San-Huang chicken is a high-quality breed in China with yellow feather, claw and break. However, the abnormal phenomenon of the yellow shank turning into green shank of San-Huang chicken has been a concern, as it seri...San-Huang chicken is a high-quality breed in China with yellow feather, claw and break. However, the abnormal phenomenon of the yellow shank turning into green shank of San-Huang chicken has been a concern, as it seriously reduces the carcass quality and economic benefit of yellow-feathered broilers. In this study, the cause of this abnormal green skin in shank was systematically investigated. Physiological anatomy revealed that the abnormal skin in shank was primarily due to the deposition of melanin under the dermis. After analyzing multiple potential causes such as heredity(pedigree and genetic markers), environment(water quality monitoring) and feed composition(mycotoxin detection), excessive aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in feed was screened, accompanied with a higher L-dihydroxy-phenylalanine(L-DOPA)(P<0.05) and melanin content(P<0.01). So it was speculated that excessive AFB1 might be the main cause of abnormal green skin in shank. Subsequently, the further results showed that a high concentration of AFB1(>170 μg kg–1)indeed induced the abnormal green skin in shank compared to the normal AFB1 content(<10 μg kg–1), and the mRNA levels of TYR, TYRP1, MITE, MC1R and EDN3 genes related to melanin deposition would significantly up-regulate(P<0.01) and the content and activity of tyrosinase(TyR) significantly increased(P<0.05). At the same time, the content of L-DOPA and melanin deposition also increased significantly(P<0.01), which also confirmed the effect of excessive AFB1 on melanin deposition in skin of shank. Results of additional experiments revealed that the AFB1's negative effect on melanin deposition in skin of shank could last for a longer time. Taken together, the results of this study explained the occurrence and possible mechanisms of the abnormal AFB1-related green skin in shank of chickens. Excessive AFB1 in diets increased the L-DOPA content and melanin abnormal deposition in the chicken shank possibly via promoting TyR content and activity, and the expression of melanin synthesis-related genes. Furthermore, our findings once again raised the alarm of the danger of AFB1 in the broiler production.展开更多
The safety of feeding transgenic crylAb/crylAc rice （a genetically modified （GM） rice variety） to broilers was examined from an immunological perspective. HatchlingArborAcres chickens （240） were assigned to two ...The safety of feeding transgenic crylAb/crylAc rice （a genetically modified （GM） rice variety） to broilers was examined from an immunological perspective. HatchlingArborAcres chickens （240） were assigned to two dietary treatments （diets containing GM or non-GM rice） with 12 replicates per group and 10 birds per replicate. Traits were measured on one randomly selected bird from each replicate at d 21 and 42. The 42-d feeding trial revealed that crylAb/crylAc rice had no significant effect relative to non-GM rice on body weight and the immune organ indices. No significant pathological lesion in the spleen and bursa of Fabricius was found in the GM rice group. There were no significant differences in serum concentrations of immunoglobulin Y （IgY）, IgM, interleukin 4 （IL-4） and IL-6 between the two groups at d 21 or 42, except for IL-6 being higher （P〈0.05） in the GM- fed chickens at d 42. There were no differences in the T and B lymphocyte transformation rate and CD4＋/CD8＋ ratio between the two groups at d 42. Additionally, there was no significant difference between the two diets in expression of relevant genes viz. the major histocompatibility complex class II beta chain （BLB2）, interferon beta 1 （IFNβ）, tumour necrosis factor alpha-like （TNFa） and toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）in the spleen and bursa of Fabricius. All the data demonstrated that transgenic crylAb/ crylAc rice had no adverse effect on these aspects of immune function of broilers during 42-d feeding trial. Transgenic rice was therefore indistinguishable from non-GM rice in terms of short-term feeding in chickens.展开更多
Salmonella is one of the most common food-borne pathogens and its resistance in chicken can be improved through genetic selection.The heterophils/lymphocytes(H/L)ratio in the blood reflects the immune system status of...Salmonella is one of the most common food-borne pathogens and its resistance in chicken can be improved through genetic selection.The heterophils/lymphocytes(H/L)ratio in the blood reflects the immune system status of chicken.We compared the genome data and spleen transcriptomes between the H/L ratio-selected and non-selected chickens,after Salmonella infection,aiming to identify the key genes participating in the antibacterial activity in the spleen.The results revealed that,the selected population had stronger(P<0.05)liver resistance to Salmonella typhimurium(ST)than the non-selected population.In the selected and non-selected lines,the identified differentiation genes encode proteins involved in biological processes or metabolic pathways that included the TGF-beta signaling pathway,FoxO signaling pathway,and Salmonella infection pathway.The results of the analysis of all identified differentially expressed genes(DEGs)of spleen revealed that the G protein-coupled receptor(GPCR)and insulin-like growth factor(IGF-I)signaling pathways were involved in the Salmonella infection pathway.Integrated analysis of DEGs and FST(fixation index),identified candidate genes involved in Salmonella infection pathway,such as GPR39,NTRK2,and ANXA1.The extensive genomic changes highlight the polygenic genetic of the immune response in these chicken populations.Numerous genes related to the immune performance are differentially expressed in the selected and non-selected lines and the selected lines has a higher resistance to Salmonella.展开更多
