A multitude of climate-adaptive design approaches are embedded in regional architecture,which have a positive impact on addressing the deformed development of urban spatial patterns and the dual challenges of climate ...A multitude of climate-adaptive design approaches are embedded in regional architecture,which have a positive impact on addressing the deformed development of urban spatial patterns and the dual challenges of climate and resources.This paper examines the principles of climate adaptability embedded in the site layout and spatial organization characteristics of traditional cave dwelling villages in northern Shaanxi Province.The extracted climate adaptability principles are summarized,and the resulting design strategies that are well-suited to the contemporary urban space form are presented.Through analysis,it can be observed that traditional cave dwelling villages in northern Shaanxi are predominantly situated on south-facing slopes in proximity to water at low altitudes.These villages are characterized by compact building groups and east-west development,which is constrained by the elements of mountains and rivers.A two-level street system is generated,comprising streets parallel to the contour line and roadways perpendicular to the contour line.This results in the formation of a courtyard form enclosed by mountains.Such site layout and spatial organization exhibit excellent climate adaptability with regard to heat,ventilation,and wind storage.In light of the aforementioned considerations,the following urban spatial form design strategies are put forth:①the topographic height difference can be exploited to obtain sufficient sunshine;②the group shape can be optimized in order to reduce building energy consumption;③the best orientation of the building can be chosen to take account of both winter and summer conditions;④the height and length can be combined in order to form natural masking;⑤the D/H ratio of streets and roadways should be controlled to achieve a balance between heat gain and cooling of groups;⑥vents should be set appropriately to optimize group ventilation;⑦climate buffers should be established to increase the level of climate response.展开更多
This article presents a real engineering project showcasing the application of span-bridge construction technology for building a highway that goes over a solutional cave.An overview of the project and the details of ...This article presents a real engineering project showcasing the application of span-bridge construction technology for building a highway that goes over a solutional cave.An overview of the project and the details of applying this technology in highway construction are provided.Besides,strategies for enhancing its construction quality are also proposed.The objective of this analysis is to improve the safety and quality of similar projects.展开更多
Cave animals are an excellent model system for studying adaptive evolution.At present,however,little is known about the mechanisms that enable surface colonizers to survive in the challenging environment of caves.One ...Cave animals are an excellent model system for studying adaptive evolution.At present,however,little is known about the mechanisms that enable surface colonizers to survive in the challenging environment of caves.One possibility is that these species have the necessary genetic background to respond with plastic changes to the pressures of underground habitats.To gain insight into this process,we conducted a comparative study with the fish species Telestes karsticus,which occurs in a hydrological system consisting of an interconnected stream and a cave.Results showed that T.karsticus resided year-round and spawned in Sušik cave,making it the first known cavefish in the Dinaric Karst.Cave and surface populations differed in morphological and physiological characteristics,as well as in patterns of gene expression without any evidence of genetic divergence.To test whether observed trait differences were plastic or genetic,we placed adult fish from both populations under light/dark or constant dark conditions.Common laboratory conditions erased all morphometric differences between the two morphs,suggesting phenotypic plasticity is driving the divergence of shape and size in wild fish.Lighter pigmentation and increased fat deposition exhibited by cave individuals were also observed in surface fish kept in the dark in the laboratory.Our study also revealed that specialized cave traits were not solely attributed to developmental plasticity,but also arose from adult responses,including acclimatization.Thus,we conclude that T.karsticus can adapt to cave conditions,with phenotypic plasticity playing an important role in the process of cave colonization.展开更多
