[Objectives]To establish a new management model for rational use of perioperative antibacterial drugs in surgical departments.[Methods]Based on evidence-based medicine,the department s drug pathway was formulated,and ...[Objectives]To establish a new management model for rational use of perioperative antibacterial drugs in surgical departments.[Methods]Based on evidence-based medicine,the department s drug pathway was formulated,and the new mode of rational drug use control was established by using fine pharmaceutical technology intervention,and the intervention effect was evaluated by the intensity of antibacterial drug use,per capita drug costs and the proportion of drugs.[Results]After adopting drug pathway in departments,the intensity of antibacterial drug use,per capita drug costs and the proportion of drugs decreased significantly,and the effect of rational drug use control was remarkable.[Conclusions]The drug pathway provides a new management and control mode for the rational use of perioperative antibacterial drugs in surgical departments of hospitals.Thus,it is worthy of popularization and application.展开更多
During the post-antibiotic golden age, it has seen a massive antibiotic/antibacterial production and an increase in irrational use of these few existing drugs in the medical and veterinary practice, food industries, t...During the post-antibiotic golden age, it has seen a massive antibiotic/antibacterial production and an increase in irrational use of these few existing drugs in the medical and veterinary practice, food industries, tissue cultures, agriculture and commercial ethanol production globally. The irrational drug use has been further exacerbated by the increased marketing and promotion of these drugs by the pharmaceutical companies thus increasing their accessibility in the public and hence their improper use. The lack of production and introduction of the newer and effective antibiotic/antibacterial drugs in clinical practice in the post-antibiotic golden age has seen an increase in the emergence of the resistant pathogenic bacterial infections creating a significant problem in the global health of humankind. The massive productions of the antibiotic/antibacterial drugs have contributed to the poor disposal of these drugs and hence many of them are discharged in various water bodies contributing to the environmental antibiotic/antibacterial drug pollution. In the environment, these drugs exert pressure on the environmental bacteria by destroying useful bacteria that are responsible for the recycling of the organic matter and as well as promoting the selection of the resistant pathogenic bacteria that can spread in human and animal population thus causing an increase in the observed bacterial disease burden and hence a significant global public health problem. The resistant bacterial diseases lead to the high cost, increased occurrence of adverse drug reactions, prolonged hospitalization, the exposure to the second- and third-line drugs like in MDR-TB and XDR-TB that leads to toxicity and deaths as well as the increased poor production in agriculture and animal industry and commercial ethanol production.展开更多
Increased plant density with low N rate was a recommended strategy to increase grain yield and N use efficiency(NUE);however,grain yield,NUE and the total N uptake(TNU)responses of hybrid rice to this strategy at diff...Increased plant density with low N rate was a recommended strategy to increase grain yield and N use efficiency(NUE);however,grain yield,NUE and the total N uptake(TNU)responses of hybrid rice to this strategy at different yield levels(medium yielding site(MYS)Luzhou City and high yielding site(HYS)Deyang City had not been described.Field experiments with hybrid rice Rongyou1015 were conducted to study the effects of two plant densities.High plant density(HD),low plant density(LD)and four N rates(without N,N_(0);a recommended N rate of 195 kg•hm^(-2),N_(CK);a 23%reduction in N rate,N_(-23%);a 46%reduction in N rate,N_(-46%)on yield attributes,grain yield,TNU and NUE of hybrid rice were studied under different yield levels in 2016-2017.The results showed that the grain yield and NUE of hybrid rice in response to plant density and N rate varied with yield levels.For MYS,reducing N rate by 46%result in significantly lower grain yield at LD treatment;whereas at HD treatment the grain yield of hybrid rice under N_(-46%) and N_(CK) were equal.For HYS,reducing N rate by 46% result in significantly lower grain yield regardless of low plant density and high plant density;however,a reduction in N rate by 23%increased grain yield,AE_(N) by 36%,PFP_(N) by 31% and RE_(N) by 11% over N_(CK) at HD treatment.Higher grain yield of hybrid rice under the combination of HD with low N rate was attributable to improvement in spikelets per panicle and harvest index.The results suggested that high plant density with low N rate might be an effective approach to improve grain yield and NUE in rice production,but reduction in N application rate was determined,according to yield levels.展开更多
Planting at an optimum density and supplying adequate nitrogen(N) to achieve higher yields is a common practice in crop production, especially for maize(Zea mays L.); however, excessive N fertilizer supply in maize pr...Planting at an optimum density and supplying adequate nitrogen(N) to achieve higher yields is a common practice in crop production, especially for maize(Zea mays L.); however, excessive N fertilizer supply in maize production results in reduced N use efficiency(NUE) and severe negative impacts on the environment. This research was conducted to determine the effects of increased plant density and reduced N rate on grain yield, total N uptake, NUE, leaf area index(LAI), intercepted photosynthetically active radiation(IPAR), and resource use efficiency in maize. Field experiments were conducted using a popular maize hybrid Zhengdan 958(ZD958) under different combinations of plant densities and N rates to determine an effective approach for maize production with high yield and high resource use efficiency. Increasing plant density was clearly able to promote N absorption and LAI during the entire growth stage, which allowed high total N uptake and interception of radiation to achieve high dry matter accumulation(DMA), grain yield, NUE, and radiation use efficiency(RUE). However, with an increase in plant density, the demand of N increased along with grain yield. Increasing N rate can significantly increase the DMA, grain yield, LAI, IPAR, and RUE. However, this increase was non-linear and due to the input of too much N fertilizers, the efficiency of N use at NCK(320 kg ha^(–1)) was low. An appropriate reduction in N rate can therefore lead to higher NUE despite a slight loss in grain production. Taking into account both the need for high grain yield and resource use efficiency, a 30% reduction in N supply, and an increase in plant density of 3 plants m^(–2), compared to LD(5.25 plants m^(–2)), would lead to an optimal balance between yield and resource use efficiency.展开更多
