Since the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics was the first Winter Olympics in history held in continental winter monsoon climate conditions across complex terrain areas,there is a deficiency of relevant research,operational...Since the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics was the first Winter Olympics in history held in continental winter monsoon climate conditions across complex terrain areas,there is a deficiency of relevant research,operational techniques,and experience.This made providing meteorological services for this event particularly challenging.The China Meteorological Administration(CMA)Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre,achieved breakthroughs in research on short-and medium-term deterministic and ensemble numerical predictions.Several key technologies crucial for precise winter weather services during the Winter Olympics were developed.A comprehensive framework,known as the Operational System for High-Precision Weather Forecasting for the Winter Olympics,was established.Some of these advancements represent the highest level of capabilities currently available in China.The meteorological service provided to the Beijing 2022 Games also exceeded previous Winter Olympic Games in both variety and quality.This included achievements such as the“100-meter level,minute level”downscaled spatiotemporal resolution and forecasts spanning 1 to 15 days.Around 30 new technologies and over 60 kinds of products that align with the requirements of the Winter Olympics Organizing Committee were developed,and many of these techniques have since been integrated into the CMA’s operational national forecasting systems.These accomplishments were facilitated by a dedicated weather forecasting and research initiative,in conjunction with the preexisting real-time operational forecasting systems of the CMA.This program represents one of the five subprograms of the WMO’s high-impact weather forecasting demonstration project(SMART2022),and continues to play an important role in their Regional Association(RA)II Research Development Project(Hangzhou RDP).Therefore,the research accomplishments and meteorological service experiences from this program will be carried forward into forthcoming highimpact weather forecasting activities.This article provides an overview and assessment of this program and the operational national forecasting systems.展开更多
The editorial board of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine recently convened an academic seminar with a focus on studies regarding the mechanisms mediating acupuncture efficacy and moxibustion action inspired by the 2021 ...The editorial board of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine recently convened an academic seminar with a focus on studies regarding the mechanisms mediating acupuncture efficacy and moxibustion action inspired by the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Specifically,Professor Bailong Xiao introduced the Nobel Prize for research on the mechanically activated Piezo ion channel,evaluating the structure of the Piezo channel and its physiological and pathological functions,and proposed a possible role for the Piezo channel in acupuncture mechanical stimulation.Professor Michael Xi Zhu introduced the discovery of the transient receptor potential(TRP)family,reporting that the therapeutic effects of Chinese medicine and acupuncture may be achieved via the TRP family,and that information regarding associations between the meridian and lymphatic systems may have important research and medical value.In addition,Professor Tianle Xu reviewed the history of ion channel research,particularly the physiological and pharmacological effects of non-classical ion channels(eg,the acid sensing ion channel family)and pointed out that the characterization and neural circuits of acupuncture deqi manipulation are important for elucidating the mechanisms of acupuncture actions.Professor Yongming Li similarly proposed that the 2021 Nobel Prize may open the door to disclosing the histological basis of acupuncture and moxibustion and analyzing the main scientific concerns regarding the clinical translation of acupuncture and moxibustion from basic to translational research.Finally,Professor Yi Guo summarized the study progress of the acupoint microenvironment induced by acupuncture over the course of nearly 30 years and put forward the hypothesis that acupuncture may initiate the physical-chemical coupling network by activating ion channel receptors in acupoints via physical and mechanical stimulation.Therefore,we conclude that a primary achievement of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is in helping interpret how acupuncture and moxibustion adjust homeostasis(ie,by activating mechanical and thermal sensation),which is conducive to validating and promoting the clinical efficacy of acupuncture modalities.展开更多
