Hydraulic jetting is a form of fracturing that involves using a high-pressure jet of water to create fractures in the reservoir rock with a nozzle serving as the central component of the hydraulic sandblasting perfora...Hydraulic jetting is a form of fracturing that involves using a high-pressure jet of water to create fractures in the reservoir rock with a nozzle serving as the central component of the hydraulic sandblasting perforation tool.In this study,the flow behavior of the nozzle is simulated numerically in the framework of a SST k-ωturbulence model.The results show that the nozzle structure can significantly influence the jet performance and related cavitation effect.Through orthogonal experiments,the nozzle geometric parameters are optimized,and the following configuration is found accordingly:contraction angle 20°,contraction segment length 6 mm,cylindrical segment diameter 6 mm,cylindrical segment length 12 mm,spread segment length 10 mm,and spread angle 55°.展开更多
Background: The feed conversion ratio(FCR) and residual feed intake(RFI) are common indexes in measuring feed efficiency for livestock. RFI is a feed intake adjusted for requirements for maintenance and production so ...Background: The feed conversion ratio(FCR) and residual feed intake(RFI) are common indexes in measuring feed efficiency for livestock. RFI is a feed intake adjusted for requirements for maintenance and production so these two traits are related. Similarly, FCR is related to feed intake and weight gain because it is their ratio. Cholecystokinin type A receptor(CCKAR) plays an important role in animal digestive process. We examined the interplay of these three parameters in a local Chinese chicken population.Results: The feed intake(FI) and body weights(BW) of 1,841 individuals were monitored on a daily basis from 56 to 105 d of age. There was a strong correlation between RFI and average daily feed intake(ADFI) and a negative correlation between the FCR and daily gain(r_g=-0.710). Furthermore, we identified 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in the CCKAR and 4 of these resulted in amino acid mutations. The C334A mutation was specifically associated with FI and the expected feed intake(EFI)(P < 0.01) and significantly associated with the average daily gain(ADG)(P < 0.05). G1290A was significantly associated with FI and EFI(P < 0.05).Conclusion: FCR is apply to weight selecting, and RFI is more appropriate if the breeding focus is feed intake. And C334A and G1290A of the CCKAR gene can be deemed as candidate markers for feed intake and weight gain.展开更多
Measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN) were made at a Beijing urban site each August from2005 to 2009. Over this 5-year period, the average PAN concentration for August in each year increased from 3(2005) to 11.7 ...Measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN) were made at a Beijing urban site each August from2005 to 2009. Over this 5-year period, the average PAN concentration for August in each year increased from 3(2005) to 11.7 μg/m3(2007); however, it decreased rapidly in 2008(4.1 μg/m3).Generally, the variation over the 5 years showed a rise in the first part of the study period,followed by a decline. We considered two categories of local and regional air masses in this study, which revealed that the PAN concentration in Beijing was affected mainly by southeastern air masses. The August PAN variation was influenced predominantly by local air masses in 2005,but by 2009 regional air masses had become more important. This study showed the level and variation of PAN in the month of August in 5 consecutive years for the first time, and proved that control measures are useful in decreasing photochemical pollution; hence, these measures are probably feasible for other megacities too. Furthermore, this method of analyzing regional and local impacts might be useful for other studies as well.展开更多
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support by the Marine Economy Development Foundation of Guangdong Province“Technical Support for Stimulation and Testing of Gas Hydrate Reservoirs”(GDNRC[2022]44).
文摘Hydraulic jetting is a form of fracturing that involves using a high-pressure jet of water to create fractures in the reservoir rock with a nozzle serving as the central component of the hydraulic sandblasting perforation tool.In this study,the flow behavior of the nozzle is simulated numerically in the framework of a SST k-ωturbulence model.The results show that the nozzle structure can significantly influence the jet performance and related cavitation effect.Through orthogonal experiments,the nozzle geometric parameters are optimized,and the following configuration is found accordingly:contraction angle 20°,contraction segment length 6 mm,cylindrical segment diameter 6 mm,cylindrical segment length 12 mm,spread segment length 10 mm,and spread angle 55°.
基金financial support from the High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2013AA102501)the National Key Technology Research and Development Program (2014BAD08B08)the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-41-G03,CARS-41-Z17)
文摘Background: The feed conversion ratio(FCR) and residual feed intake(RFI) are common indexes in measuring feed efficiency for livestock. RFI is a feed intake adjusted for requirements for maintenance and production so these two traits are related. Similarly, FCR is related to feed intake and weight gain because it is their ratio. Cholecystokinin type A receptor(CCKAR) plays an important role in animal digestive process. We examined the interplay of these three parameters in a local Chinese chicken population.Results: The feed intake(FI) and body weights(BW) of 1,841 individuals were monitored on a daily basis from 56 to 105 d of age. There was a strong correlation between RFI and average daily feed intake(ADFI) and a negative correlation between the FCR and daily gain(r_g=-0.710). Furthermore, we identified 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in the CCKAR and 4 of these resulted in amino acid mutations. The C334A mutation was specifically associated with FI and the expected feed intake(EFI)(P < 0.01) and significantly associated with the average daily gain(ADG)(P < 0.05). G1290A was significantly associated with FI and EFI(P < 0.05).Conclusion: FCR is apply to weight selecting, and RFI is more appropriate if the breeding focus is feed intake. And C334A and G1290A of the CCKAR gene can be deemed as candidate markers for feed intake and weight gain.
基金supported by the Beijing Council of Science and Technology (Nos. HB200504-6, HB200504-2)the Natural Science Fund Project of the Beijing Municipal Government (No. 8072014)+1 种基金the National High Technology Development Plan (863 Project) of China (No. 2006AA06A301)supported by the special fund provided by the State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (14Y04ESPCP), Peking University
文摘Measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN) were made at a Beijing urban site each August from2005 to 2009. Over this 5-year period, the average PAN concentration for August in each year increased from 3(2005) to 11.7 μg/m3(2007); however, it decreased rapidly in 2008(4.1 μg/m3).Generally, the variation over the 5 years showed a rise in the first part of the study period,followed by a decline. We considered two categories of local and regional air masses in this study, which revealed that the PAN concentration in Beijing was affected mainly by southeastern air masses. The August PAN variation was influenced predominantly by local air masses in 2005,but by 2009 regional air masses had become more important. This study showed the level and variation of PAN in the month of August in 5 consecutive years for the first time, and proved that control measures are useful in decreasing photochemical pollution; hence, these measures are probably feasible for other megacities too. Furthermore, this method of analyzing regional and local impacts might be useful for other studies as well.