Improving both grain yield and resource use efficiencies simultaneously is a major challenge in rice production.However,few studies have focused on integrating dense planting with delayed and reduced nitrogen applicat...Improving both grain yield and resource use efficiencies simultaneously is a major challenge in rice production.However,few studies have focused on integrating dense planting with delayed and reduced nitrogen application to enhance grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the double rice cropping system in South China.A high-yielding indica hybrid rice cultivar (Yliangyou 143) was grown in field experiments in Guangxi,South China,with three cultivation managements:farmers’practice (FP),dense planting with equal N input and delayed N application (DPEN) and dense planting with reduced N input and delayed N application (DPRN).The grain yields of DPRN reached 10.6 and 9.78 t ha^(–1) in the early and late cropping seasons,respectively,which were significantly higher than the corresponding yields of FP by 23.9–29.9%.The grain yields in DPEN and DPRN were comparable.NUE in DPRN reached 65.2–72.9 kg kg^(–1),which was 61.2–74.1% higher than that in FP and 24.6–30.2% higher than that in DPEN.RUE in DPRN achieved 1.60–1.80 g MJ^(–1),which was 28.6–37.9% higher than that in FP.The productive tiller percentage in DPRN was 7.9–36.2% higher than that in DPEN.Increases in crop growth rate,leaf area duration,N uptake from panicle initiation to heading and enhancement of the apparent transformation ratio of dry weight from stems and leaf sheaths to panicles all contributed to higher grain yield and higher resource use efficiencies in DPRN.Correlation analysis revealed that the agronomic and physiological traits mentioned above were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield.Comparison trials carried out in Guangdong in 2018 and 2019 also showed that DPRN performed better than DPEN.We conclude that DPRN is a feasible approach for simultaneously increasing grain yield,NUE and RUE in the double rice cropping system in South China.展开更多
Optimal planting density and proper fertilization method are important factors to improve maize yield and nutrient utilization. A two-year(2016 and 2017) field experiment was conducted with three plant densities(6.0, ...Optimal planting density and proper fertilization method are important factors to improve maize yield and nutrient utilization. A two-year(2016 and 2017) field experiment was conducted with three plant densities(6.0, 7.5 and 9.0 plants m^-2) and three fertilization modes(no fertilizer, 0 F;one-off application of slow-released fertilizer, SF;twice application of conventional fertilizer, CF). Results indicated that the grain yields and N, P and K use efficiencies under SF with the optimal planting density(7.5 plants m^-2) were the highest among all the treatments in 2016 and 2017. Compared with CF, SF could increase post-silking dry matter accumulation and promote N, P and K uptake at pre-and post-silking stages;this treatment increased grain N, P and K concentrations and resulted in high N, P and K use efficiencies. Nutrient(N, P and K) absorption efficiencies and partial productivity, and nutrient(N and P) recovery efficiency in SF treatment were significantly higher than those in CF treatments under the planting density of 7.5 plants m^-2. Under both SF and CF conditions, the grain yield, total N accumulation and nutrient use efficiencies initially increased, peaked at planting density of 7.5 plants m^-2, and then decreased with increasing plant density. Based on the yield and nutrient use efficiency in two years, plant density of 7.5 plants m^-2 with SF can improve both the grain yield and N, P and K use efficiency of spring maize in Jiangsu Province, China.展开更多
Greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories conducted at state and regional levels serve to quantify long-term emissions trends and set benchmarks against which to evaluate the effectiveness of state government-mandated emission...Greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories conducted at state and regional levels serve to quantify long-term emissions trends and set benchmarks against which to evaluate the effectiveness of state government-mandated emissions reductions. GHG inventories which incompletely account for land use, land change, and forestry (LUCF) due to insufficient measurement tools discount the value of terrestrial carbon (C) sinks. In consequence, sink preservation is often omitted from regional land use planning. This paper proposes an accounting methodology which estimates foregone C sequestration derived LUCF change in the southern New England State of Connecticut (CT). The Natural Capital Project’s InVEST program provided a template for modeling C storage and sequestration for CT’s land class categories. LandSat mapping of long-term land cover patterns in CT conducted by CLEAR at the University of CT served as input data for InVEST computer modeling of C sequestration, both realized and foregone due to LUCF. The results showed that: 1) Land converted from high C density forestland to low density C land cover classes reduced the rate of C sequestration loss at 4.62 times the rate of forest reduction. Forest loss of 3.83% over twenty-five years was responsible for foregone C sequestration equivalent to 17.68% of total 2010 sequestration. 2) Accumulating C stocks pushed total annual sequestration from a 1985 baseline level of 866 MMTCO2 to 1116 MMTCO2 by 2010—a 250 MMTCO2 increment. 3) C sequestration from forest loss since 1985 would have yielded additional sequestration of 53.74 MMTCO2 by 2010. By 2002, foregone yield surpassed CT’s annual fossil fuel emissions, currently at 40 MMTCO2. 4) Preservation of forest C stocks over time becomes the determining factor for influencing biomass C sequestration levels. Deciduous forests have a preponderant influence on CO2 budgets. The ground-up methodology to quantify land-based C sequestration presented here demonstrates the influence of forest biomass in state-level C mitigation efforts useful to climate-oriented policy makers.展开更多