Traumatic brain injury(TBI)is a brain injury caused by direct external forces,and its prognosis depends on the extent of the damage and the changes in level of consciousness.Timely awakening from a coma is the first t...Traumatic brain injury(TBI)is a brain injury caused by direct external forces,and its prognosis depends on the extent of the damage and the changes in level of consciousness.Timely awakening from a coma is the first thorny problem to be solved in TBI treatment.Therefore,there is a need for the development of safe and effective methods for timely awakening after TBI coma.Dopamine(DA)and its receptors in the nervous system are involved in the regulation of wakefulness.The amount and activity of dopaminergic neurons can affect cellular function and neuroinflammatory response,and are also significant for the awakening process after TBI.The current common awakening therapy for TBI may also be related to the activation of dopaminergic neurons.Acupuncture plays a beneficial role in timely awakening,recovery of conscious level,and functional rehabilitation after TBI.The mechanism may be related to the targeted regulation of DA and its receptors via acupuncture.Among acupuncture first aid therapies,acupuncture at hand 12 Jing-Well points,with its advantages of simple operation and ultra-early intervention,has shown great promise in timely awakening following TBI and triggering a series of subsequent nerve repair effects in the treatment of TBI.We here present a review that provides a new perspective for the timely awakening from TBI-induced coma,with a focus on the role of DA in the regulation of wakefulness and the efficacy and potential mechanism of DA systems in the treatment of TBI by acupuncture.展开更多
The fate of riverine sulfate ion (SO_(4)^(2-)) and its environmental effects in arid environment are difficult to evaluate due to its complicated sources and strongly coupled behaviors with water cycle which is signif...The fate of riverine sulfate ion (SO_(4)^(2-)) and its environmental effects in arid environment are difficult to evaluate due to its complicated sources and strongly coupled behaviors with water cycle which is significantly modified by humans.To understand the sulfur cycle in aquatic systems in arid environment,the chemical and sulfur and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ^(34)S_(SO4)and δ^(18)O_(SO4)) of major rivers around the Badain Jaran Desert,northwestern China,were investigated.These rivers had averaged SO_(4)^(2-)content at 1336μmol/L,over 10times higher than the global average.The δ^(34)S_(SO4)and δ^(18)O_(SO4)values ranged from-5.3‰to+11.8‰and+1.6‰to+12.8‰,respectively.The end-member analysis and the inverse model showed that riverine sulfate was mainly derived from evaporites dissolution (0-87%),sulfide oxidation (13%-100%) and precipitation (0-33%),indicating heterogeneity in sulfur sources and behaviors along the river drainage with the lithology variations and climate gradients.Multiple isotopic tools combining with hydro-chemistry compositions could be applied to reveal sulfur cycle in arid environment.Based on the calculation,sulfide oxidation plays the primary role in the headwater and upstream in the Qilian-Mountains area,where sulfide is widely exposed.While the proportion of evaporites dissolution contributing to riverine sulfate is much higher in downstream in a drier environment.Besides,less precipitation and higher temperature can lead to more intensive evaporation,affecting the process of sulfide oxidation and enhancing the rates of evaporites dissolution and sulfate precipitation in the basin.展开更多
The Tibetan Plateau is one of the most complicated geographical units worldwide in terms of its tectonic and environmental background.Although a hotspot for continental weathering and carbon cycling studies,accurate d...The Tibetan Plateau is one of the most complicated geographical units worldwide in terms of its tectonic and environmental background.Although a hotspot for continental weathering and carbon cycling studies,accurate determination of the weathering carbon budget is challenging in this area,especially sink and source flux quantification and the controlling mechanisms.Compared with other major rivers on the plateau,the Nujiang River is characterized by less human disturbance and maintains a relatively pristine state.This study investigates the high spatiotemporal resolution hydrochemistry and dual-carbon isotope composition(δ~(13)C_(DIC)andΔ~(14)C_(DIC))of river water in the Nujiang River Basin.The results revealed that the solutes and dissolved inorganic carbon in the river water are predominantly derived from rock weathering by carbonic and sulfuric acids,mainly due to the carbonate weathering process,and significantly enhanced by deep carbon sourcing from hot springs in the fault zone.The average contributions of geological and modern carbon in the main stream of the Nujiang River are 35.2%and 64.8%,respectively,and sulfide oxidation contributes>90%of sulfate ions in the river water.After considering the involvement of sulfuric acid generated by sulfide oxidation during rock weathering,the calculated consumption fluxes of atmospheric CO_(2) by silicate and carbonate weathering in the watershed were decreased by approximately 52.0%and 37.4%,respectively,compared with those calculated ignoring this process.Rock weathering of the Nujiang River Basin is a“CO_(2) sink”on a short time scale,while the participation of sulfuric acid makes it a“CO_(2) source”on a geological time scale.The high-frequency observations of ion concentrations,elemental ratios,and calculated contributions of different rock weathering materials indicate that carbonate rock weathering is more sensitive to temperature and runoff variations than silicate rock weathering,with the solute contribution from carbonate weathering increasing significantly during monsoon period.The material input from different rock types is dominated by the hydrological pathways and water-rock reaction times in the basin.This study reveals the river solute origins and weathering CO_(2) sequestration effect in response to a monsoonal climate in one of the most representative pristine plateau watersheds in the world,which is of great importance for elucidating the weathering control mechanisms and CO_(2) net sourcesink effect in plateau watersheds.展开更多
