The pear is an economic fruit that is widely planted around the world and is loved by people for its rich nutritional value. Autophagy is a self-protection mechanism in eukaryotes, and its occurrence often accompanied...The pear is an economic fruit that is widely planted around the world and is loved by people for its rich nutritional value. Autophagy is a self-protection mechanism in eukaryotes, and its occurrence often accompanied by the degradation of damaged substances in cells and the recycling of nutrients. Autophagy is one of the mechanisms through which plants respond to environmental stress and plays an important role in plant development and stress resistance. Functional studies of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) have been performed on a variety of plant species, but little information is available on the ATG family in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd). Therefore, we analyzed the evolutionary dynamics and performed a genome-wide characterization of the PbrATG gene family. A total of 28 PbrATG members were identified.Phylogenetic analysis showed that PbrATGs were more closely related to ATGs of European pear and apple. Evolutionary analysis revealed that whole-genome duplication (WGD) and dispersed duplication events were the main driving forces of PbrATG family expansion.Expression analysis of different pear tissues showed that all the genes were expressed in different pear tissues, and different PbrATGs are expressed at different times and in different locations. Moreover, all PbrATGs also responded to different abiotic stresses, especially salt and drought stress, which elicited the highest expression levels. Pear seedlings were subsequently infected with Botryosphaeria dothidea (B.dothidea). The results showed that different PbrATGs had different expression patterns at different infection stages. According to the gene expression data, PbrATG1a was selected as a key autophagy gene for further analysis. Silencing of PbrATG1a reduced the resistance of pear to B. dothidea, which resulted in increased lesions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents, antioxidant enzyme activity, and gene expression levels in the silenced pear seedlings after B. dothidea inoculation. In this study, a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of ATGs was conducted, and the functions of PbrATGs in pear development and in response to stress were elucidated, which laid a foundation for further study of the molecular mechanism of autophagy and a new strategy for pear resistance breeding.展开更多
Pear ring rot,caused by the pathogenic fungi Botryosphaeria dothidea,seriously affects pear production.While the infection-induced reactive oxygen species(ROS)burst of infected plants limits the proliferation of B.dot...Pear ring rot,caused by the pathogenic fungi Botryosphaeria dothidea,seriously affects pear production.While the infection-induced reactive oxygen species(ROS)burst of infected plants limits the proliferation of B.dothidea during the early infection stage,high ROS levels can also contribute to their growth during the later necrotrophic infection stage.Therefore,it is important to understand how plants balance ROS levels and resistance to pathogenic B.dothidea during the later stage.In this study,we identified PbrChiA,a glycosyl hydrolases 18(GH18)chitinase-encoding gene with high infection-induced expression,through a comparative transcriptome analysis.Artificial substitution,stable overexpression,and virus induced gene silencing(VIGS)experiments demonstrated that PbrChiA can positively regulate pear resistance as a secreted chitinase to break down B.dothidea mycelium in vitro and that overexpression of PbrChiA suppressed infection-induced ROS accumulation.Further analysis revealed that PbrChiA can bind to the ectodomain of PbrLYK1b2,and this interaction suppressed PbrLYK1b2-mediated chitin-induced ROS accumulation.Collectively,we propose that the combination of higher antifungal activity from abundant PbrChiA and lower ROS levels during later necrotrophic infection stage confer resistance of pear against B.dothidea.展开更多
As a crucial supervisory department overseeing economic operations,the audit department plays a pivotal role in safeguarding the healthy development of the country’s economy,exposing corruption,and effectively mainta...As a crucial supervisory department overseeing economic operations,the audit department plays a pivotal role in safeguarding the healthy development of the country’s economy,exposing corruption,and effectively maintaining social and economic peace and stability.The work of auditing involves detecting existing issues,providing remedies,and consistently contributing to national governance.However,as the market economic environment undergoes continuous changes,legal systems advance,and the audit environment becomes more complex,audit risks have gradually gained prominence.The prevention of audit risks has increasingly captured the attention of audit agencies at all levels.This necessitates audit institutions to continually adapt to new challenges,comprehend risks,and exert effective control over them.This article delves into the causes of audit risks,exploring ways to effectively identify and respond to these risks within a complex and ever-changing environment.The objective is to ensure the objectivity and accuracy of audit reports,allowing the audit function to truly serve as an“immune”system,protecting public interests.展开更多