Water scarcity has become a limiting factor for increasing crop production.Finding ways to improve water use efficiency(WUE)has become an urgent task for Chinese agriculture.To understand the response of different mai...Water scarcity has become a limiting factor for increasing crop production.Finding ways to improve water use efficiency(WUE)has become an urgent task for Chinese agriculture.To understand the response of different maize populations to changes in precipitation and the effects of changes in maize populations on WUE,this study conducted maize population experiments using maize hybrids with different plant types(compact and semi compact)and different planting densities at 25 locations across China.It was found that,as precipitation increased across different locations,maize grain yield first increased and then decreased,while WUE decreased significantly.Analyzing the relationship between WUE and the main climatic factors,this study found that WUE was significantly and negatively correlated with precipitation(R(daily mean precipitation)and R(accumulated precipitation))and was positively correlated with temperature(TM(daily mean maximum temperature),T_(M-m)(T_(m),daily mean minimum temperature)and GDD(growing degree days))and solar radiation(Ra(daily mean solar radiation)and Ra(accumulated solar radiation))over different growth periods.Significant differences in maize grain yield,WUE and precipitation were found at different planting densities.The population densities were ranked as follows according to maize grain yield and WUE based on the multi-site experiment data:60000 plants ha^(-1)(P_(2))>90000 plants ha^(-1)(P_(3))>30000 plants ha^(-1)(P_(1)).Further analysis showed that,as maize population increased,water consumption increased significantly while soil evaporation decreased significantly.Significant differences were found between the WUE of ZD958(compact type)and that of LD981(semi-compact type),as well as among the WUE values at different planting densities.In addition,choosing the optimum hybrid and planting density increased WUE by 21.70 and 14.92%,respectively,which showed that the hybrid played a more significant role than the planting density in improving WUE.Therefore,choosing drought-resistant hybrids could be more effective than increasing the planting density to increase maize grain yield and WUE in northern China.Comprehensive consideration of climatic impacts,drought-resistant hybrids(e.g.,ZD958)and planting density(e.g.,60000 plants ha^(-1))is an effective way to increase maize grain yield and WUE across different regions of China.展开更多
Evaluating urban land use efficiency(ULUE) provides insights into the interactions between land use systems and their external environment. Specifically, changes in ULUE are important for monitoring urban transformati...Evaluating urban land use efficiency(ULUE) provides insights into the interactions between land use systems and their external environment. Specifically, changes in ULUE are important for monitoring urban transformation in developing countries. In this study, using a traditional input-output index model, we incorporated slack-based measurements and undesirable outputs into a SBM-UN(slack-based measure-undesirable) model to investigate ULUE within the context of increasing environmental restrictions in China. The model was used to estimate the ULUE of 26 cities in the highly developed urban agglomeration of the Yangtze River Delta from 2000 to2018. The average ULUE in the Yangtze River Delta was relatively low compared to that of developed city regions in the European Union(EU) and North America and exhibited a U-shaped curve over the study period. Incorporating undesirable outputs, such as environmental pollution, into the model reduced ULUE by 19.06%. ULUE varied spatially, with the kernel density estimation exhibiting a bimodal distribution. Efficiency decomposition analysis showed that scale efficiency made a greater contribution to ULUE than pure technical efficiency. Based on our findings, recommended approaches to improve ULUE include optimizing factor allocation, reducing undesirable outputs, and increasing the effective output per land unit. The study suggests that ULUE and the SBM-UN model are useful planning tools for sustainable urban development.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the appropriate nitrogen fertilizer amount and transplanting density that should be selected for different transplanting dates.[Methods]The effects of nitrogen fertilize...[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the appropriate nitrogen fertilizer amount and transplanting density that should be selected for different transplanting dates.[Methods]The effects of nitrogen fertilizer rate and transplanting density on the traits and yield of late japonica rice in the Jianghuai rice-wheat cropping area under different transplanting dates(transplanting at an appropriate time and delayed transplanting)were studied.[Results]The transplanting date significantly affected the heading,maturity and whole growth period of rice,and when the transplanting date of early-maturing late japonica rice was delayed by 15 d,the growth period was shortened by about 10 d.Nitrogen and density interaction obviously affected the dry matter accumulation and effective tillers of rice,and the dry matter production and effective tiller number of rice treated with B_(1)N_(2) were greater than other treatments.Under the timely transplanting date,the best nitrogen and density combination was 225-300 kg/hm^(2) and 250500 holes/hm^(2),and the nitrogen use efficiency was ideal.It suggests that under the condition of transplanting rice in a timely manner,applying nitrogen fertilizer at an appropriate rate while ensuring a reasonable population density is conducive to the coordination of the number of stems and tillers,the number of grains per panicle,etc.,thereby ensuring the best formation of yield factors in the middle and late stages of rice growth.[Conclusions]This study provides technical support and theoretical reference for reasonable nitrogen and density interaction of rice.展开更多
