Manure samples were collected by floor scrapings in animal stables from Beijing suburbs. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK) were analyzed by conventional wet chemical methods. All man...Manure samples were collected by floor scrapings in animal stables from Beijing suburbs. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK) were analyzed by conventional wet chemical methods. All manures showed a high variability in nutrient contents. Nutrients contents in different animal manures were significantly different. TN and TK contents in layer manures were higher than swine and dairy manures展开更多
Rice straw is a major kind of biomass that can be utilized as lignocellulosic materials and renewable energy.Rapid prediction of the lignocellulose(cellulose,hemicellulose,and lignin)and organic elements(carbon,hydrog...Rice straw is a major kind of biomass that can be utilized as lignocellulosic materials and renewable energy.Rapid prediction of the lignocellulose(cellulose,hemicellulose,and lignin)and organic elements(carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,and sulfur)of rice straw would help to decipher its growth mechanisms and thereby improve its sustainable usages.In this study,364 rice straw samples featuring different rice subspecies(japonica and indica),growing seasons(early-,middle-,and late-season),and growing environments(irrigated and rainfed)were collected,the differences among which were examined by multivariate analysis of variance.Statistic results showed that the cellulose content exhibited significant differences among different growing seasons at a significant level(p<0.01),and the contents of cellulose and nitrogen had significant differences between different growing environments(p<0.01).Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS)models for predicting the lignocellulosic and organic elements were developed based on two algorithms including partial least squares(PLS)and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling-partial least squares(CARS-PLS).Modeling results showed that most CARS-PLS models are of higher accuracy than the PLS models,possibly because the CARS-PLS models selected optimal combinations of wavenumbers,which might have enhanced the signal of chemical bonds and thereby improved the predictive efficiency.As a major contributor to the applications of rice straw,the nitrogen content was predicted precisely by the CARS-PLS model.Generally,the CARS-PLS models efficiently quantified the lignocellulose and organic elements of a wide variety of rice straw.The acceptable accuracy of the models allowed their practical applications.展开更多
In the context of global warming,agriculture,as the second-largest source of greenhouse gas emissions after industry,had attracted widespread attention from all walks of life to reduce agricultural emissions.The carbo...In the context of global warming,agriculture,as the second-largest source of greenhouse gas emissions after industry,had attracted widespread attention from all walks of life to reduce agricultural emissions.The carbon footprint of the planting production system of the Heilongjiang Land Reclamation Area(HLRA),an important commodity grain base in China,was evaluated and analyzed in this paper.On this basis,this paper sought feasible strategies to reduce carbon emissions from two aspects:agronomic practices and cropping structure adjustment,which were particularly crucial to promote the low-carbon and sustainable development of agriculture in HLRA.Therefore,using the accounting methods in IPCC and Low Carbon Development and Guidelines for the Preparation of Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventories compiled by the Chinese government,relevant data were collected from 2000 to 2017 in HLRA and accounted for the carbon emissions of the planting production system in four aspects:carbon emissions from agricultural inputs,N_(2)O emissions from managed soils,CH_(4) emissions from rice cultivation and straw burning emissions.Then carbon uptake consisted of seeds and straws.Finally,with farmers'incomes were set as the objective function and carbon emissions per unit of gross production value was set as the constraint,this paper simulated and optimized the cropping structure in HLRA.The results showed that there was a“stable-growing-declining”trend in the total carbon emissions and carbon uptake of the planting production system in HLRA,with total carbon emissions of 2.84×10^(10) kg and total carbon uptake of 7.49×10^(10) kg in 2017.In the past 18 years,carbon emissions per unit area and carbon emissions per unit of gross production had both shown a decreasing trend.To achieve further efficiency gains and emission reductions in the planting production system,it was recommended that the local governments strengthen the comprehensive use of straw resources,optimize irrigation and fertilization techniques,and adjust the cropping structure,i.e.,increase the planting area of maize and soybeans and reduce the planting area of rice,and increase subsidies to protect the economic returns of planters.展开更多
Amino acids are the dominant organic components of processed animal proteins,however there has been limited investigation of differences in their composition between various protein sources.Information on these differ...Amino acids are the dominant organic components of processed animal proteins,however there has been limited investigation of differences in their composition between various protein sources.Information on these differences will not only be helpful for their further utilization but also provide fundamental information for developing species-specific identification methods.In this study,self-organizing feature maps(SOFM) were used to visualize amino acid composition of fish meal,and meat and bone meal(MBM) produced from poultry,ruminants and swine.SOFM display the similarities and differences in amino acid composition between protein sources and effectively improve data transparency.Amino acid composition was shown to be useful for distinguishing fish meal from MBM due to their large concentration differences between glycine,lysine and proline.However,the amino acid composition of the three MBMs was quite similar.The SOFM results were consistent with those obtained by analysis of variance and principal component analysis but more straightforward.SOFM was shown to have a robust sample linkage capacity and to be able to act as a powerful means to link different sample for further data mining.展开更多
文摘Manure samples were collected by floor scrapings in animal stables from Beijing suburbs. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK) were analyzed by conventional wet chemical methods. All manures showed a high variability in nutrient contents. Nutrients contents in different animal manures were significantly different. TN and TK contents in layer manures were higher than swine and dairy manures
基金We would like to acknowledge the support given by the Innovation Team Project of the Ministry of Education(IRT_17R105)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-36)Program for Changjiang Scholars.