The Chinese pear(Pyrus spp.)exhibits typical gametophytic self-incompatibility(GSI),which inhibits self-crossing and promotes outcrossing,similar to other fruit species in the Rosaceae family.Thus,S-compatible cultiva...The Chinese pear(Pyrus spp.)exhibits typical gametophytic self-incompatibility(GSI),which inhibits self-crossing and promotes outcrossing,similar to other fruit species in the Rosaceae family.Thus,S-compatible cultivars are required in pear orchards to ensure successful pollination and stable yields.In this study,84 native Chinese pear accessions were genotyped by allele-specific PCR using one pair allele consensus primers and 29 pairs of S-allele-specific primers that were designed in this study.After cloning and sequencing the PCR products,the S-genotypes of all 84 pear accessions,including wild and cultivated accessions,were determined.The reported 34 S-alleles and a novel S-allele were isolated from these pear accessions.These S-alleles were expressed specifically in the style.Sequence analysis identified that six pear cultivars originated in China shared the same S-RNases with P.communis(Pc).These findings supported the hypothesis that oriental and occidental Pyrus spp.may share the same pool of alleles at the S-locus.A novel S-RNase was isolated in ‘Putiandouli’,‘Daguoshanli’,‘Yunhongli1,and‘Dianli’and deposited as S67-RNase under accession number MT773568.Furthermore,the deduced amino acid sequences exhibited high similarity(99.56%)to S32-RNase in Malus.The high similarity between S-RNase in Pyrus and Malus indicated that the existence of S-RNase could have predated speciation between Pyrus and Malus.Furthermore,S-allele information was rearranged in Asian and European pears to provide information for selecting the best pollinator for widely cultivated pear cultivars in China.This information is useful for pear production,cross-breeding,and understanding the mechanism of the self-incompatibility reaction.展开更多
Programmed cell death(PCD)and secondary cell wall(SCW)thickening in pear fruit are accompanied by the deposition of cellulose and lignin to form stone cells.Metacaspase is an important protease for development,tissue ...Programmed cell death(PCD)and secondary cell wall(SCW)thickening in pear fruit are accompanied by the deposition of cellulose and lignin to form stone cells.Metacaspase is an important protease for development,tissue renewal and PCD.The understanding of the molecular mechanism whereby pear(Pyrus)metacaspase promotes PCD and cell wall lignification is still limited.In this study,the Metacaspases gene family(PbMCs)from P.bretschneideri was identified.PbMC1a/1b was associated with lignin deposition and stone cell formation by physiological data,semiquantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and quantitative RT-PCR(qRT-PCR).Relative to wildtype(WT)Arabidopsis,the overexpression of PbMC1a/1b increased lignin deposition and delayed growth,thickened the cell walls of vessels,xylary fibers and interfascicular fibers,and increased the expression of lignin biosynthetic genes.Yeast two-hybrid(Y2H),bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)and GST pull-down assays indicated that the PbMC1a/1b protein physically interacted with PbRD21.Simultaneously,the transient expression of PbMC1a/1b and PbRD21 led to significant changes in the expression of genes and lignin contents in pear fruits and flesh calli.These results indicate that PbMC1a/1b plays an important role in cell wall lignification,possibly by interacting with PbRD21 to increase the mRNA levels of some lignin synthesis-associated genes and promote the formation of stone cells in pear fruit.展开更多
Hybrid crops often exhibit increased yield and greater resilience,yet the genomic mechanism(s)underlying hybrid vigor or heterosis remain unclear,hindering our ability to predict the expression of phenotypic traits in...Hybrid crops often exhibit increased yield and greater resilience,yet the genomic mechanism(s)underlying hybrid vigor or heterosis remain unclear,hindering our ability to predict the expression of phenotypic traits in hybrid breeding.Here,we generated haplotype-resolved T2T genome assemblies of two pear hybrid varieties,‘Yuluxiang’(YLX)and‘Hongxiangsu’(HXS),which share the same maternal parent but differ in their paternal parents.We then used these assemblies to explore the genome-scale landscape of allele-specific expression(ASE)and create a pangenome graph for pear.ASE was observed for close to 6000 genes in both hybrid cultivars.A subset of ASE genes related to aspects of fruit quality such as sugars,organic acids,and cuticular wax were identified,suggesting their important contributions to heterosis.Specifically,Ma1,a gene regulating fruit acidity,is absent in the paternal haplotypes of HXS and YLX.A pangenome graph was built based on our assemblies and seven published pear genomes.Resequencing data for 139 cultivated pear genotypes(including 97 genotypes sequenced here)were subsequently aligned to the pangenome graph,revealing numerous structural variant hotspots and selective sweeps during pear diversification.As predicted,the Ma1 allele was found to be absent in varieties with low organic acid content,and this association was functionally validated by Ma1 overexpression in pear fruit and calli.Overall,these results reveal the contributions of ASE to fruit-quality heterosis and provide a robust pangenome reference for high-resolution allele discovery and association mapping.展开更多