Three land use types (natural fallow, Leucaena leucocephala woodlot and cultivated plots) on a Ferric Acrisol in a semi-arid tropical zone of Ghana were compared to assess their effects on variability in selected soil...Three land use types (natural fallow, Leucaena leucocephala woodlot and cultivated plots) on a Ferric Acrisol in a semi-arid tropical zone of Ghana were compared to assess their effects on variability in selected soil properties and plant biomass accumulation. Organic carbon accumulation in the representative natural fallow profile was 22.7 g/kg, followed by 16.5 g/kg for the Leucaena woodlot and lastly 11.8 g/kg for the cultivated site. The mean bulk density of the natural fallow, Leucaena woodlot and cultivated sites were from 1.36 Mg/m3, 0.92 Mg/m3 and 1.33 Mg/m3 with corresponding range in mean weight diameter of 0.5 mm - 1.2 mm, 0.6 mm - 1.2 mm and 1.0 mm - 1.2 mm, respectively. The lower bulk density observed for the woodlot corresponds to increased total porosity, aeration, and root proliferation due to the stronger and extensive rooting system. Significant differences (P >36%). For the surface soils, exchangeable Na was very variable in the natural fallow. Exchangeable Na, Ca and K and total nitrogen were very variable in the Leucaena woodlot and the cultivated sites. Variability in clay content was very high in the cultivated soils only. The order cultivated land > Leucaena woodlot > natural fallow was noted for properties with high variability (CV > 36%). Plant biomass accumulation was 1834 kg/ha (natural fallow) and 830 kg/ha (Leucaena woodlot) indicating that natural fallows do not only maintain soil quality but they also decrease variability in soil properties which is desirable for soil productivity and quality.展开更多
BACKGROUND Carbapenem antibiotics are a pivotal solution for severe infections,particularly in hospital settings.The emergence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria owing to the irrational and extensive use of carbapenems ...BACKGROUND Carbapenem antibiotics are a pivotal solution for severe infections,particularly in hospital settings.The emergence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria owing to the irrational and extensive use of carbapenems underscores the need for meticulous management and rational use.Clinical pharmacists,with their specialized training and extensive knowledge,play a substantial role in ensuring the judicious use of carbapenem.This study aimed to elucidate the patterns of carbapenem use and shed light on the integral role played by clinical pharmacists in managing and promoting the rational use of carbapenem antibiotics at Wenzhou Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital.AIM To analyze carbapenem use patterns in our hospital and role of clinical pharmacists in managing and promoting their rational use.METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of carbapenem use at our hospital between January 2019 and December 2021.Several key indicators,including the drug utilization index,defined daily doses(DDDs),proportion of antimicrobial drug costs to total hospitalization expenses,antibiotic utilization density,and utilization rates in different clinical departments were comprehensively analyzed.RESULTS Between 2019 and 2021,there was a consistent decline in the consumption and sales of imipenem-cilastatin sodium,meropenem(0.3 g),and meropenem(0.5 g).Conversely,the DDDs of imipenem-cilastatin sodium for injection increased in 2020 and 2021 vs 2019,with a B/A value of 0.67,indicating a relatively higher drug cost.The DDDs of meropenem for injection(0.3 g)exhibited an overall upward trend,indicating an increasing clinical preference.However,the B/A values for 2020 and 2021 were both>1,suggesting a relatively lower drug cost.The DDDs of meropenem for injection(0.5 g)demonstrated a progressive increase annually and consistently ranked first,indicating a high clinical preference with a B/A value of 1,signifying good alignment between economic and social benefits.CONCLUSION Carbapenem use in our hospital was generally reasonable with a downward trend in consumption and sales over time.Clinical pharmacists play a pivotal role in promoting appropriate use of carbapenems.展开更多
目的分析中國澳門鏡湖醫院(簡稱“本院”)常見革蘭氏陰性菌耐藥性與其抗菌藥物使用情況的相關性,為規範使用抗菌藥物提供參考依據。方法收集由2018年1月~2021年12月(共4年)的常見革蘭氏陰性菌的耐藥率,並與同期住院患者的抗菌藥物的使...目的分析中國澳門鏡湖醫院(簡稱“本院”)常見革蘭氏陰性菌耐藥性與其抗菌藥物使用情況的相關性,為規範使用抗菌藥物提供參考依據。方法收集由2018年1月~2021年12月(共4年)的常見革蘭氏陰性菌的耐藥率,並與同期住院患者的抗菌藥物的使用頻度及使用強度(antimicrobial use density,AUD)進行分析。結果肺炎克雷伯菌耐藥率與慶大霉素的AUD相關,相關系數r=0.997(P=0.003),鮑曼不動桿菌耐藥率與左氧氟沙星的AUD相關,相關系數r=0.963(P=0.037)。結論肺炎克雷伯菌、鮑曼不動桿菌的耐藥性與抗菌藥物使用強度成正向關係。展开更多
目的:分析医院2018年—2022年住院患者抗菌药物使用强度(antimicrobial use density,AUD)的变化趋势,为下一步抗菌药物管理制度的制定提供参考。方法:通过医院信息系统采集2018年—2022年张家港澳洋医院住院患者的抗菌药物使用数据,分析...目的:分析医院2018年—2022年住院患者抗菌药物使用强度(antimicrobial use density,AUD)的变化趋势,为下一步抗菌药物管理制度的制定提供参考。方法:通过医院信息系统采集2018年—2022年张家港澳洋医院住院患者的抗菌药物使用数据,分析5年间医院AUD的整体变化情况,以及不同剂型、不同级别、不同种类抗菌药物AUD的变化。结果:5年间,医院住院患者的AUD从60.34降至48.04,其中注射剂型抗菌药物的AUD占比始终较高(94.71%~95.74%);限制级抗菌药物的AUD占比从2018年的70.45%降至2022年的42.42%,而非限制级抗菌药物的AUD占比从2018年的26.87%升至2022年的52.17%;在各药物种类中,5年间头孢菌素类药物的AUD始终最高,但呈缓慢下降趋势(从2018年的37.26降至2022年的29.54),其中又以第3代头孢菌素的AUD为最高。结论:5年间,医院住院患者的抗菌药物使用日趋规范,抗菌药物规范管理取得一定成效,但仍存在使用品种较为集中的不合理现象,医院行政部门应继续加强管理,以提高医院的抗菌药物合理使用水平。展开更多
目的:研究鲍曼不动杆菌对各类抗菌药物的耐药性与抗菌药物使用强度(antibacterial use density,AUD)的相关性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法:采用回顾性分析法,对上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院2004-2011年住院病人常用抗菌药...目的:研究鲍曼不动杆菌对各类抗菌药物的耐药性与抗菌药物使用强度(antibacterial use density,AUD)的相关性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法:采用回顾性分析法,对上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院2004-2011年住院病人常用抗菌药物的AUD和鲍曼不动杆菌对各类抗菌药物的药敏试验结果进行统计分析,用Spearman相关法分析两者的相关性。结果:2004-2011年本院住院病人感染的鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠的耐药率比对其他抗菌药物的耐药率更低。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率与碳青霉烯类药物的AUD呈显著正相关(亚胺培南r=0.952 4,P<0.05;美罗培南r=0.952 4,P<0.05),对其他药物的耐药率与AUD无显著相关性。结论:治疗鲍曼不动杆菌所致感染首选头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠。建议用头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠与四环素类、氨基苷类等其他抗菌药物联合治疗多药耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌感染。展开更多
基金Supported by Science and Technology Innovation Plan for Medical Workers in Shandong Province(SDYWZGKCJH2023095)Clinical Pharmacy Research Project of Shandong Provincial Medical Association(YXH2022ZX010)+1 种基金Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Development Project of Shandong Province(2019-0400&2021Q097)Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Program of Qingdao City(2020-zyy031)Medical Research Guidance Plan of Qingdao City(2020-WJZD087).