Assimilation of surface observations including 2-m temperature(T_(2m))in numerical weather prediction(NWP)models remains a challenging problem owing to differences between the elevation of model terrain and that of ac...Assimilation of surface observations including 2-m temperature(T_(2m))in numerical weather prediction(NWP)models remains a challenging problem owing to differences between the elevation of model terrain and that of actual observation stations.NWP results can be improved only if surface observations are assimilated appropriately.In this study,a T_(2m)data assimilation scheme that carefully considers misrepresentation of model and station terrain was established by using the three-dimensional variational data assimilation(3DVAR)system of the China Meteorological Administration mesoscale model(CMA-MESO).The corresponding forward observation operator,tangent linear operator,and adjoint operator for the T_(2m)observations under three terrain mismatch treatments were developed.The T_(2m)data were assimilated in the same method as that adopted for temperature sounding data with additional representative errors,when station terrain was 100 m higher than model terrain;otherwise,the T_(2m)data were assimilated by using the surface similarity theory assimilation operator.Furthermore,if station terrain was lower than model terrain,additional representative errors were stipulated and corrected.Test of a rainfall case showed that the observation innovation and analysis residuals both exhibited Gaussian distribution and that the analysis increment was reasonable.Moreover,it was found that on completion of the data assimilation cycle,T_(2m)data assimilation obviously influenced the temperature,wind,and relative humidity fields throughout the troposphere,with the greatest impact evident in the lower layers,and that both the area and the intensity of rainfall were better forecasted,especially for the first 12hours.Long-term continuous experiments for 2–28 February and 5–20 July 2020,further verified that T_(2m)data assimilation reduced deviations not only in T_(2m)but also in 10-m wind forecasts.More importantly,the precipitation equitable threat scores were improved over the two experimental periods.In summary,this study confirmed that the T_(2m)data assimilation scheme that we implemented in the kilometer-scale CMA-MESO 3DVAR system is effective.展开更多
Nitrogen pollution is a serious environmental issue in the Danjiangkou Reservoir region(DRR),the water source of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China.In this research,seasonal surveys and a bi-weekly ti...Nitrogen pollution is a serious environmental issue in the Danjiangkou Reservoir region(DRR),the water source of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China.In this research,seasonal surveys and a bi-weekly time series survey were conducted in the Qihe River Basin,one of the most densely populated agricultural basins in the DRR.Hydrochemical compositions(NO3^-Cl^-),dual isotopes(δD-H2O,δ^18O-H2O,δ^15N-NO3^-,andδ^18O-NO3^-),and a Markov Chain Monte Carlo isotope mixing model were jointly applied to unravel the sources,migrations,and transformations of the nitrate(NO3^-)in the basin.It was revealed that the mixing between different sources was the main process controlling the isotopic compositions of the riverine NO3the upper-middle reaches.In contrast,denitrification occurred in the lower reaches.For the first time,the sources of NO3^-quantified at a basin scale in the DRR.Overall,the river transported 484.2 tons/year of NO3^-N to the reservoir,of which 32.6%,36.4%,28.0%,and 3.0%was from soil organic nitrogen,chemical fertilizer,residential sewage and atmospheric precipitation,respectively.The NO3^-N fluxes of the different sources were regulated by the monsoon climate and anthropogenic activities.For example,high precipitation and intense fertilization resulted in severe nonpoint source pollution.Denitrification thrived in soils and reservoirs in wet seasons.Temperature could regulate the migration,nitrification and denitrification processes.Based on the results,we suggest that the management strategies dealing with nitrogen pollution issue in the DRR should follow the specific spatiotemporal characteristics of NO3migration and transformation mechanisms.展开更多
基金This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41975137,42175012,and 41475097)the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2018YFF0300103).