Pear is an important fruit tree that is widely distributed around the world.The first pear genome map was reported from our laboratory approximately 10 years ago.To further study global protein expression patterns in ...Pear is an important fruit tree that is widely distributed around the world.The first pear genome map was reported from our laboratory approximately 10 years ago.To further study global protein expression patterns in pear,we generated pear proteome data based on 24 major tissues.The tissue-resolved profiles provided evidence of the expression of 17953 proteins.We identified 4294 new coding events and improved the pear genome annotation via the proteogenomic strategy based on 18090 peptide spectra with peptide spectrum matches>1.Among the eight randomly selected new short coding open reading frames that were expressed in the style,four promoted and one inhibited the growth of pear pollen tubes.Based on gene coexpression module analysis,we explored the key genes associated with important agronomic traits,such as stone cell formation in fruits.The network regulating the synthesis of lignin,a major component of stone cells,was reconstructed,and receptor-like kinases were implicated as core factors in this regulatory network.Moreover,we constructed the online database PearEXP(http://www.peardb.org.cn)to enable access to the pear proteogenomic resources.This study provides a paradigm for in-depth proteogenomic studies of woody plants.展开更多
Crop breeding programs generate large datasets.Thus,it is difficult to ensure the accuracy and integrity of all the collected data in the breeding process.To improve breeding efficiency,we established an open source a...Crop breeding programs generate large datasets.Thus,it is difficult to ensure the accuracy and integrity of all the collected data in the breeding process.To improve breeding efficiency,we established an open source and free breeding evaluation information system(BreedingEIS).The full system is composed of a web client and a mobile client.The web client is used to name the individual breeding offspring plants and analyze data.The mobile client is based on the technology of widely used smartphones and is suitable for Android and iOS systems.Its functions focus on field evaluation,including quick response code recognition,evaluation data entry,and real-time viewing.In addition,near-field communication technology and portable label machines are introduced to enable breeders to quickly locate each individual plant and accurately label any samples collected from it.Generally,BreedingEIS enables users to accurately and conveniently register phenotypic data and quickly lock target individual plants from large volumes of data.The system provides a low-cost and highly efficient solution for crop information evaluation and enables breeders to better collect,manage,and use breeding data for decision making,which is a valuable resource for crop breeding.展开更多
With-No-Lysine kinases(WNK) have been reported to be associated with plant growth regulation in Arabidopsis, soybean, and rice, but little is known of their roles in fruits. In this study, a total of 114 WNK genes wer...With-No-Lysine kinases(WNK) have been reported to be associated with plant growth regulation in Arabidopsis, soybean, and rice, but little is known of their roles in fruits. In this study, a total of 114 WNK genes were identified from 8 fruit trees species, and these WNK genes belonged to 2 classes(I and II) that respectively contain 4(A, B, C, D) and 2 groups(E, F). The WNK genes had variable exon-intron structures and were randomly distributed among most chromosomes of each genus. The expression levels of six of the 18 WNK genes in peach were almost undetectable in fruits, suggesting that they may not be associated with fruit development and ripening. Of the other 12 WNK genes, PpWNK.B1 exhibited stronger stability of expression levels than the best reference genes reported previously in fruits from two peach cultivars. These results suggested that PpWNK.B1 could be a reliable reference gene for gene expression studies of peach fruit. Moreover, qRT-PCR assays yielded evidence that when using single reference gene as internal control, mistakes were more possible, indicating that the use of three reference genes is necessary for gene expression studies. Based on the gene expression profiles validated by qRT-PCR, PpWNK.A1 is predicted to likely be involved in fruit ripening, while PpWNK.A2 and PpWNK.E3.1 are likely associated with early fruit development. The present study represented the WNK genes in fruits, and it will be a valuable resource in continuing investigation of gene regulation network during fruit development and ripening.展开更多