文摘[Objectives]To establish a new management model for rational use of perioperative antibacterial drugs in surgical departments.[Methods]Based on evidence-based medicine,the department s drug pathway was formulated,and the new mode of rational drug use control was established by using fine pharmaceutical technology intervention,and the intervention effect was evaluated by the intensity of antibacterial drug use,per capita drug costs and the proportion of drugs.[Results]After adopting drug pathway in departments,the intensity of antibacterial drug use,per capita drug costs and the proportion of drugs decreased significantly,and the effect of rational drug use control was remarkable.[Conclusions]The drug pathway provides a new management and control mode for the rational use of perioperative antibacterial drugs in surgical departments of hospitals.Thus,it is worthy of popularization and application.
文摘During the post-antibiotic golden age, it has seen a massive antibiotic/antibacterial production and an increase in irrational use of these few existing drugs in the medical and veterinary practice, food industries, tissue cultures, agriculture and commercial ethanol production globally. The irrational drug use has been further exacerbated by the increased marketing and promotion of these drugs by the pharmaceutical companies thus increasing their accessibility in the public and hence their improper use. The lack of production and introduction of the newer and effective antibiotic/antibacterial drugs in clinical practice in the post-antibiotic golden age has seen an increase in the emergence of the resistant pathogenic bacterial infections creating a significant problem in the global health of humankind. The massive productions of the antibiotic/antibacterial drugs have contributed to the poor disposal of these drugs and hence many of them are discharged in various water bodies contributing to the environmental antibiotic/antibacterial drug pollution. In the environment, these drugs exert pressure on the environmental bacteria by destroying useful bacteria that are responsible for the recycling of the organic matter and as well as promoting the selection of the resistant pathogenic bacteria that can spread in human and animal population thus causing an increase in the observed bacterial disease burden and hence a significant global public health problem. The resistant bacterial diseases lead to the high cost, increased occurrence of adverse drug reactions, prolonged hospitalization, the exposure to the second- and third-line drugs like in MDR-TB and XDR-TB that leads to toxicity and deaths as well as the increased poor production in agriculture and animal industry and commercial ethanol production.
基金Supported by Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology of China(CARS-01-25)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0301705)Foundation of Youth Science Program of Sichuan Agricultural Sciences Academy(2019QNJJ-020)。
文摘Increased plant density with low N rate was a recommended strategy to increase grain yield and N use efficiency(NUE);however,grain yield,NUE and the total N uptake(TNU)responses of hybrid rice to this strategy at different yield levels(medium yielding site(MYS)Luzhou City and high yielding site(HYS)Deyang City had not been described.Field experiments with hybrid rice Rongyou1015 were conducted to study the effects of two plant densities.High plant density(HD),low plant density(LD)and four N rates(without N,N_(0);a recommended N rate of 195 kg•hm^(-2),N_(CK);a 23%reduction in N rate,N_(-23%);a 46%reduction in N rate,N_(-46%)on yield attributes,grain yield,TNU and NUE of hybrid rice were studied under different yield levels in 2016-2017.The results showed that the grain yield and NUE of hybrid rice in response to plant density and N rate varied with yield levels.For MYS,reducing N rate by 46%result in significantly lower grain yield at LD treatment;whereas at HD treatment the grain yield of hybrid rice under N_(-46%) and N_(CK) were equal.For HYS,reducing N rate by 46% result in significantly lower grain yield regardless of low plant density and high plant density;however,a reduction in N rate by 23%increased grain yield,AE_(N) by 36%,PFP_(N) by 31% and RE_(N) by 11% over N_(CK) at HD treatment.Higher grain yield of hybrid rice under the combination of HD with low N rate was attributable to improvement in spikelets per panicle and harvest index.The results suggested that high plant density with low N rate might be an effective approach to improve grain yield and NUE in rice production,but reduction in N application rate was determined,according to yield levels.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(3117 1497)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,2011CB100105)+1 种基金the National Food Science and Technology of High Yield Program of China(2011BAD16B09)the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201203096)
文摘Planting at an optimum density and supplying adequate nitrogen(N) to achieve higher yields is a common practice in crop production, especially for maize(Zea mays L.); however, excessive N fertilizer supply in maize production results in reduced N use efficiency(NUE) and severe negative impacts on the environment. This research was conducted to determine the effects of increased plant density and reduced N rate on grain yield, total N uptake, NUE, leaf area index(LAI), intercepted photosynthetically active radiation(IPAR), and resource use efficiency in maize. Field experiments were conducted using a popular maize hybrid Zhengdan 958(ZD958) under different combinations of plant densities and N rates to determine an effective approach for maize production with high yield and high resource use efficiency. Increasing plant density was clearly able to promote N absorption and LAI during the entire growth stage, which allowed high total N uptake and interception of radiation to achieve high dry matter accumulation(DMA), grain yield, NUE, and radiation use efficiency(RUE). However, with an increase in plant density, the demand of N increased along with grain yield. Increasing N rate can significantly increase the DMA, grain yield, LAI, IPAR, and RUE. However, this increase was non-linear and due to the input of too much N fertilizers, the efficiency of N use at NCK(320 kg ha^(–1)) was low. An appropriate reduction in N rate can therefore lead to higher NUE despite a slight loss in grain production. Taking into account both the need for high grain yield and resource use efficiency, a 30% reduction in N supply, and an increase in plant density of 3 plants m^(–2), compared to LD(5.25 plants m^(–2)), would lead to an optimal balance between yield and resource use efficiency.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300108-5)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(2017A030313110,2018A030313463)+2 种基金the Discipline Team Building Project of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(201617TD)the Special Fund for Scientific Innovation Strategy,China(Construction of High-Level Academy of Agricultural Science)the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany,South China Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences(AB2018013)。
