This work uses cloud-resolving simulations to study mock-Walker cells driven by a specified sea surface temperature(SST).The associated precipitation in the mock-Walker cells exhibits three different modes,including a...This work uses cloud-resolving simulations to study mock-Walker cells driven by a specified sea surface temperature(SST).The associated precipitation in the mock-Walker cells exhibits three different modes,including a single peak of precipitation over the SST maximum(mode 1),symmetric double peaks of precipitation straddling the SST maximum(mode 2),and a single peak of precipitation on one side of the SST maximum(mode 3).The three modes are caused by three distinct convective activity center migration traits.Analyses indicate that the virtual effect of water vapor plays an important role in differentiating the three modes.When the SST gradient is large,the virtual effect may be strong enough to overcome the temperature effect,generating a low-level low-pressure anomaly below the ascending branch of the Walker cell off the center.The results here highlight the importance of the virtual effect of water vapor and its interaction with convection and large-scale circulation in the Walker circulation.展开更多
The tropical Indian Ocean is an important region that affects local and remote climate systems,and the simulation of longterm trends in sea surface temperature(SST)is a major focus of climate research.This study prese...The tropical Indian Ocean is an important region that affects local and remote climate systems,and the simulation of longterm trends in sea surface temperature(SST)is a major focus of climate research.This study presents a preliminary assessment of multiple model simulations of tropical Indian Ocean SST warming from 1950 to 1999 based on outputs from the 20 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP)Phase 5(CMIP5)models and the 36 CMIP 6(CMIP6)models to analyze and compare the warming patterns in historical simulations.Results indicate large discrepancies in the simulations of tropical Indian Ocean SST warming,especially for the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean.The multimodel ensemble mean and most of the individual models generally perform well in reproducing basin-wide SST warming.However,the strength of the SST warming trends simulated by the CMIP5 and CMIP6 models are weaker than those observed,especially for the CMIP6 models.In addition to the general warming trend analysis,decadal trends are also assessed,and a statistical method is introduced to measure the near-term variability in an SST time series.The simulations indicate large decadal variability over the entire tropical Indian Ocean,differing from observations in which significant decadal trend variability is observed only in the southeastern Indian Ocean.In the CMIP model simulations,maximum decadal variability occurs in boreal autumn,but the observations display the minimum and maximum variability in boreal autumn and spring,respectively.展开更多
The southeastern Indian Ocean is characterized by the warm barrier layer(BL)underlying the cool mixed layer water in austral winter.This phenomenon lasts almost half a year and thus provides a unique positive effect o...The southeastern Indian Ocean is characterized by the warm barrier layer(BL)underlying the cool mixed layer water in austral winter.This phenomenon lasts almost half a year and thus provides a unique positive effect on the upper mixed layer heat content through the entrainment processes at the base of the mixed layer,which has not been well evaluated due to the lack of proper method and dataset.Among various traditional threshold methods,here it is shown that the 5 m fixed depth difference can produce a reliable and accurate estimate of the entrainment heat flux(EHF)in