文摘Since the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics was the first Winter Olympics in history held in continental winter monsoon climate conditions across complex terrain areas,there is a deficiency of relevant research,operational techniques,and experience.This made providing meteorological services for this event particularly challenging.The China Meteorological Administration(CMA)Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre,achieved breakthroughs in research on short-and medium-term deterministic and ensemble numerical predictions.Several key technologies crucial for precise winter weather services during the Winter Olympics were developed.A comprehensive framework,known as the Operational System for High-Precision Weather Forecasting for the Winter Olympics,was established.Some of these advancements represent the highest level of capabilities currently available in China.The meteorological service provided to the Beijing 2022 Games also exceeded previous Winter Olympic Games in both variety and quality.This included achievements such as the“100-meter level,minute level”downscaled spatiotemporal resolution and forecasts spanning 1 to 15 days.Around 30 new technologies and over 60 kinds of products that align with the requirements of the Winter Olympics Organizing Committee were developed,and many of these techniques have since been integrated into the CMA’s operational national forecasting systems.These accomplishments were facilitated by a dedicated weather forecasting and research initiative,in conjunction with the preexisting real-time operational forecasting systems of the CMA.This program represents one of the five subprograms of the WMO’s high-impact weather forecasting demonstration project(SMART2022),and continues to play an important role in their Regional Association(RA)II Research Development Project(Hangzhou RDP).Therefore,the research accomplishments and meteorological service experiences from this program will be carried forward into forthcoming highimpact weather forecasting activities.This article provides an overview and assessment of this program and the operational national forecasting systems.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82030125 and 81873369)。
文摘The editorial board of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine recently convened an academic seminar with a focus on studies regarding the mechanisms mediating acupuncture efficacy and moxibustion action inspired by the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Specifically,Professor Bailong Xiao introduced the Nobel Prize for research on the mechanically activated Piezo ion channel,evaluating the structure of the Piezo channel and its physiological and pathological functions,and proposed a possible role for the Piezo channel in acupuncture mechanical stimulation.Professor Michael Xi Zhu introduced the discovery of the transient receptor potential(TRP)family,reporting that the therapeutic effects of Chinese medicine and acupuncture may be achieved via the TRP family,and that information regarding associations between the meridian and lymphatic systems may have important research and medical value.In addition,Professor Tianle Xu reviewed the history of ion channel research,particularly the physiological and pharmacological effects of non-classical ion channels(eg,the acid sensing ion channel family)and pointed out that the characterization and neural circuits of acupuncture deqi manipulation are important for elucidating the mechanisms of acupuncture actions.Professor Yongming Li similarly proposed that the 2021 Nobel Prize may open the door to disclosing the histological basis of acupuncture and moxibustion and analyzing the main scientific concerns regarding the clinical translation of acupuncture and moxibustion from basic to translational research.Finally,Professor Yi Guo summarized the study progress of the acupoint microenvironment induced by acupuncture over the course of nearly 30 years and put forward the hypothesis that acupuncture may initiate the physical-chemical coupling network by activating ion channel receptors in acupoints via physical and mechanical stimulation.Therefore,we conclude that a primary achievement of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is in helping interpret how acupuncture and moxibustion adjust homeostasis(ie,by activating mechanical and thermal sensation),which is conducive to validating and promoting the clinical efficacy of acupuncture modalities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82074534).