文摘Improving both grain yield and resource use efficiencies simultaneously is a major challenge in rice production.However,few studies have focused on integrating dense planting with delayed and reduced nitrogen application to enhance grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the double rice cropping system in South China.A high-yielding indica hybrid rice cultivar (Yliangyou 143) was grown in field experiments in Guangxi,South China,with three cultivation managements:farmers’practice (FP),dense planting with equal N input and delayed N application (DPEN) and dense planting with reduced N input and delayed N application (DPRN).The grain yields of DPRN reached 10.6 and 9.78 t ha^(–1) in the early and late cropping seasons,respectively,which were significantly higher than the corresponding yields of FP by 23.9–29.9%.The grain yields in DPEN and DPRN were comparable.NUE in DPRN reached 65.2–72.9 kg kg^(–1),which was 61.2–74.1% higher than that in FP and 24.6–30.2% higher than that in DPEN.RUE in DPRN achieved 1.60–1.80 g MJ^(–1),which was 28.6–37.9% higher than that in FP.The productive tiller percentage in DPRN was 7.9–36.2% higher than that in DPEN.Increases in crop growth rate,leaf area duration,N uptake from panicle initiation to heading and enhancement of the apparent transformation ratio of dry weight from stems and leaf sheaths to panicles all contributed to higher grain yield and higher resource use efficiencies in DPRN.Correlation analysis revealed that the agronomic and physiological traits mentioned above were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield.Comparison trials carried out in Guangdong in 2018 and 2019 also showed that DPRN performed better than DPEN.We conclude that DPRN is a feasible approach for simultaneously increasing grain yield,NUE and RUE in the double rice cropping system in South China.
基金the financial support of the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300109 and 2018YFD0200703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31771709)+2 种基金the Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System of China (JATS[2019]458)the High-end Talent Support Program of Yangzhou University, Chinathe Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China。
文摘Optimal planting density and proper fertilization method are important factors to improve maize yield and nutrient utilization. A two-year(2016 and 2017) field experiment was conducted with three plant densities(6.0, 7.5 and 9.0 plants m^-2) and three fertilization modes(no fertilizer, 0 F;one-off application of slow-released fertilizer, SF;twice application of conventional fertilizer, CF). Results indicated that the grain yields and N, P and K use efficiencies under SF with the optimal planting density(7.5 plants m^-2) were the highest among all the treatments in 2016 and 2017. Compared with CF, SF could increase post-silking dry matter accumulation and promote N, P and K uptake at pre-and post-silking stages;this treatment increased grain N, P and K concentrations and resulted in high N, P and K use efficiencies. Nutrient(N, P and K) absorption efficiencies and partial productivity, and nutrient(N and P) recovery efficiency in SF treatment were significantly higher than those in CF treatments under the planting density of 7.5 plants m^-2. Under both SF and CF conditions, the grain yield, total N accumulation and nutrient use efficiencies initially increased, peaked at planting density of 7.5 plants m^-2, and then decreased with increasing plant density. Based on the yield and nutrient use efficiency in two years, plant density of 7.5 plants m^-2 with SF can improve both the grain yield and N, P and K use efficiency of spring maize in Jiangsu Province, China.
文摘Greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories conducted at state and regional levels serve to quantify long-term emissions trends and set benchmarks against which to evaluate the effectiveness of state government-mandated emissions reductions. GHG inventories which incompletely account for land use, land change, and forestry (LUCF) due to insufficient measurement tools discount the value of terrestrial carbon (C) sinks. In consequence, sink preservation is often omitted from regional land use planning. This paper proposes an accounting methodology which estimates foregone C sequestration derived LUCF change in the southern New England State of Connecticut (CT). The Natural Capital Project’s InVEST program provided a template for modeling C storage and sequestration for CT’s land class categories. LandSat mapping of long-term land cover patterns in CT conducted by CLEAR at the University of CT served as input data for InVEST computer modeling of C sequestration, both realized and foregone due to LUCF. The results showed that: 1) Land converted from high C density forestland to low density C land cover classes reduced the rate of C sequestration loss at 4.62 times the rate of forest reduction. Forest loss of 3.83% over twenty-five years was responsible for foregone C sequestration equivalent to 17.68% of total 2010 sequestration. 2) Accumulating C stocks pushed total annual sequestration from a 1985 baseline level of 866 MMTCO2 to 1116 MMTCO2 by 2010—a 250 MMTCO2 increment. 3) C sequestration from forest loss since 1985 would have yielded additional sequestration of 53.74 MMTCO2 by 2010. By 2002, foregone yield surpassed CT’s annual fossil fuel emissions, currently at 40 MMTCO2. 4) Preservation of forest C stocks over time becomes the determining factor for influencing biomass C sequestration levels. Deciduous forests have a preponderant influence on CO2 budgets. The ground-up methodology to quantify land-based C sequestration presented here demonstrates the influence of forest biomass in state-level C mitigation efforts useful to climate-oriented policy makers.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300106)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31601247).