基金funded by the grants from the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-41)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program, China (ASTIP-IAS04)。
文摘San-Huang chicken is a high-quality breed in China with yellow feather, claw and break. However, the abnormal phenomenon of the yellow shank turning into green shank of San-Huang chicken has been a concern, as it seriously reduces the carcass quality and economic benefit of yellow-feathered broilers. In this study, the cause of this abnormal green skin in shank was systematically investigated. Physiological anatomy revealed that the abnormal skin in shank was primarily due to the deposition of melanin under the dermis. After analyzing multiple potential causes such as heredity(pedigree and genetic markers), environment(water quality monitoring) and feed composition(mycotoxin detection), excessive aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in feed was screened, accompanied with a higher L-dihydroxy-phenylalanine(L-DOPA)(P<0.05) and melanin content(P<0.01). So it was speculated that excessive AFB1 might be the main cause of abnormal green skin in shank. Subsequently, the further results showed that a high concentration of AFB1(>170 μg kg–1)indeed induced the abnormal green skin in shank compared to the normal AFB1 content(<10 μg kg–1), and the mRNA levels of TYR, TYRP1, MITE, MC1R and EDN3 genes related to melanin deposition would significantly up-regulate(P<0.01) and the content and activity of tyrosinase(TyR) significantly increased(P<0.05). At the same time, the content of L-DOPA and melanin deposition also increased significantly(P<0.01), which also confirmed the effect of excessive AFB1 on melanin deposition in skin of shank. Results of additional experiments revealed that the AFB1's negative effect on melanin deposition in skin of shank could last for a longer time. Taken together, the results of this study explained the occurrence and possible mechanisms of the abnormal AFB1-related green skin in shank of chickens. Excessive AFB1 in diets increased the L-DOPA content and melanin abnormal deposition in the chicken shank possibly via promoting TyR content and activity, and the expression of melanin synthesis-related genes. Furthermore, our findings once again raised the alarm of the danger of AFB1 in the broiler production.
基金supported by the grants from the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2012ZX08011001005)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program, China (ASTIP-IAS04)the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System, China (CARS-42)
文摘The safety of feeding transgenic crylAb/crylAc rice （a genetically modified （GM） rice variety） to broilers was examined from an immunological perspective. HatchlingArborAcres chickens （240） were assigned to two dietary treatments （diets containing GM or non-GM rice） with 12 replicates per group and 10 birds per replicate. Traits were measured on one randomly selected bird from each replicate at d 21 and 42. The 42-d feeding trial revealed that crylAb/crylAc rice had no significant effect relative to non-GM rice on body weight and the immune organ indices. No significant pathological lesion in the spleen and bursa of Fabricius was found in the GM rice group. There were no significant differences in serum concentrations of immunoglobulin Y （IgY）, IgM, interleukin 4 （IL-4） and IL-6 between the two groups at d 21 or 42, except for IL-6 being higher （P〈0.05） in the GM- fed chickens at d 42. There were no differences in the T and B lymphocyte transformation rate and CD4＋/CD8＋ ratio between the two groups at d 42. Additionally, there was no significant difference between the two diets in expression of relevant genes viz. the major histocompatibility complex class II beta chain （BLB2）, interferon beta 1 （IFNβ）, tumour necrosis factor alpha-like （TNFa） and toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）in the spleen and bursa of Fabricius. All the data demonstrated that transgenic crylAb/ crylAc rice had no adverse effect on these aspects of immune function of broilers during 42-d feeding trial. Transgenic rice was therefore indistinguishable from non-GM rice in terms of short-term feeding in chickens.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072708)the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFE0128000)the Major Scientific Research Projects of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ZDRW202005)。
文摘Salmonella is one of the most common food-borne pathogens and its resistance in chicken can be improved through genetic selection.The heterophils/lymphocytes(H/L)ratio in the blood reflects the immune system status of chicken.We compared the genome data and spleen transcriptomes between the H/L ratio-selected and non-selected chickens,after Salmonella infection,aiming to identify the key genes participating in the antibacterial activity in the spleen.The results revealed that,the selected population had stronger(P<0.05)liver resistance to Salmonella typhimurium(ST)than the non-selected population.In the selected and non-selected lines,the identified differentiation genes encode proteins involved in biological processes or metabolic pathways that included the TGF-beta signaling pathway,FoxO signaling pathway,and Salmonella infection pathway.The results of the analysis of all identified differentially expressed genes(DEGs)of spleen revealed that the G protein-coupled receptor(GPCR)and insulin-like growth factor(IGF-I)signaling pathways were involved in the Salmonella infection pathway.Integrated analysis of DEGs and FST(fixation index),identified candidate genes involved in Salmonella infection pathway,such as GPR39,NTRK2,and ANXA1.The extensive genomic changes highlight the polygenic genetic of the immune response in these chicken populations.Numerous genes related to the immune performance are differentially expressed in the selected and non-selected lines and the selected lines has a higher resistance to Salmonella.
