Over the last few decades,the ecological quality of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau(QTP)has significantly changed due to climate warming,humidification,and increasing human activities.Thus,evaluating this region's ecol...Over the last few decades,the ecological quality of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau(QTP)has significantly changed due to climate warming,humidification,and increasing human activities.Thus,evaluating this region's ecological quality and dominant factors is crucial for sustainable development.In this study,the changes in the ecological quality on the QTP from 2000 to 2020 were evaluated based on aggregated indices and Sen–MK trend analyses,and the dominant factors affecting the ecological quality of the QTP were quantitatively analyzed using decision tree classification.The results revealed that(1)the ecological quality of the QTP exhibited an overall high trend in the east and a low pattern in the west;(2)the ecological quality of the QTP significantly increased from 2000 to 2020,and human activities were the dominant factors causing this change;and(3)the changes in the ecological quality and dominant factors exhibited obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity.The area with an improved ecological quality occurred mainly in the northern QTP region.It was governed by human activities and precipitation.In contrast,the area with a deteriorated ecological quality occurred largely in the southern QTP region and was dominated by human activities and temperature.The 2000–2010 period was the most significant period of heterogeneity regarding of ecological quality and its driving factors.(4)The change in the ecological quality was mainly affected by the synergistic relationship between human activities and climate change in this region,which encompassed multiple dominant factors.This study provides important information on the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of ecological quality change and its dominant factors on the QTP and offers systematic guidance for the planning and implementation of ecological protection projects.展开更多
IKKε is an IκB kinase participating in the control of NF-κB and type Ⅰ IFN signal pathways in mammals.However,the function of IKKε in regulating immune response is largely unknown in teleost.Herein,an IKKε homol...IKKε is an IκB kinase participating in the control of NF-κB and type Ⅰ IFN signal pathways in mammals.However,the function of IKKε in regulating immune response is largely unknown in teleost.Herein,an IKKε homologue named AjIKKε was characterized in Japanese eel(Anguilla japonica).AjIKKε has an N-terminal kinase domain,a ubiquitin-like domain,and a coiled coil-containing domain(CC),which is conserved and similar to its counterpart in mammals.Expression analysis showed that AjIKKεcould be up-regulated in kidney,spleen,and particularly in liver under the stimulation of poly Ⅰ:C,LPS,and Aeromonas hydrophila infection.In vitro,the mRNA levels of AjIKKεwere significantly provoked in eel liver cells stimulated by LPS and poly I:C,or the different concentrations of A.hydrophila.The overexpression of AjIKKε could not only induce a significantly higher level of promoter activity of human NF-κB,AP-1,and IFN-β in a dose-dependent manner but also up-regulate the activation of promoters of Japanese eel cRel,AP1,IL6,IFN4,IRF3,and IRF7 in HEK293 cells.RNAi studies showed that after AjIKKε was knocked down,the expression levels of IL1,IL6,TNFα,c-Jun,IFN2,IFN3,MX1,MX2,and IRF3 genes were significantly down-regulated in liver,spleen,and kidney of Japanese eels.In addition,the mutants of AjIKKε-K39A,AjIKKε-S174A,and AjIKKε-ΔCC failed to activate Japanese eel IFN4,IRF3 and human IFN-β promoters in HEK293 cells.Collectively,these results suggest that AjIKKεmay function as a positive regulator of NF-κB,MAPK,and IRF3-mediated type Ⅰ IFN signaling pathways related to immune response evoked by bacterial and viral infection.展开更多