文摘Rice straw is a major kind of biomass that can be utilized as lignocellulosic materials and renewable energy.Rapid prediction of the lignocellulose(cellulose,hemicellulose,and lignin)and organic elements(carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,and sulfur)of rice straw would help to decipher its growth mechanisms and thereby improve its sustainable usages.In this study,364 rice straw samples featuring different rice subspecies(japonica and indica),growing seasons(early-,middle-,and late-season),and growing environments(irrigated and rainfed)were collected,the differences among which were examined by multivariate analysis of variance.Statistic results showed that the cellulose content exhibited significant differences among different growing seasons at a significant level(p<0.01),and the contents of cellulose and nitrogen had significant differences between different growing environments(p<0.01).Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS)models for predicting the lignocellulosic and organic elements were developed based on two algorithms including partial least squares(PLS)and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling-partial least squares(CARS-PLS).Modeling results showed that most CARS-PLS models are of higher accuracy than the PLS models,possibly because the CARS-PLS models selected optimal combinations of wavenumbers,which might have enhanced the signal of chemical bonds and thereby improved the predictive efficiency.As a major contributor to the applications of rice straw,the nitrogen content was predicted precisely by the CARS-PLS model.Generally,the CARS-PLS models efficiently quantified the lignocellulose and organic elements of a wide variety of rice straw.The acceptable accuracy of the models allowed their practical applications.
基金the National Key Research and Development Project,Ministry of Science and Technology(Grant No.2016YFE0204600)the Innovation Team Project of the Ministry of Education(Grant No.IRT_17R105).
文摘In the context of global warming,agriculture,as the second-largest source of greenhouse gas emissions after industry,had attracted widespread attention from all walks of life to reduce agricultural emissions.The carbon footprint of the planting production system of the Heilongjiang Land Reclamation Area(HLRA),an important commodity grain base in China,was evaluated and analyzed in this paper.On this basis,this paper sought feasible strategies to reduce carbon emissions from two aspects:agronomic practices and cropping structure adjustment,which were particularly crucial to promote the low-carbon and sustainable development of agriculture in HLRA.Therefore,using the accounting methods in IPCC and Low Carbon Development and Guidelines for the Preparation of Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventories compiled by the Chinese government,relevant data were collected from 2000 to 2017 in HLRA and accounted for the carbon emissions of the planting production system in four aspects:carbon emissions from agricultural inputs,N_(2)O emissions from managed soils,CH_(4) emissions from rice cultivation and straw burning emissions.Then carbon uptake consisted of seeds and straws.Finally,with farmers'incomes were set as the objective function and carbon emissions per unit of gross production value was set as the constraint,this paper simulated and optimized the cropping structure in HLRA.The results showed that there was a“stable-growing-declining”trend in the total carbon emissions and carbon uptake of the planting production system in HLRA,with total carbon emissions of 2.84×10^(10) kg and total carbon uptake of 7.49×10^(10) kg in 2017.In the past 18 years,carbon emissions per unit area and carbon emissions per unit of gross production had both shown a decreasing trend.To achieve further efficiency gains and emission reductions in the planting production system,it was recommended that the local governments strengthen the comprehensive use of straw resources,optimize irrigation and fertilization techniques,and adjust the cropping structure,i.e.,increase the planting area of maize and soybeans and reduce the planting area of rice,and increase subsidies to protect the economic returns of planters.
基金supported by the International Science and Technology Cooperation Project,Ministry of Science and Technology,China(2015DFG32170)
文摘Amino acids are the dominant organic components of processed animal proteins,however there has been limited investigation of differences in their composition between various protein sources.Information on these differences will not only be helpful for their further utilization but also provide fundamental information for developing species-specific identification methods.In this study,self-organizing feature maps(SOFM) were used to visualize amino acid composition of fish meal,and meat and bone meal(MBM) produced from poultry,ruminants and swine.SOFM display the similarities and differences in amino acid composition between protein sources and effectively improve data transparency.Amino acid composition was shown to be useful for distinguishing fish meal from MBM due to their large concentration differences between glycine,lysine and proline.However,the amino acid composition of the three MBMs was quite similar.The SOFM results were consistent with those obtained by analysis of variance and principal component analysis but more straightforward.SOFM was shown to have a robust sample linkage capacity and to be able to act as a powerful means to link different sample for further data mining.
