While a plethora of studies has been conducted to explore demotivation and its impact on mental health in second language(L2)education,scanty research focuses on demotivation in L2 speaking learning.Particularly,littl...While a plethora of studies has been conducted to explore demotivation and its impact on mental health in second language(L2)education,scanty research focuses on demotivation in L2 speaking learning.Particularly,little research explores the measures to quantify L2 speaking demotivation.The present two-phase study attempts to develop and validate an English Speaking Demotivation Scale(ESDS).To this end,an independent sample of 207 Chinese tertiary learners of English as a Foreign Language(EFL)participated in the development phase,and another group of 188 Chinese EFL learners was recruited for the validation of the scale.Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA)and Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA)were employed to determine the factor structure of the scale.The EFA results revealed a six-factor solution with Teacher-related Factors in Learning Spoken English(TFLSE),Interest and Valence in Learning Spoken English(IVLSE),Self-efficacy in Learning Spoken English(SELSE),Negative Peer Influence in Learning Spoken English(NPILSE),Undesirable Environment for Learning Spoken English(UELSE),and Negative Influence of Assessment and Learning Materials in speaking class(NIALM).In the validation phase,Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA)was performed to validate the internal structure of the scale.The CFA results showed that the model fits the data well.Overall,the ESDS is a robust and trustworthy psychometric tool that could be utilized to examine L2 speaking demotivation.Implications for diminishing EFL learners’demotivation,lessening their aversive emotions and promoting their mental health are also discussed.展开更多
First-principles calculation of muons in ionic fluorides has been proposed recently.However,there is a considerable difference between the obtained F-μbond length and the experimental data obtained by muon spin relax...First-principles calculation of muons in ionic fluorides has been proposed recently.However,there is a considerable difference between the obtained F-μbond length and the experimental data obtained by muon spin relaxation(μSR).Considering that the difference may be caused by ignoring the quantum effect of muons,we use two-component density functional theory(TCDFT)to consider the quantized muon and recalculate the bond length and theμSR depolarization spectrum.After testing several muon-electron correlation,we show that TCDFT can give better results than the commonly used“DFT+μ”.展开更多
The resonator integrated optic gyros(RIOGs) based on the Sagnac effect have gained extensive attention in navigation and guidance systems due to their predominant advantages: high theoretical accuracy and simple integ...The resonator integrated optic gyros(RIOGs) based on the Sagnac effect have gained extensive attention in navigation and guidance systems due to their predominant advantages: high theoretical accuracy and simple integration. However, the problems of losing lock and low lock-in accuracy are the bottlenecks, which restrict the development of digital RIOGs. Therefore, a multilevel laser frequency lock-in technique has been proposed in this Letter to address these problems. The experimental results show that lock-in accuracy can be improved one order higher and without losing lock in a variable temperature environment. Then, a digital miniaturized RIOG prototype(18 cm × 18 cm × 20 cm) has been produced, and long-term(1 h) bias stability of 26.6 deg/h is successfully demonstrated.展开更多
All-solid-state lithium batteries(ASSLBs),which use solid electrolytes instead of liquid ones,have become a hot research topic due to their high energy and power density,ability to solve battery safety issues,and capa...All-solid-state lithium batteries(ASSLBs),which use solid electrolytes instead of liquid ones,have become a hot research topic due to their high energy and power density,ability to solve battery safety issues,and capabilities to fulfill the increasing demand for energy storage in electric vehicles and smart grid applications.Garnet-type solid electrolytes have attracted considerable interest as they meet all the properties of an ideal solid electrolyte for ASSLBs.The garnet-type Li_(7)La_(3)Zr_(2)O_(12)(LLZO)has excellent environmental stability;experiments and computational analyses showed that this solid electrolyte has a high lithium(Li)ionic conductivity(10^(-4)-10^(-3) S·cm^(-1)),an electrochemical window as wide as 6 V,stability against Li metal anode,and compatibility with most of the cathode materials.In this review,we present the fundamentals of garnet-type solid electrolytes,preparation methods,air stability,some strategies for improving the conductivity based on experimental and computational results,interfacial issues,and finally applications and challenges for future developments of LLZO solid electrolytes for ASSLBs.展开更多
基金the Humanities and Social Sciences Project,China’s Ministry of Education(Grant Number:22YJA740016)the Key Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education Philosophy and Social Science Research Fund(No.21ZD051)the Teaching and Research Fund of Hubei University of Technology(No.Xiao2022018).