Major histocompatibility complex(MHC)molecules play a critical role in the immune response of vertebrate animals by presenting foreign antigens to T lymphocytes.In this study,we first cloned and identified a classical...Major histocompatibility complex(MHC)molecules play a critical role in the immune response of vertebrate animals by presenting foreign antigens to T lymphocytes.In this study,we first cloned and identified a classical and a novel nonclassical MHC Iαmolecules from Japanese eel(Anguilla japonica),named as AjMHC I-UBA and AjMHC I-L,respectively.The full-length cDNA of AjMHC I-UBA contains an open reading frame(ORF)of 1047 bp encoding a predicted protein of 348 amino acids,while AjMHC I-L 1089 bp encodes 362 amino acids.The multiple alignment of the amino acid sequence showed that AjMHC I-UBA and AjMHC I-L consist of an N-terminal MHC I superfamily domain withinα1 andα2 helices,an IgC-MHC Iα3 domain,and a transmembrane region close to the C-terminal,which are similar to other fish and mammal species.Molecular polymorphism analysis showed that eight different major alleles of AjMHC I-UBA,named as AjMHC I-UBA*0101~1001,were identified from six Japanese eel individuals.Furthermore,a distinguishing signature of the nonclassical L-lineage genes specific motif“HINMTL”,including an N-glycosylation site(NXS/T),was present in theα3 domain of AjMHC I-L sequences.Although the predicted three-dimensional structures of AjMHC I-UBA and AjMHC I-L are similar to that of human MHC Iα,phylogenetic analysis showed that these two protein molecules belong to classical MHC I UBA gene of U-lineage and nonclassical MHC I gene of L-lineage,respectively.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)analysis revealed that the highest expression of AjMHC I-UBA and AjMHC I-L was found in the intestine and the expression level of AjMHC I-UBA in all of the examined tissues was significantly higher than that of AjMHC I-L.The expressions of AjMHC I-UBA and AjMHC I-L in liver,kidney and spleen were significantly induced following injection with the viral mimic poly I:C,LPS,and Aeromonas hydrophila infection.In vitro,the AjMHC I-UBA and AjMHC I-L transcripts of Japanese eel liver cells were significantly enhanced by the treatment of poly I:C or the stimulation of the high concentration of A.hydrophila.Subcellular localization showed that under natural conditions,AjMHC I-UBA and AjMHC I-L were uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm,and aggregated into spots or flakes in the cytoplasm after the stimulation of poly I:C or LPS.These results collectively suggested that AjMHC I-UBA and AjMHC I-L are important components possibly involved in Japanese eel defense against viral and bacterial infection.Taken together,these findings provide valuable insight into the immune function of MHC class I in the immune system of teleost.展开更多
基金the Qinghai Province Science and Technology Plan Basic Research Program(grant number 2022-ZJ-718)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(grant number 2019QZKK0608)。
文摘Over the last few decades,the ecological quality of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau(QTP)has significantly changed due to climate warming,humidification,and increasing human activities.Thus,evaluating this region's ecological quality and dominant factors is crucial for sustainable development.In this study,the changes in the ecological quality on the QTP from 2000 to 2020 were evaluated based on aggregated indices and Sen–MK trend analyses,and the dominant factors affecting the ecological quality of the QTP were quantitatively analyzed using decision tree classification.The results revealed that(1)the ecological quality of the QTP exhibited an overall high trend in the east and a low pattern in the west;(2)the ecological quality of the QTP significantly increased from 2000 to 2020,and human activities were the dominant factors causing this change;and(3)the changes in the ecological quality and dominant factors exhibited obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity.The area with an improved ecological quality occurred mainly in the northern QTP region.It was governed by human activities and precipitation.In contrast,the area with a deteriorated ecological quality occurred largely in the southern QTP region and was dominated by human activities and temperature.The 2000–2010 period was the most significant period of heterogeneity regarding of ecological quality and its driving factors.(4)The change in the ecological quality was mainly affected by the synergistic relationship between human activities and climate change in this region,which encompassed multiple dominant factors.This study provides important information on the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of ecological quality change and its dominant factors on the QTP and offers systematic guidance for the planning and implementation of ecological protection projects.
基金financially supported by“Nature Science Foundation of Fujian Province”(No.2020J01671,2021J01830).
