on.The messenger RNA levels of Aldoc and Atp5l(FISH)and the protein level of the mitochondrial membrane pore subunit TOM40(immunofluorescence)decreased in the mature oligodendrocytes.Fast blue staining and transmission electron microscopy image indicated myelin damage,and the myelin thickness decreased in METH brains.Conclusions snRNA-seq reveals altered transcriptomes of different cell types in mouse PFC induced by chronic METH treatment,underscoring potential relationships with psychiatric disorders.