Wave breaking plays an important role in wave-structure interaction. A novel control volume finite element method with adaptive unstructured meshes is employed here to study 3-D breaking waves. The numerical framework...Wave breaking plays an important role in wave-structure interaction. A novel control volume finite element method with adaptive unstructured meshes is employed here to study 3-D breaking waves. The numerical framework consists of a ＂volume of fluid＂ type method for the interface capturing and adaptive unstructured meshes to improve computational efficiency. The numerical model is validated against experimental measurements of breaking wave over a sloping beach and is then used to study the breaking wave impact on a vertical circular cylinder on a slope. Detailed complex interfacial structures during wave impact, such as plunging jet formation and splash-up are captured in the simulation, demonstrating the capability of the present method.展开更多
Rupture or erosion of inflammatory atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque is essential to acute coronary events,while the target intervene of vulnerable plaque is very challenging,due to the relatively small volume,high he...Rupture or erosion of inflammatory atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque is essential to acute coronary events,while the target intervene of vulnerable plaque is very challenging,due to the relatively small volume,high hemodynamic shear stress,and multifactorial nature of the lesion foci.Herein,we utilize the biological functionality of neutrophil and the versatility of microbubble in the acoustic field,to form Neu-balloon through CD11b antibody binding.The Neu-balloon inherits the advantage of neutrophils on firming the endothelium adhesion even at shear stress up to 16 dyne/cm^(2)and also maintains the acoustic enhancement property from the microbubble,to accumulate at atherosclerotic lesions under acoustic in an atherosclerotic Apo E^(-/-) mice model.Interestingly,Neo-balloon also has high and broad drug loading capacity,which enables the delivery of indocyanine green and miR-126a-5p into vulnerable plagues in vivo.Overall,the bionic Neu-balloon holds great potential to boost on-demand drug transportation into plaques in vivo.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.31901989)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No.BK20190534)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No.2021T140332)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (Grant No.KYCX20_0584)。
文摘The pear is an economic fruit that is widely planted around the world and is loved by people for its rich nutritional value. Autophagy is a self-protection mechanism in eukaryotes, and its occurrence often accompanied by the degradation of damaged substances in cells and the recycling of nutrients. Autophagy is one of the mechanisms through which plants respond to environmental stress and plays an important role in plant development and stress resistance. Functional studies of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) have been performed on a variety of plant species, but little information is available on the ATG family in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd). Therefore, we analyzed the evolutionary dynamics and performed a genome-wide characterization of the PbrATG gene family. A total of 28 PbrATG members were identified.Phylogenetic analysis showed that PbrATGs were more closely related to ATGs of European pear and apple. Evolutionary analysis revealed that whole-genome duplication (WGD) and dispersed duplication events were the main driving forces of PbrATG family expansion.Expression analysis of different pear tissues showed that all the genes were expressed in different pear tissues, and different PbrATGs are expressed at different times and in different locations. Moreover, all PbrATGs also responded to different abiotic stresses, especially salt and drought stress, which elicited the highest expression levels. Pear seedlings were subsequently infected with Botryosphaeria dothidea (B.dothidea). The results showed that different PbrATGs had different expression patterns at different infection stages. According to the gene expression data, PbrATG1a was selected as a key autophagy gene for further analysis. Silencing of PbrATG1a reduced the resistance of pear to B. dothidea, which resulted in increased lesions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents, antioxidant enzyme activity, and gene expression levels in the silenced pear seedlings after B. dothidea inoculation. In this study, a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of ATGs was conducted, and the functions of PbrATGs in pear development and in response to stress were elucidated, which laid a foundation for further study of the molecular mechanism of autophagy and a new strategy for pear resistance breeding.
基金This work has been supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1000300)the National Science Foundation of China(31872070,32072538),Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JCQY201901)+1 种基金the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28)the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund(SCX(22)3215).Bioinformatic analysis was supported by the Bioinformatics Center of Nanjing Agricultural University.We also thank Dr Jianming Zeng(University of Macao),and all the members of his bioinformatics team,biotrainee,for generously sharing their experience and codes.