A hill can be regarded as an environmental carrier of heat.Water,rocks and the internal moisture naturally pre-sent in such environment constitute a natural heat accumulator.In the present study,the heat and moisture ...A hill can be regarded as an environmental carrier of heat.Water,rocks and the internal moisture naturally pre-sent in such environment constitute a natural heat accumulator.In the present study,the heat and moisture trans-fer characteristics in a representative hill cave have been simulated via a method relying on the Darcy’s law.The simulations have been conducted for both steady and unsteady conditions to discern the influence of permeability and geometric parameters on the thermal and moisture transfer processes.The reliability of the simulation has been verified through comparison of the numerical results with the annual observation data.As revealed by the numericalfindings,the internal temperature of the hill accumulator is proportional to the permeability,outside surface temperature,overground height,underground constant temperature layer depth,and underground tem-perature of the hill,and it is inversely proportional to the horizontal size of the hill.Moreover,in the considered case,the order of magnitude of the permeability of the hill is contained in the range 10-15–10-13,and displays a certain sensitivity to the rainwater seepage.展开更多
DEAR EDITOR,The characiform fish Astyanax is a well-studied model system for understanding evolutionary development and genomics in cave biology.Nonetheless,considerable gaps remain in our understanding of its field e...DEAR EDITOR,The characiform fish Astyanax is a well-studied model system for understanding evolutionary development and genomics in cave biology.Nonetheless,considerable gaps remain in our understanding of its field ecology.Here,we conducted a fouryear field study and found that while cavefish spawned yearround,reproductive peaks occurred in January to February.展开更多
Mollusks, arthropods and chordates which were visible to the naked eye were observed and collected in Dongbei and Shuijiang caves of Libo county five times between February and July from 2002 to 2005. Four hundred and...Mollusks, arthropods and chordates which were visible to the naked eye were observed and collected in Dongbei and Shuijiang caves of Libo county five times between February and July from 2002 to 2005. Four hundred and forty samples from Dongbei Cave were classified into three phyla, five classes, 10 orders, 20 families and 39 species or groups of species. Four hundred and ninety-eight samples from Shuijiang Cave were classified into three phyla, six classes, 11 orders, 20 families and 25 species or groups of species. Six animal communities were identified in the light belt of the two caves according to their species types and numbers of individuals in the light belt of two cave. The communities which have the highest values of species richness community diversity, maximum diversity, evenness, dominance and community similarity are respectively： B （4. 1059）, H （2.4716）, B （3.3322）, E （0.9042）, C （0.3442） and A - C （0. 5251）. The community diversity and correlation of environmental factors were also studied. The temperature, humidity, content of CO2 and N2, content of organic matter and some inorganic salts in soil were analyzed by Pearson correlation. The results showed that the content of organic matter in soil is positively related to species number, species richness and maximum community diversity, with correlations of 0. 885, 0.909, 0. 868 respectively （two-tailed significance test, P ≤ 0. 05）, and significantly positively related to diversity, with the coefficient of 0.611, （two-tailed significance test, P ≤ 0. 1）. This suggests that the content of organic matter in soil is one of the important elements influencing the community variation of cave animals. Outside the cave, temperature and humidity are important factors impacting on community diver- sity. As the temperature in all seasons in the cave is stable and the humidity is always high （above 90% ）, the temperature and humidity have weak correlation to community diversity in caves.展开更多
This paper investigates a unique and interesting archaeological case,namely the newly found inscription copied from Qianzi Wen(The Thousand Character Essay)on the south wall in the main chamber of Mogao cave 9,and ana...This paper investigates a unique and interesting archaeological case,namely the newly found inscription copied from Qianzi Wen(The Thousand Character Essay)on the south wall in the main chamber of Mogao cave 9,and analyzes a series of research topics related to the inscription,hoping to thoroughly reveal the historical and cultural phenomenon of the high popularity and extensive spread of Qianzi Wen in the Tang dynasty,and attempt to restore some living scenes of ancient school students and cave-making artisans.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first time to find Qianzi Wen on the wall in Mogao caves.展开更多
This article reveals the inherent evolution adjusting mechanism of regional architecture by means of considering the concept and method of "regional gene" as the research approach of regional architecture co...This article reveals the inherent evolution adjusting mechanism of regional architecture by means of considering the concept and method of "regional gene" as the research approach of regional architecture construction system, and in the mean- while establishes the "gene database" of regional architecture and optimum technology, on the basis of the principle of sustainable development and scientific evaluation system. In addition, this article chooses the planning of model villages of cave dwellings in Loess Plateau and the construction of ecological cave dwellings for case study to prove the feasibility of the research approach.展开更多
基金Sponsored by Beijing Urban Governance Research Base of North China University of Technology(2024CSZL07).