文摘While a plethora of studies has been conducted to explore demotivation and its impact on mental health in second language(L2)education,scanty research focuses on demotivation in L2 speaking learning.Particularly,little research explores the measures to quantify L2 speaking demotivation.The present two-phase study attempts to develop and validate an English Speaking Demotivation Scale(ESDS).To this end,an independent sample of 207 Chinese tertiary learners of English as a Foreign Language(EFL)participated in the development phase,and another group of 188 Chinese EFL learners was recruited for the validation of the scale.Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA)and Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA)were employed to determine the factor structure of the scale.The EFA results revealed a six-factor solution with Teacher-related Factors in Learning Spoken English(TFLSE),Interest and Valence in Learning Spoken English(IVLSE),Self-efficacy in Learning Spoken English(SELSE),Negative Peer Influence in Learning Spoken English(NPILSE),Undesirable Environment for Learning Spoken English(UELSE),and Negative Influence of Assessment and Learning Materials in speaking class(NIALM).In the validation phase,Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA)was performed to validate the internal structure of the scale.The CFA results showed that the model fits the data well.Overall,the ESDS is a robust and trustworthy psychometric tool that could be utilized to examine L2 speaking demotivation.Implications for diminishing EFL learners’demotivation,lessening their aversive emotions and promoting their mental health are also discussed.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12005221)。
文摘First-principles calculation of muons in ionic fluorides has been proposed recently.However,there is a considerable difference between the obtained F-μbond length and the experimental data obtained by muon spin relaxation(μSR).Considering that the difference may be caused by ignoring the quantum effect of muons,we use two-component density functional theory(TCDFT)to consider the quantized muon and recalculate the bond length and theμSR depolarization spectrum.After testing several muon-electron correlation,we show that TCDFT can give better results than the commonly used“DFT+μ”.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51635011,61640601,61571406,and 51727808)the Outstanding Youth Talents Program of Shanxi Province(No.2016002)+1 种基金the Science and Technology on Electronic Test&Measurement Laboratory(No.11010311)the Shanxi "1331 KSC"
文摘The resonator integrated optic gyros(RIOGs) based on the Sagnac effect have gained extensive attention in navigation and guidance systems due to their predominant advantages: high theoretical accuracy and simple integration. However, the problems of losing lock and low lock-in accuracy are the bottlenecks, which restrict the development of digital RIOGs. Therefore, a multilevel laser frequency lock-in technique has been proposed in this Letter to address these problems. The experimental results show that lock-in accuracy can be improved one order higher and without losing lock in a variable temperature environment. Then, a digital miniaturized RIOG prototype(18 cm × 18 cm × 20 cm) has been produced, and long-term(1 h) bias stability of 26.6 deg/h is successfully demonstrated.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2018YFB0905600 and 2017YFB0310400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51972246)+2 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology(Huazhong University of Science and Technology)the"111"project(No.B13035)the Science and Technology Project of Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Co.,Ltd.(No.SGGR0000WLJS1801080).
文摘All-solid-state lithium batteries(ASSLBs),which use solid electrolytes instead of liquid ones,have become a hot research topic due to their high energy and power density,ability to solve battery safety issues,and capabilities to fulfill the increasing demand for energy storage in electric vehicles and smart grid applications.Garnet-type solid electrolytes have attracted considerable interest as they meet all the properties of an ideal solid electrolyte for ASSLBs.The garnet-type Li_(7)La_(3)Zr_(2)O_(12)(LLZO)has excellent environmental stability;experiments and computational analyses showed that this solid electrolyte has a high lithium(Li)ionic conductivity(10^(-4)-10^(-3) S·cm^(-1)),an electrochemical window as wide as 6 V,stability against Li metal anode,and compatibility with most of the cathode materials.In this review,we present the fundamentals of garnet-type solid electrolytes,preparation methods,air stability,some strategies for improving the conductivity based on experimental and computational results,interfacial issues,and finally applications and challenges for future developments of LLZO solid electrolytes for ASSLBs.