文摘Pear ring rot,caused by the pathogenic fungi Botryosphaeria dothidea,seriously affects pear production.While the infection-induced reactive oxygen species(ROS)burst of infected plants limits the proliferation of B.dothidea during the early infection stage,high ROS levels can also contribute to their growth during the later necrotrophic infection stage.Therefore,it is important to understand how plants balance ROS levels and resistance to pathogenic B.dothidea during the later stage.In this study,we identified PbrChiA,a glycosyl hydrolases 18(GH18)chitinase-encoding gene with high infection-induced expression,through a comparative transcriptome analysis.Artificial substitution,stable overexpression,and virus induced gene silencing(VIGS)experiments demonstrated that PbrChiA can positively regulate pear resistance as a secreted chitinase to break down B.dothidea mycelium in vitro and that overexpression of PbrChiA suppressed infection-induced ROS accumulation.Further analysis revealed that PbrChiA can bind to the ectodomain of PbrLYK1b2,and this interaction suppressed PbrLYK1b2-mediated chitin-induced ROS accumulation.Collectively,we propose that the combination of higher antifungal activity from abundant PbrChiA and lower ROS levels during later necrotrophic infection stage confer resistance of pear against B.dothidea.
文摘As a crucial supervisory department overseeing economic operations,the audit department plays a pivotal role in safeguarding the healthy development of the country’s economy,exposing corruption,and effectively maintaining social and economic peace and stability.The work of auditing involves detecting existing issues,providing remedies,and consistently contributing to national governance.However,as the market economic environment undergoes continuous changes,legal systems advance,and the audit environment becomes more complex,audit risks have gradually gained prominence.The prevention of audit risks has increasingly captured the attention of audit agencies at all levels.This necessitates audit institutions to continually adapt to new challenges,comprehend risks,and exert effective control over them.This article delves into the causes of audit risks,exploring ways to effectively identify and respond to these risks within a complex and ever-changing environment.The objective is to ensure the objectivity and accuracy of audit reports,allowing the audit function to truly serve as an“immune”system,protecting public interests.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.32172511)A Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutionsthe Key Project of New Variety Breeding of Agriculture of Jiangsu Province (Grant No.PZCZ201725)。
文摘The Chinese pear(Pyrus spp.)exhibits typical gametophytic self-incompatibility(GSI),which inhibits self-crossing and promotes outcrossing,similar to other fruit species in the Rosaceae family.Thus,S-compatible cultivars are required in pear orchards to ensure successful pollination and stable yields.In this study,84 native Chinese pear accessions were genotyped by allele-specific PCR using one pair allele consensus primers and 29 pairs of S-allele-specific primers that were designed in this study.After cloning and sequencing the PCR products,the S-genotypes of all 84 pear accessions,including wild and cultivated accessions,were determined.The reported 34 S-alleles and a novel S-allele were isolated from these pear accessions.These S-alleles were expressed specifically in the style.Sequence analysis identified that six pear cultivars originated in China shared the same S-RNases with P.communis(Pc).These findings supported the hypothesis that oriental and occidental Pyrus spp.may share the same pool of alleles at the S-locus.A novel S-RNase was isolated in ‘Putiandouli’,‘Daguoshanli’,‘Yunhongli1,and‘Dianli’and deposited as S67-RNase under accession number MT773568.Furthermore,the deduced amino acid sequences exhibited high similarity(99.56%)to S32-RNase in Malus.The high similarity between S-RNase in Pyrus and Malus indicated that the existence of S-RNase could have predated speciation between Pyrus and Malus.Furthermore,S-allele information was rearranged in Asian and European pears to provide information for selecting the best pollinator for widely cultivated pear cultivars in China.This information is useful for pear production,cross-breeding,and understanding the mechanism of the self-incompatibility reaction.
基金supported by the Major Science and Technology Project of Corps(2017DB006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972361,31672105,and 31372044)the National High-Technology Research,Development Program(2011AA10020602),for the design of the study and the collection,analyses,and interpretation of data.