this BL region.The comparison between the daily and monthly EHF warming indicates that the account for high-frequency EHF variability almost doubles the warming effect in the BL period,which can compensate for or even surpass the surface heat loss.This increased warming is a result of stronger relative rate of the mixed layer deepening and larger temperature differences between the mixed layer and its immediate below in the daily-resolving data.The interannual EHF shows a moderately increasing trend and similar variabilities to the Southern Annular Mode(SAM),likely because the mixed layer deepening under the positive SAM trend is accompanied by enhanced turbulent entrainment and thus increases the BL warming.展开更多
The daily sea surface temperature(SST)data from three kinds of different satellites of GMI,GOES and MODIS were applied to do the blend in the Southeast Pacific Ocean throughout the whole year of 2020.The coverage rate...The daily sea surface temperature(SST)data from three kinds of different satellites of GMI,GOES and MODIS were applied to do the blend in the Southeast Pacific Ocean throughout the whole year of 2020.The coverage rates of the SST of the blend result were improved highly and more stable throughout the whole year,compared with the result of the single satellite of GMI,GOES,and MODIS.The yearly average coverage rates of GMI,GOES,MODIS,and blend were 43%,48%,30%,and 76%,and their corresponding yearly average standard deviation(SD)were 4%,6%,7%,and 4%,respectively.All the coverage rates of these three satellites were low from April to September.The valid observation days calculated in the whole year over every grid were used to represent the spatial distribution patterns of the coverage rates.The spatial distribution patterns of coverage rates from GOES and MODIS were similar that their valid observation days were higher in the northwest area and lower in the south area,and those of GMI was contrary to the former two.The ranges of valid observation day was from GOES,GMI,and MODIS were 0-364,6-254,and 9-231 d,respectively.After the blend,all the observation day of every grid in the research region was enhanced(103-366 d).Especially the near shore and south area,and the minimum valid observation day increased largely from the single digits to hundreds digit.展开更多
本文利用HadISST的月平均海温数据以及ORAS3再分析数据,研究了PDO(Pacific Decadal Oscillation)不同位相对ENSO(El Niño and South Oscillation)非对称的年代际调整。对PDO不同位相的海表温度异常(SSTA,sea surface temperature a...本文利用HadISST的月平均海温数据以及ORAS3再分析数据,研究了PDO(Pacific Decadal Oscillation)不同位相对ENSO(El Niño and South Oscillation)非对称的年代际调整。对PDO不同位相的海表温度异常(SSTA,sea surface temperature anomaly)的偏度分析发现,PDO正位相期间东太平洋的ENSO非对称明显强于PDO负位相期间。同时,通过对次表层(50~150m)海洋热量收支计算发现,东太平洋次表层非线性动力加热项(NDH,nonlinear dynamical heating)在PDO不同位相下也有明显的变化,PDO正位相期间东太平洋的次表层NDH明显强于PDO负位相期间,NDH的差异主要是由其纬向分量NDHx的差异引起的。东太平洋更强的次表层NDHx使PDO正位相期间El Niño事件和La Niña事件次表层温度异常(SubTA,subsurface temperature anomaly)的差距更大,从而引起SSTA的非对称,导致PDO正位相期间东太平洋的ENSO非对称比PDO负位相期间强。展开更多
在全球变暖的背景下,海洋热浪发生频率、强度、持续时间及空间范围均呈现出显著增长趋势,对海洋生物多样性和生态系统造成极为严重的破坏,引起了世界各国的广泛关注。CiteSpace是一款具有多元、分时、动态等优势特点的引文分析工具,可...在全球变暖的背景下,海洋热浪发生频率、强度、持续时间及空间范围均呈现出显著增长趋势,对海洋生物多样性和生态系统造成极为严重的破坏,引起了世界各国的广泛关注。CiteSpace是一款具有多元、分时、动态等优势特点的引文分析工具,可用于分析学科或知识领域的研究发展进程和结构关系。以海洋热浪为主题,基于Web of Sciences Core Collection数据库,利用CiteSpace对检索到的514篇相关文献(2012—2021年)进行可视化分析,全面揭示了海洋热浪研究领域的发展趋势、研究热点及前沿。研究发现,海洋热浪研究的发文量逐年增加,从2012年至今总体呈现平稳—缓慢上升—迅速增长三个阶段特征。美国和澳大利亚两国在海洋热浪研究中占主导地位。中国虽起步较晚,但在该领域中影响力不断增强。发文作者集中度较高,且发文量排名靠前的作者合作关系紧密,对该研究领域的发展起到了引领作用。海洋热浪研究所属学科主要集中于环境科学与生态学、海洋及淡水生物学、海洋学等。基于关键词共现、突变分析及文献共被引方法,发现当前研究的前沿热点方向主要包括海洋热浪特征、变率及物理机制,海洋热浪对海洋生态系统及生物多样性的影响,气候变化下海洋热浪的响应、适应与减缓。此研究是对该领域文献综述的一个新颖尝试,为深入研究海洋热浪提供了一定的科学参考和借鉴。展开更多
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC3003902)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42075146).