文摘Water scarcity has become a limiting factor for increasing crop production.Finding ways to improve water use efficiency(WUE)has become an urgent task for Chinese agriculture.To understand the response of different maize populations to changes in precipitation and the effects of changes in maize populations on WUE,this study conducted maize population experiments using maize hybrids with different plant types(compact and semi compact)and different planting densities at 25 locations across China.It was found that,as precipitation increased across different locations,maize grain yield first increased and then decreased,while WUE decreased significantly.Analyzing the relationship between WUE and the main climatic factors,this study found that WUE was significantly and negatively correlated with precipitation(R(daily mean precipitation)and R(accumulated precipitation))and was positively correlated with temperature(TM(daily mean maximum temperature),T_(M-m)(T_(m),daily mean minimum temperature)and GDD(growing degree days))and solar radiation(Ra(daily mean solar radiation)and Ra(accumulated solar radiation))over different growth periods.Significant differences in maize grain yield,WUE and precipitation were found at different planting densities.The population densities were ranked as follows according to maize grain yield and WUE based on the multi-site experiment data:60000 plants ha^(-1)(P_(2))>90000 plants ha^(-1)(P_(3))>30000 plants ha^(-1)(P_(1)).Further analysis showed that,as maize population increased,water consumption increased significantly while soil evaporation decreased significantly.Significant differences were found between the WUE of ZD958(compact type)and that of LD981(semi-compact type),as well as among the WUE values at different planting densities.In addition,choosing the optimum hybrid and planting density increased WUE by 21.70 and 14.92%,respectively,which showed that the hybrid played a more significant role than the planting density in improving WUE.Therefore,choosing drought-resistant hybrids could be more effective than increasing the planting density to increase maize grain yield and WUE in northern China.Comprehensive consideration of climatic impacts,drought-resistant hybrids(e.g.,ZD958)and planting density(e.g.,60000 plants ha^(-1))is an effective way to increase maize grain yield and WUE across different regions of China.
基金Under the auspices of the Project Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20200109)the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection,Ministry of Natural Resource (No. 2021CZEPK05)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42001225)the Project of Philosophy and Social Science Research in Colleges and Universities of Jiangsu Province,China (No. 2022SJYB0287)。
文摘Evaluating urban land use efficiency(ULUE) provides insights into the interactions between land use systems and their external environment. Specifically, changes in ULUE are important for monitoring urban transformation in developing countries. In this study, using a traditional input-output index model, we incorporated slack-based measurements and undesirable outputs into a SBM-UN(slack-based measure-undesirable) model to investigate ULUE within the context of increasing environmental restrictions in China. The model was used to estimate the ULUE of 26 cities in the highly developed urban agglomeration of the Yangtze River Delta from 2000 to2018. The average ULUE in the Yangtze River Delta was relatively low compared to that of developed city regions in the European Union(EU) and North America and exhibited a U-shaped curve over the study period. Incorporating undesirable outputs, such as environmental pollution, into the model reduced ULUE by 19.06%. ULUE varied spatially, with the kernel density estimation exhibiting a bimodal distribution. Efficiency decomposition analysis showed that scale efficiency made a greater contribution to ULUE than pure technical efficiency. Based on our findings, recommended approaches to improve ULUE include optimizing factor allocation, reducing undesirable outputs, and increasing the effective output per land unit. The study suggests that ULUE and the SBM-UN model are useful planning tools for sustainable urban development.
基金Supported by Major National Research and Development Program(2016YFD0300206-2)。
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the appropriate nitrogen fertilizer amount and transplanting density that should be selected for different transplanting dates.[Methods]The effects of nitrogen fertilizer rate and transplanting density on the traits and yield of late japonica rice in the Jianghuai rice-wheat cropping area under different transplanting dates(transplanting at an appropriate time and delayed transplanting)were studied.[Results]The transplanting date significantly affected the heading,maturity and whole growth period of rice,and when the transplanting date of early-maturing late japonica rice was delayed by 15 d,the growth period was shortened by about 10 d.Nitrogen and density interaction obviously affected the dry matter accumulation and effective tillers of rice,and the dry matter production and effective tiller number of rice treated with B_(1)N_(2) were greater than other treatments.Under the timely transplanting date,the best nitrogen and density combination was 225-300 kg/hm^(2) and 250500 holes/hm^(2),and the nitrogen use efficiency was ideal.It suggests that under the condition of transplanting rice in a timely manner,applying nitrogen fertilizer at an appropriate rate while ensuring a reasonable population density is conducive to the coordination of the number of stems and tillers,the number of grains per panicle,etc.,thereby ensuring the best formation of yield factors in the middle and late stages of rice growth.[Conclusions]This study provides technical support and theoretical reference for reasonable nitrogen and density interaction of rice.