文摘Programmed cell death(PCD)and secondary cell wall(SCW)thickening in pear fruit are accompanied by the deposition of cellulose and lignin to form stone cells.Metacaspase is an important protease for development,tissue renewal and PCD.The understanding of the molecular mechanism whereby pear(Pyrus)metacaspase promotes PCD and cell wall lignification is still limited.In this study,the Metacaspases gene family(PbMCs)from P.bretschneideri was identified.PbMC1a/1b was associated with lignin deposition and stone cell formation by physiological data,semiquantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and quantitative RT-PCR(qRT-PCR).Relative to wildtype(WT)Arabidopsis,the overexpression of PbMC1a/1b increased lignin deposition and delayed growth,thickened the cell walls of vessels,xylary fibers and interfascicular fibers,and increased the expression of lignin biosynthetic genes.Yeast two-hybrid(Y2H),bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)and GST pull-down assays indicated that the PbMC1a/1b protein physically interacted with PbRD21.Simultaneously,the transient expression of PbMC1a/1b and PbRD21 led to significant changes in the expression of genes and lignin contents in pear fruits and flesh calli.These results indicate that PbMC1a/1b plays an important role in cell wall lignification,possibly by interacting with PbRD21 to increase the mRNA levels of some lignin synthesis-associated genes and promote the formation of stone cells in pear fruit.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1003100-02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172511)+5 种基金the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund(CX(22)2025)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20210397)the Seed Industry Promotion Project of Jiangsu(JBGS(2021)022)the Guidance Foundation of the Hainan Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University(NAUSY-MS08)the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,the Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program(BE2023365)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28).This study was supported by the High-Performance Computing Platform of the Bioinformatics Center,Nanjing Agricultural University.
文摘Hybrid crops often exhibit increased yield and greater resilience,yet the genomic mechanism(s)underlying hybrid vigor or heterosis remain unclear,hindering our ability to predict the expression of phenotypic traits in hybrid breeding.Here,we generated haplotype-resolved T2T genome assemblies of two pear hybrid varieties,‘Yuluxiang’(YLX)and‘Hongxiangsu’(HXS),which share the same maternal parent but differ in their paternal parents.We then used these assemblies to explore the genome-scale landscape of allele-specific expression(ASE)and create a pangenome graph for pear.ASE was observed for close to 6000 genes in both hybrid cultivars.A subset of ASE genes related to aspects of fruit quality such as sugars,organic acids,and cuticular wax were identified,suggesting their important contributions to heterosis.Specifically,Ma1,a gene regulating fruit acidity,is absent in the paternal haplotypes of HXS and YLX.A pangenome graph was built based on our assemblies and seven published pear genomes.Resequencing data for 139 cultivated pear genotypes(including 97 genotypes sequenced here)were subsequently aligned to the pangenome graph,revealing numerous structural variant hotspots and selective sweeps during pear diversification.As predicted,the Ma1 allele was found to be absent in varieties with low organic acid content,and this association was functionally validated by Ma1 overexpression in pear fruit and calli.Overall,these results reveal the contributions of ASE to fruit-quality heterosis and provide a robust pangenome reference for high-resolution allele discovery and association mapping.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1003100-02,2020YFE0202900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172543,31830081,22274130,32202411)+5 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JCQY201901,KYZ201888)Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund(CX(19)2028)the seed industry promotion project of Jiangsu(JBGS(2021)022)the guidance foundation of Hainan Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University(NAUSY-MS08)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28)the project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘Pear is an important fruit tree that is widely distributed around the world.The first pear genome map was reported from our laboratory approximately 10 years ago.To further study global protein expression patterns in pear,we generated pear proteome data based on 24 major tissues.The tissue-resolved profiles provided evidence of the expression of 17953 proteins.We identified 4294 new coding events and improved the pear genome annotation via the proteogenomic strategy based on 18090 peptide spectra with peptide spectrum matches>1.Among the eight randomly selected new short coding open reading frames that were expressed in the style,four promoted and one inhibited the growth of pear pollen tubes.Based on gene coexpression module analysis,we explored the key genes associated with important agronomic traits,such as stone cell formation in fruits.The network regulating the synthesis of lignin,a major component of stone cells,was reconstructed,and receptor-like kinases were implicated as core factors in this regulatory network.Moreover,we constructed the online database PearEXP(http://www.peardb.org.cn)to enable access to the pear proteogenomic resources.This study provides a paradigm for in-depth proteogenomic studies of woody plants.
基金funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KYZZ2022002)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20221011)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202411)the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(2022ZB338)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022TQ0160)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1003100-02 and 2020YFE0202900).