文摘IKKε is an IκB kinase participating in the control of NF-κB and type Ⅰ IFN signal pathways in mammals.However,the function of IKKε in regulating immune response is largely unknown in teleost.Herein,an IKKε homologue named AjIKKε was characterized in Japanese eel(Anguilla japonica).AjIKKε has an N-terminal kinase domain,a ubiquitin-like domain,and a coiled coil-containing domain(CC),which is conserved and similar to its counterpart in mammals.Expression analysis showed that AjIKKεcould be up-regulated in kidney,spleen,and particularly in liver under the stimulation of poly Ⅰ:C,LPS,and Aeromonas hydrophila infection.In vitro,the mRNA levels of AjIKKεwere significantly provoked in eel liver cells stimulated by LPS and poly I:C,or the different concentrations of A.hydrophila.The overexpression of AjIKKε could not only induce a significantly higher level of promoter activity of human NF-κB,AP-1,and IFN-β in a dose-dependent manner but also up-regulate the activation of promoters of Japanese eel cRel,AP1,IL6,IFN4,IRF3,and IRF7 in HEK293 cells.RNAi studies showed that after AjIKKε was knocked down,the expression levels of IL1,IL6,TNFα,c-Jun,IFN2,IFN3,MX1,MX2,and IRF3 genes were significantly down-regulated in liver,spleen,and kidney of Japanese eels.In addition,the mutants of AjIKKε-K39A,AjIKKε-S174A,and AjIKKε-ΔCC failed to activate Japanese eel IFN4,IRF3 and human IFN-β promoters in HEK293 cells.Collectively,these results suggest that AjIKKεmay function as a positive regulator of NF-κB,MAPK,and IRF3-mediated type Ⅰ IFN signaling pathways related to immune response evoked by bacterial and viral infection.
基金supported by“Nature Science Foundation of Fujian Province”(No.2020J01671)“The Science Foundation of Jimei University,China”(No.ZP2020017)+1 种基金“Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry,Ministry of Education,P.R.China”(No.RE202110)“Key Laboratory and Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,P.R.China”(No.2020ESHML02).
文摘Major histocompatibility complex(MHC)molecules play a critical role in the immune response of vertebrate animals by presenting foreign antigens to T lymphocytes.In this study,we first cloned and identified a classical and a novel nonclassical MHC Iαmolecules from Japanese eel(Anguilla japonica),named as AjMHC I-UBA and AjMHC I-L,respectively.The full-length cDNA of AjMHC I-UBA contains an open reading frame(ORF)of 1047 bp encoding a predicted protein of 348 amino acids,while AjMHC I-L 1089 bp encodes 362 amino acids.The multiple alignment of the amino acid sequence showed that AjMHC I-UBA and AjMHC I-L consist of an N-terminal MHC I superfamily domain withinα1 andα2 helices,an IgC-MHC Iα3 domain,and a transmembrane region close to the C-terminal,which are similar to other fish and mammal species.Molecular polymorphism analysis showed that eight different major alleles of AjMHC I-UBA,named as AjMHC I-UBA*0101~1001,were identified from six Japanese eel individuals.Furthermore,a distinguishing signature of the nonclassical L-lineage genes specific motif“HINMTL”,including an N-glycosylation site(NXS/T),was present in theα3 domain of AjMHC I-L sequences.Although the predicted three-dimensional structures of AjMHC I-UBA and AjMHC I-L are similar to that of human MHC Iα,phylogenetic analysis showed that these two protein molecules belong to classical MHC I UBA gene of U-lineage and nonclassical MHC I gene of L-lineage,respectively.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)analysis revealed that the highest expression of AjMHC I-UBA and AjMHC I-L was found in the intestine and the expression level of AjMHC I-UBA in all of the examined tissues was significantly higher than that of AjMHC I-L.The expressions of AjMHC I-UBA and AjMHC I-L in liver,kidney and spleen were significantly induced following injection with the viral mimic poly I:C,LPS,and Aeromonas hydrophila infection.In vitro,the AjMHC I-UBA and AjMHC I-L transcripts of Japanese eel liver cells were significantly enhanced by the treatment of poly I:C or the stimulation of the high concentration of A.hydrophila.Subcellular localization showed that under natural conditions,AjMHC I-UBA and AjMHC I-L were uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm,and aggregated into spots or flakes in the cytoplasm after the stimulation of poly I:C or LPS.These results collectively suggested that AjMHC I-UBA and AjMHC I-L are important components possibly involved in Japanese eel defense against viral and bacterial infection.Taken together,these findings provide valuable insight into the immune function of MHC class I in the immune system of teleost.