文摘Three land use types (natural fallow, Leucaena leucocephala woodlot and cultivated plots) on a Ferric Acrisol in a semi-arid tropical zone of Ghana were compared to assess their effects on variability in selected soil properties and plant biomass accumulation. Organic carbon accumulation in the representative natural fallow profile was 22.7 g/kg, followed by 16.5 g/kg for the Leucaena woodlot and lastly 11.8 g/kg for the cultivated site. The mean bulk density of the natural fallow, Leucaena woodlot and cultivated sites were from 1.36 Mg/m3, 0.92 Mg/m3 and 1.33 Mg/m3 with corresponding range in mean weight diameter of 0.5 mm - 1.2 mm, 0.6 mm - 1.2 mm and 1.0 mm - 1.2 mm, respectively. The lower bulk density observed for the woodlot corresponds to increased total porosity, aeration, and root proliferation due to the stronger and extensive rooting system. Significant differences (P >36%). For the surface soils, exchangeable Na was very variable in the natural fallow. Exchangeable Na, Ca and K and total nitrogen were very variable in the Leucaena woodlot and the cultivated sites. Variability in clay content was very high in the cultivated soils only. The order cultivated land > Leucaena woodlot > natural fallow was noted for properties with high variability (CV > 36%). Plant biomass accumulation was 1834 kg/ha (natural fallow) and 830 kg/ha (Leucaena woodlot) indicating that natural fallows do not only maintain soil quality but they also decrease variability in soil properties which is desirable for soil productivity and quality.
文摘BACKGROUND Carbapenem antibiotics are a pivotal solution for severe infections,particularly in hospital settings.The emergence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria owing to the irrational and extensive use of carbapenems underscores the need for meticulous management and rational use.Clinical pharmacists,with their specialized training and extensive knowledge,play a substantial role in ensuring the judicious use of carbapenem.This study aimed to elucidate the patterns of carbapenem use and shed light on the integral role played by clinical pharmacists in managing and promoting the rational use of carbapenem antibiotics at Wenzhou Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital.AIM To analyze carbapenem use patterns in our hospital and role of clinical pharmacists in managing and promoting their rational use.METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of carbapenem use at our hospital between January 2019 and December 2021.Several key indicators,including the drug utilization index,defined daily doses(DDDs),proportion of antimicrobial drug costs to total hospitalization expenses,antibiotic utilization density,and utilization rates in different clinical departments were comprehensively analyzed.RESULTS Between 2019 and 2021,there was a consistent decline in the consumption and sales of imipenem-cilastatin sodium,meropenem(0.3 g),and meropenem(0.5 g).Conversely,the DDDs of imipenem-cilastatin sodium for injection increased in 2020 and 2021 vs 2019,with a B/A value of 0.67,indicating a relatively higher drug cost.The DDDs of meropenem for injection(0.3 g)exhibited an overall upward trend,indicating an increasing clinical preference.However,the B/A values for 2020 and 2021 were both>1,suggesting a relatively lower drug cost.The DDDs of meropenem for injection(0.5 g)demonstrated a progressive increase annually and consistently ranked first,indicating a high clinical preference with a B/A value of 1,signifying good alignment between economic and social benefits.CONCLUSION Carbapenem use in our hospital was generally reasonable with a downward trend in consumption and sales over time.Clinical pharmacists play a pivotal role in promoting appropriate use of carbapenems.
文摘目的分析中國澳門鏡湖醫院(簡稱“本院”)常見革蘭氏陰性菌耐藥性與其抗菌藥物使用情況的相關性,為規範使用抗菌藥物提供參考依據。方法收集由2018年1月~2021年12月(共4年)的常見革蘭氏陰性菌的耐藥率,並與同期住院患者的抗菌藥物的使用頻度及使用強度(antimicrobial use density,AUD)進行分析。結果肺炎克雷伯菌耐藥率與慶大霉素的AUD相關,相關系數r=0.997(P=0.003),鮑曼不動桿菌耐藥率與左氧氟沙星的AUD相關,相關系數r=0.963(P=0.037)。結論肺炎克雷伯菌、鮑曼不動桿菌的耐藥性與抗菌藥物使用強度成正向關係。
文摘目的:分析医院2018年—2022年住院患者抗菌药物使用强度(antimicrobial use density,AUD)的变化趋势,为下一步抗菌药物管理制度的制定提供参考。方法:通过医院信息系统采集2018年—2022年张家港澳洋医院住院患者的抗菌药物使用数据,分析5年间医院AUD的整体变化情况,以及不同剂型、不同级别、不同种类抗菌药物AUD的变化。结果:5年间,医院住院患者的AUD从60.34降至48.04,其中注射剂型抗菌药物的AUD占比始终较高(94.71%~95.74%);限制级抗菌药物的AUD占比从2018年的70.45%降至2022年的42.42%,而非限制级抗菌药物的AUD占比从2018年的26.87%升至2022年的52.17%;在各药物种类中,5年间头孢菌素类药物的AUD始终最高,但呈缓慢下降趋势(从2018年的37.26降至2022年的29.54),其中又以第3代头孢菌素的AUD为最高。结论:5年间,医院住院患者的抗菌药物使用日趋规范,抗菌药物规范管理取得一定成效,但仍存在使用品种较为集中的不合理现象,医院行政部门应继续加强管理,以提高医院的抗菌药物合理使用水平。
文摘目的:研究鲍曼不动杆菌对各类抗菌药物的耐药性与抗菌药物使用强度(antibacterial use density,AUD)的相关性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法:采用回顾性分析法,对上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院2004-2011年住院病人常用抗菌药物的AUD和鲍曼不动杆菌对各类抗菌药物的药敏试验结果进行统计分析,用Spearman相关法分析两者的相关性。结果:2004-2011年本院住院病人感染的鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠的耐药率比对其他抗菌药物的耐药率更低。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率与碳青霉烯类药物的AUD呈显著正相关(亚胺培南r=0.952 4,P<0.05;美罗培南r=0.952 4,P<0.05),对其他药物的耐药率与AUD无显著相关性。结论:治疗鲍曼不动杆菌所致感染首选头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠。建议用头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠与四环素类、氨基苷类等其他抗菌药物联合治疗多药耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌感染。