文摘Crop breeding programs generate large datasets.Thus,it is difficult to ensure the accuracy and integrity of all the collected data in the breeding process.To improve breeding efficiency,we established an open source and free breeding evaluation information system(BreedingEIS).The full system is composed of a web client and a mobile client.The web client is used to name the individual breeding offspring plants and analyze data.The mobile client is based on the technology of widely used smartphones and is suitable for Android and iOS systems.Its functions focus on field evaluation,including quick response code recognition,evaluation data entry,and real-time viewing.In addition,near-field communication technology and portable label machines are introduced to enable breeders to quickly locate each individual plant and accurately label any samples collected from it.Generally,BreedingEIS enables users to accurately and conveniently register phenotypic data and quickly lock target individual plants from large volumes of data.The system provides a low-cost and highly efficient solution for crop information evaluation and enables breeders to better collect,manage,and use breeding data for decision making,which is a valuable resource for crop breeding.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31471856)
文摘With-No-Lysine kinases(WNK) have been reported to be associated with plant growth regulation in Arabidopsis, soybean, and rice, but little is known of their roles in fruits. In this study, a total of 114 WNK genes were identified from 8 fruit trees species, and these WNK genes belonged to 2 classes(I and II) that respectively contain 4(A, B, C, D) and 2 groups(E, F). The WNK genes had variable exon-intron structures and were randomly distributed among most chromosomes of each genus. The expression levels of six of the 18 WNK genes in peach were almost undetectable in fruits, suggesting that they may not be associated with fruit development and ripening. Of the other 12 WNK genes, PpWNK.B1 exhibited stronger stability of expression levels than the best reference genes reported previously in fruits from two peach cultivars. These results suggested that PpWNK.B1 could be a reliable reference gene for gene expression studies of peach fruit. Moreover, qRT-PCR assays yielded evidence that when using single reference gene as internal control, mistakes were more possible, indicating that the use of three reference genes is necessary for gene expression studies. Based on the gene expression profiles validated by qRT-PCR, PpWNK.A1 is predicted to likely be involved in fruit ripening, while PpWNK.A2 and PpWNK.E3.1 are likely associated with early fruit development. The present study represented the WNK genes in fruits, and it will be a valuable resource in continuing investigation of gene regulation network during fruit development and ripening.
基金the financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51490673)the Open Awards of the State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering+1 种基金funded by the EPSRC MEMPHIS multiphase Programme (Grant No. EP/K003976/1)funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/20072013) under grant agreement No. 603663 for the research project PEARL (Preparing for Extreme and Rare events in coasta L regions)
文摘Wave breaking plays an important role in wave-structure interaction. A novel control volume finite element method with adaptive unstructured meshes is employed here to study 3-D breaking waves. The numerical framework consists of a ＂volume of fluid＂ type method for the interface capturing and adaptive unstructured meshes to improve computational efficiency. The numerical model is validated against experimental measurements of breaking wave over a sloping beach and is then used to study the breaking wave impact on a vertical circular cylinder on a slope. Detailed complex interfacial structures during wave impact, such as plunging jet formation and splash-up are captured in the simulation, demonstrating the capability of the present method.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.82071939,82030051,81571689,and 81871472)Research Fellow(grant no.328933),Solutions for Health Profile(336355)+1 种基金InFLAMES Flagship(337531)projects from Academy of Finland,as well as the Finland China Food and Health International Pilot Project funded by the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culturegrant from Shenzhen Basic Research Program(no.JCYJ20200109114825064).
文摘Rupture or erosion of inflammatory atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque is essential to acute coronary events,while the target intervene of vulnerable plaque is very challenging,due to the relatively small volume,high hemodynamic shear stress,and multifactorial nature of the lesion foci.Herein,we utilize the biological functionality of neutrophil and the versatility of microbubble in the acoustic field,to form Neu-balloon through CD11b antibody binding.The Neu-balloon inherits the advantage of neutrophils on firming the endothelium adhesion even at shear stress up to 16 dyne/cm^(2)and also maintains the acoustic enhancement property from the microbubble,to accumulate at atherosclerotic lesions under acoustic in an atherosclerotic Apo E^(-/-) mice model.Interestingly,Neo-balloon also has high and broad drug loading capacity,which enables the delivery of indocyanine green and miR-126a-5p into vulnerable plagues in vivo.Overall,the bionic Neu-balloon holds great potential to boost on-demand drug transportation into plaques in vivo.