文摘A multitude of climate-adaptive design approaches are embedded in regional architecture,which have a positive impact on addressing the deformed development of urban spatial patterns and the dual challenges of climate and resources.This paper examines the principles of climate adaptability embedded in the site layout and spatial organization characteristics of traditional cave dwelling villages in northern Shaanxi Province.The extracted climate adaptability principles are summarized,and the resulting design strategies that are well-suited to the contemporary urban space form are presented.Through analysis,it can be observed that traditional cave dwelling villages in northern Shaanxi are predominantly situated on south-facing slopes in proximity to water at low altitudes.These villages are characterized by compact building groups and east-west development,which is constrained by the elements of mountains and rivers.A two-level street system is generated,comprising streets parallel to the contour line and roadways perpendicular to the contour line.This results in the formation of a courtyard form enclosed by mountains.Such site layout and spatial organization exhibit excellent climate adaptability with regard to heat,ventilation,and wind storage.In light of the aforementioned considerations,the following urban spatial form design strategies are put forth:①the topographic height difference can be exploited to obtain sufficient sunshine;②the group shape can be optimized in order to reduce building energy consumption;③the best orientation of the building can be chosen to take account of both winter and summer conditions;④the height and length can be combined in order to form natural masking;⑤the D/H ratio of streets and roadways should be controlled to achieve a balance between heat gain and cooling of groups;⑥vents should be set appropriately to optimize group ventilation;⑦climate buffers should be established to increase the level of climate response.
文摘This article presents a real engineering project showcasing the application of span-bridge construction technology for building a highway that goes over a solutional cave.An overview of the project and the details of applying this technology in highway construction are provided.Besides,strategies for enhancing its construction quality are also proposed.The objective of this analysis is to improve the safety and quality of similar projects.
基金supported by the Tenure Track Pilot Programme of the Croatian Science FoundationEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Project TTP-2018-07-9675 Evolution in the Dark,with funds from the Croatian-Swiss Research Programme
文摘Cave animals are an excellent model system for studying adaptive evolution.At present,however,little is known about the mechanisms that enable surface colonizers to survive in the challenging environment of caves.One possibility is that these species have the necessary genetic background to respond with plastic changes to the pressures of underground habitats.To gain insight into this process,we conducted a comparative study with the fish species Telestes karsticus,which occurs in a hydrological system consisting of an interconnected stream and a cave.Results showed that T.karsticus resided year-round and spawned in Sušik cave,making it the first known cavefish in the Dinaric Karst.Cave and surface populations differed in morphological and physiological characteristics,as well as in patterns of gene expression without any evidence of genetic divergence.To test whether observed trait differences were plastic or genetic,we placed adult fish from both populations under light/dark or constant dark conditions.Common laboratory conditions erased all morphometric differences between the two morphs,suggesting phenotypic plasticity is driving the divergence of shape and size in wild fish.Lighter pigmentation and increased fat deposition exhibited by cave individuals were also observed in surface fish kept in the dark in the laboratory.Our study also revealed that specialized cave traits were not solely attributed to developmental plasticity,but also arose from adult responses,including acclimatization.Thus,we conclude that T.karsticus can adapt to cave conditions,with phenotypic plasticity playing an important role in the process of cave colonization.