文摘This work uses cloud-resolving simulations to study mock-Walker cells driven by a specified sea surface temperature(SST).The associated precipitation in the mock-Walker cells exhibits three different modes,including a single peak of precipitation over the SST maximum(mode 1),symmetric double peaks of precipitation straddling the SST maximum(mode 2),and a single peak of precipitation on one side of the SST maximum(mode 3).The three modes are caused by three distinct convective activity center migration traits.Analyses indicate that the virtual effect of water vapor plays an important role in differentiating the three modes.When the SST gradient is large,the virtual effect may be strong enough to overcome the temperature effect,generating a low-level low-pressure anomaly below the ascending branch of the Walker cell off the center.The results here highlight the importance of the virtual effect of water vapor and its interaction with convection and large-scale circulation in the Walker circulation.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42105063]the Youth Training Project of the Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disaster Monitoring and Early Warning and Risk Management of Characteristic Agriculture in Arid Regions[project number CAMT-202302]a funded project of Hengyang Normal University[project number 2022QD11].
基金supported by the Taishan Scholars Programs of Shandong Province(No.tsqn201909165)the Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction Program(Nos.GASI-04-QYQH-03,GASI-01-WIND-STwin)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of China Grants(No.41876028)the Taishan Scholars Programs of Shandong Province(No.20190963).
文摘The tropical Indian Ocean is an important region that affects local and remote climate systems,and the simulation of longterm trends in sea surface temperature(SST)is a major focus of climate research.This study presents a preliminary assessment of multiple model simulations of tropical Indian Ocean SST warming from 1950 to 1999 based on outputs from the 20 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP)Phase 5(CMIP5)models and the 36 CMIP 6(CMIP6)models to analyze and compare the warming patterns in historical simulations.Results indicate large discrepancies in the simulations of tropical Indian Ocean SST warming,especially for the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean.The multimodel ensemble mean and most of the individual models generally perform well in reproducing basin-wide SST warming.However,the strength of the SST warming trends simulated by the CMIP5 and CMIP6 models are weaker than those observed,especially for the CMIP6 models.In addition to the general warming trend analysis,decadal trends are also assessed,and a statistical method is introduced to measure the near-term variability in an SST time series.The simulations indicate large decadal variability over the entire tropical Indian Ocean,differing from observations in which significant decadal trend variability is observed only in the southeastern Indian Ocean.In the CMIP model simulations,maximum decadal variability occurs in boreal autumn,but the observations display the minimum and maximum variability in boreal autumn and spring,respectively.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.42276003the Oceanic Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University under contract No.SL2021MS021.
文摘The southeastern Indian Ocean is characterized by the warm barrier layer(BL)underlying the cool mixed layer water in austral winter.This phenomenon lasts almost half a year and thus provides a unique positive effect on the upper mixed layer heat content through the entrainment processes at the base of the mixed layer,which has not been well evaluated due to the lack of proper method and dataset.Among various traditional threshold methods,here it is shown that the 5 m fixed depth difference can produce a reliable and accurate estimate of the entrainment heat flux(EHF)in this BL region.The comparison between the daily and monthly EHF warming indicates that the account for high-frequency EHF variability almost doubles the warming effect in the BL period,which can compensate for or even surpass the surface heat loss.This increased warming is a result of stronger relative rate of the mixed layer deepening and larger temperature differences between the mixed layer and its immediate below in the daily-resolving data.The interannual EHF shows a moderately increasing trend and similar variabilities to the Southern Annular Mode(SAM),likely because the mixed layer deepening under the positive SAM trend is accompanied by enhanced turbulent entrainment and thus increases the BL warming.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(No.2019YFD0901405)the Shanghai Sailing Program(No.19YF1460000).