文摘Traumatic brain injury(TBI)is a brain injury caused by direct external forces,and its prognosis depends on the extent of the damage and the changes in level of consciousness.Timely awakening from a coma is the first thorny problem to be solved in TBI treatment.Therefore,there is a need for the development of safe and effective methods for timely awakening after TBI coma.Dopamine(DA)and its receptors in the nervous system are involved in the regulation of wakefulness.The amount and activity of dopaminergic neurons can affect cellular function and neuroinflammatory response,and are also significant for the awakening process after TBI.The current common awakening therapy for TBI may also be related to the activation of dopaminergic neurons.Acupuncture plays a beneficial role in timely awakening,recovery of conscious level,and functional rehabilitation after TBI.The mechanism may be related to the targeted regulation of DA and its receptors via acupuncture.Among acupuncture first aid therapies,acupuncture at hand 12 Jing-Well points,with its advantages of simple operation and ultra-early intervention,has shown great promise in timely awakening following TBI and triggering a series of subsequent nerve repair effects in the treatment of TBI.We here present a review that provides a new perspective for the timely awakening from TBI-induced coma,with a focus on the role of DA in the regulation of wakefulness and the efficacy and potential mechanism of DA systems in the treatment of TBI by acupuncture.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDB26000000)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2020YFA0607700)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41730857 and 42273050)the Key Research Program of the Institute of Geology&Geophysics,CAS (No. IGGCAS-202204)support from the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (No.2019067)。
文摘The fate of riverine sulfate ion (SO_(4)^(2-)) and its environmental effects in arid environment are difficult to evaluate due to its complicated sources and strongly coupled behaviors with water cycle which is significantly modified by humans.To understand the sulfur cycle in aquatic systems in arid environment,the chemical and sulfur and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ^(34)S_(SO4)and δ^(18)O_(SO4)) of major rivers around the Badain Jaran Desert,northwestern China,were investigated.These rivers had averaged SO_(4)^(2-)content at 1336μmol/L,over 10times higher than the global average.The δ^(34)S_(SO4)and δ^(18)O_(SO4)values ranged from-5.3‰to+11.8‰and+1.6‰to+12.8‰,respectively.The end-member analysis and the inverse model showed that riverine sulfate was mainly derived from evaporites dissolution (0-87%),sulfide oxidation (13%-100%) and precipitation (0-33%),indicating heterogeneity in sulfur sources and behaviors along the river drainage with the lithology variations and climate gradients.Multiple isotopic tools combining with hydro-chemistry compositions could be applied to reveal sulfur cycle in arid environment.Based on the calculation,sulfide oxidation plays the primary role in the headwater and upstream in the Qilian-Mountains area,where sulfide is widely exposed.While the proportion of evaporites dissolution contributing to riverine sulfate is much higher in downstream in a drier environment.Besides,less precipitation and higher temperature can lead to more intensive evaporation,affecting the process of sulfide oxidation and enhancing the rates of evaporites dissolution and sulfate precipitation in the basin.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2020YFA0607700)the National Basic Science Center Program of Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41888101)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41730857)the Key Research Program of the Institute of Geology&Geophysics,CAS (Grant No.IGGCAS-202204)support from the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (Grant No.2019067)。
文摘The Tibetan Plateau is one of the most complicated geographical units worldwide in terms of its tectonic and environmental background.Although a hotspot for continental weathering and carbon cycling studies,accurate determination of the weathering carbon budget is challenging in this area,especially sink and source flux quantification and the controlling mechanisms.Compared with other major rivers on the plateau,the Nujiang River is characterized by less human disturbance and maintains a relatively pristine state.This study investigates the high spatiotemporal resolution hydrochemistry and dual-carbon isotope composition(δ~(13)C_(DIC)andΔ~(14)C_(DIC))of river water in the Nujiang River Basin.The results revealed that the solutes and dissolved inorganic carbon in the river water are predominantly derived from rock weathering by carbonic and sulfuric acids,mainly due to the carbonate weathering process,and significantly enhanced by deep carbon sourcing from hot springs in the fault zone.The average contributions of geological and modern carbon in the main stream of the Nujiang River are 35.2%and 64.8%,respectively,and sulfide oxidation contributes>90%of sulfate ions in the river water.After considering the involvement of sulfuric acid generated by sulfide oxidation during rock weathering,the calculated