文摘A hill can be regarded as an environmental carrier of heat.Water,rocks and the internal moisture naturally pre-sent in such environment constitute a natural heat accumulator.In the present study,the heat and moisture trans-fer characteristics in a representative hill cave have been simulated via a method relying on the Darcy’s law.The simulations have been conducted for both steady and unsteady conditions to discern the influence of permeability and geometric parameters on the thermal and moisture transfer processes.The reliability of the simulation has been verified through comparison of the numerical results with the annual observation data.As revealed by the numericalfindings,the internal temperature of the hill accumulator is proportional to the permeability,outside surface temperature,overground height,underground constant temperature layer depth,and underground tem-perature of the hill,and it is inversely proportional to the horizontal size of the hill.Moreover,in the considered case,the order of magnitude of the permeability of the hill is contained in the range 10-15–10-13,and displays a certain sensitivity to the rainwater seepage.
基金supported by Marist College and its School of Science(to L.E.),an ANR grant(BLINDTEST),an FRM grant(Equipe FRM)(to S.R.),and a collaborative exchange program(Ecos-Nord)to S.R.and Patricia Ornelas-Garcia。
文摘DEAR EDITOR,The characiform fish Astyanax is a well-studied model system for understanding evolutionary development and genomics in cave biology.Nonetheless,considerable gaps remain in our understanding of its field ecology.Here,we conducted a fouryear field study and found that while cavefish spawned yearround,reproductive peaks occurred in January to February.
文摘Mollusks, arthropods and chordates which were visible to the naked eye were observed and collected in Dongbei and Shuijiang caves of Libo county five times between February and July from 2002 to 2005. Four hundred and forty samples from Dongbei Cave were classified into three phyla, five classes, 10 orders, 20 families and 39 species or groups of species. Four hundred and ninety-eight samples from Shuijiang Cave were classified into three phyla, six classes, 11 orders, 20 families and 25 species or groups of species. Six animal communities were identified in the light belt of the two caves according to their species types and numbers of individuals in the light belt of two cave. The communities which have the highest values of species richness community diversity, maximum diversity, evenness, dominance and community similarity are respectively： B （4. 1059）, H （2.4716）, B （3.3322）, E （0.9042）, C （0.3442） and A - C （0. 5251）. The community diversity and correlation of environmental factors were also studied. The temperature, humidity, content of CO2 and N2, content of organic matter and some inorganic salts in soil were analyzed by Pearson correlation. The results showed that the content of organic matter in soil is positively related to species number, species richness and maximum community diversity, with correlations of 0. 885, 0.909, 0. 868 respectively （two-tailed significance test, P ≤ 0. 05）, and significantly positively related to diversity, with the coefficient of 0.611, （two-tailed significance test, P ≤ 0. 1）. This suggests that the content of organic matter in soil is one of the important elements influencing the community variation of cave animals. Outside the cave, temperature and humidity are important factors impacting on community diver- sity. As the temperature in all seasons in the cave is stable and the humidity is always high （above 90% ）, the temperature and humidity have weak correlation to community diversity in caves.
基金This study was part of“The Investigation and Research of the Inscriptions Left by Visitors in the Past dynasties in Dunhuang Caves”supported by the Western Program of National Social and Scientific Fund(18XKG008).
文摘This paper investigates a unique and interesting archaeological case,namely the newly found inscription copied from Qianzi Wen(The Thousand Character Essay)on the south wall in the main chamber of Mogao cave 9,and analyzes a series of research topics related to the inscription,hoping to thoroughly reveal the historical and cultural phenomenon of the high popularity and extensive spread of Qianzi Wen in the Tang dynasty,and attempt to restore some living scenes of ancient school students and cave-making artisans.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first time to find Qianzi Wen on the wall in Mogao caves.
基金Project (No. 95638210) support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘This article reveals the inherent evolution adjusting mechanism of regional architecture by means of considering the concept and method of "regional gene" as the research approach of regional architecture construction system, and in the mean- while establishes the "gene database" of regional architecture and optimum technology, on the basis of the principle of sustainable development and scientific evaluation system. In addition, this article chooses the planning of model villages of cave dwellings in Loess Plateau and the construction of ecological cave dwellings for case study to prove the feasibility of the research approach.