文摘The daily sea surface temperature(SST)data from three kinds of different satellites of GMI,GOES and MODIS were applied to do the blend in the Southeast Pacific Ocean throughout the whole year of 2020.The coverage rates of the SST of the blend result were improved highly and more stable throughout the whole year,compared with the result of the single satellite of GMI,GOES,and MODIS.The yearly average coverage rates of GMI,GOES,MODIS,and blend were 43%,48%,30%,and 76%,and their corresponding yearly average standard deviation(SD)were 4%,6%,7%,and 4%,respectively.All the coverage rates of these three satellites were low from April to September.The valid observation days calculated in the whole year over every grid were used to represent the spatial distribution patterns of the coverage rates.The spatial distribution patterns of coverage rates from GOES and MODIS were similar that their valid observation days were higher in the northwest area and lower in the south area,and those of GMI was contrary to the former two.The ranges of valid observation day was from GOES,GMI,and MODIS were 0-364,6-254,and 9-231 d,respectively.After the blend,all the observation day of every grid in the research region was enhanced(103-366 d).Especially the near shore and south area,and the minimum valid observation day increased largely from the single digits to hundreds digit.
文摘本文利用HadISST的月平均海温数据以及ORAS3再分析数据,研究了PDO(Pacific Decadal Oscillation)不同位相对ENSO(El Niño and South Oscillation)非对称的年代际调整。对PDO不同位相的海表温度异常(SSTA,sea surface temperature anomaly)的偏度分析发现,PDO正位相期间东太平洋的ENSO非对称明显强于PDO负位相期间。同时,通过对次表层(50~150m)海洋热量收支计算发现,东太平洋次表层非线性动力加热项(NDH,nonlinear dynamical heating)在PDO不同位相下也有明显的变化,PDO正位相期间东太平洋的次表层NDH明显强于PDO负位相期间,NDH的差异主要是由其纬向分量NDHx的差异引起的。东太平洋更强的次表层NDHx使PDO正位相期间El Niño事件和La Niña事件次表层温度异常(SubTA,subsurface temperature anomaly)的差距更大,从而引起SSTA的非对称,导致PDO正位相期间东太平洋的ENSO非对称比PDO负位相期间强。
文摘在全球变暖的背景下,海洋热浪发生频率、强度、持续时间及空间范围均呈现出显著增长趋势,对海洋生物多样性和生态系统造成极为严重的破坏,引起了世界各国的广泛关注。CiteSpace是一款具有多元、分时、动态等优势特点的引文分析工具,可用于分析学科或知识领域的研究发展进程和结构关系。以海洋热浪为主题,基于Web of Sciences Core Collection数据库,利用CiteSpace对检索到的514篇相关文献(2012—2021年)进行可视化分析,全面揭示了海洋热浪研究领域的发展趋势、研究热点及前沿。研究发现,海洋热浪研究的发文量逐年增加,从2012年至今总体呈现平稳—缓慢上升—迅速增长三个阶段特征。美国和澳大利亚两国在海洋热浪研究中占主导地位。中国虽起步较晚,但在该领域中影响力不断增强。发文作者集中度较高,且发文量排名靠前的作者合作关系紧密,对该研究领域的发展起到了引领作用。海洋热浪研究所属学科主要集中于环境科学与生态学、海洋及淡水生物学、海洋学等。基于关键词共现、突变分析及文献共被引方法,发现当前研究的前沿热点方向主要包括海洋热浪特征、变率及物理机制,海洋热浪对海洋生态系统及生物多样性的影响,气候变化下海洋热浪的响应、适应与减缓。此研究是对该领域文献综述的一个新颖尝试,为深入研究海洋热浪提供了一定的科学参考和借鉴。