consumption fluxes of atmospheric CO_(2) by silicate and carbonate weathering in the watershed were decreased by approximately 52.0%and 37.4%,respectively,compared with those calculated ignoring this process.Rock weathering of the Nujiang River Basin is a“CO_(2) sink”on a short time scale,while the participation of sulfuric acid makes it a“CO_(2) source”on a geological time scale.The high-frequency observations of ion concentrations,elemental ratios,and calculated contributions of different rock weathering materials indicate that carbonate rock weathering is more sensitive to temperature and runoff variations than silicate rock weathering,with the solute contribution from carbonate weathering increasing significantly during monsoon period.The material input from different rock types is dominated by the hydrological pathways and water-rock reaction times in the basin.This study reveals the river solute origins and weathering CO_(2) sequestration effect in response to a monsoonal climate in one of the most representative pristine plateau watersheds in the world,which is of great importance for elucidating the weathering control mechanisms and CO_(2) net sourcesink effect in plateau watersheds.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFF0300103)。
文摘Assimilation of surface observations including 2-m temperature(T_(2m))in numerical weather prediction(NWP)models remains a challenging problem owing to differences between the elevation of model terrain and that of actual observation stations.NWP results can be improved only if surface observations are assimilated appropriately.In this study,a T_(2m)data assimilation scheme that carefully considers misrepresentation of model and station terrain was established by using the three-dimensional variational data assimilation(3DVAR)system of the China Meteorological Administration mesoscale model(CMA-MESO).The corresponding forward observation operator,tangent linear operator,and adjoint operator for the T_(2m)observations under three terrain mismatch treatments were developed.The T_(2m)data were assimilated in the same method as that adopted for temperature sounding data with additional representative errors,when station terrain was 100 m higher than model terrain;otherwise,the T_(2m)data were assimilated by using the surface similarity theory assimilation operator.Furthermore,if station terrain was lower than model terrain,additional representative errors were stipulated and corrected.Test of a rainfall case showed that the observation innovation and analysis residuals both exhibited Gaussian distribution and that the analysis increment was reasonable.Moreover,it was found that on completion of the data assimilation cycle,T_(2m)data assimilation obviously influenced the temperature,wind,and relative humidity fields throughout the troposphere,with the greatest impact evident in the lower layers,and that both the area and the intensity of rainfall were better forecasted,especially for the first 12hours.Long-term continuous experiments for 2–28 February and 5–20 July 2020,further verified that T_(2m)data assimilation reduced deviations not only in T_(2m)but also in 10-m wind forecasts.More importantly,the precipitation equitable threat scores were improved over the two experimental periods.In summary,this study confirmed that the T_(2m)data assimilation scheme that we implemented in the kilometer-scale CMA-MESO 3DVAR system is effective.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41673020,41730857)the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academic of Sciences(No.ZDRW-ZS-2016-7-2)。
文摘Nitrogen pollution is a serious environmental issue in the Danjiangkou Reservoir region(DRR),the water source of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China.In this research,seasonal surveys and a bi-weekly time series survey were conducted in the Qihe River Basin,one of the most densely populated agricultural basins in the DRR.Hydrochemical compositions(NO3^-Cl^-),dual isotopes(δD-H2O,δ^18O-H2O,δ^15N-NO3^-,andδ^18O-NO3^-),and a Markov Chain Monte Carlo isotope mixing model were jointly applied to unravel the sources,migrations,and transformations of the nitrate(NO3^-)in the basin.It was revealed that the mixing between different sources was the main process controlling the isotopic compositions of the riverine NO3the upper-middle reaches.In contrast,denitrification occurred in the lower reaches.For the first time,the sources of NO3^-quantified at a basin scale in the DRR.Overall,the river transported 484.2 tons/year of NO3^-N to the reservoir,of which 32.6%,36.4%,28.0%,and 3.0%was from soil organic nitrogen,chemical fertilizer,residential sewage and atmospheric precipitation,respectively.The NO3^-N fluxes of the different sources were regulated by the monsoon climate and anthropogenic activities.For example,high precipitation and intense fertilization resulted in severe nonpoint source pollution.Denitrification thrived in soils and reservoirs in wet seasons.Temperature could regulate the migration,nitrification and denitrification processes.Based on the results,we suggest that the management strategies dealing with nitrogen pollution issue in the DRR should follow the specific spatiotemporal characteristics of NO3migration and transformation mechanisms.
