The dual impact of climate change and human activities has precipitated a sharp decline in primate biodiversity globally.China is home to the most diverse primate species in the Northern hemisphere,which face severe e...The dual impact of climate change and human activities has precipitated a sharp decline in primate biodiversity globally.China is home to the most diverse primate species in the Northern hemisphere,which face severe ecological threats due to the expansion of modern agriculture,extensive exploitation and consumption of natural resources,and excessive land development during its transition from an agricultural to a modern society.In response,China has implemented various ecological conservation measures,including habitat restoration and protection.These efforts have made substantial strides in biodiversity conservation,with certain regions witnessing an increase in primate populations.In the current study,we conducted a systematic review of historical documents and field research data related to Chinese primates,evaluating the endangered status of primate species in China.Despite improvements in the habitats of most primate species and some population growth,many species still face severe threats,including declining and small populations.Species such as the Myanmar snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus strykeri),eastern black crested gibbon(Nomascus nasutus),and Hainan gibbon(N.hainanus)remain particularly vulnerable due to their limited distribution ranges and extremely small populations.Insufficient scientific data,fragmented information,and not enough studies in conservation biology further compound the challenges.Moreover,there is a notable lack of detailed population monitoring data for species such as the Bengal slow loris(Nycticebus bengalensis),pygmy slow loris(N.pygmaeus),Indochinese gray langur(Trachypithecus crepusculus),Shortridge’s langur(T.shortridgei),and capped langur(T.pileatus),which hinders the development of practical and targeted conservation management strategies.Therefore,for national biodiversity conservation,there is an urgent need for specialized primate surveys,enhancing habitat protection and restoration,and increasing focus on cross-border conservation strategies and regional cooperation.There is also a need to establish a comprehensive and systematic research database platform,conduct continuous and in-depth research in primate biology,and actively engage in the scientific assessment of ecotourism.Additionally,strengthening public awareness and education on wildlife conservation remains essential.Such integrated and systematic efforts will provide scientific support for the current and future conservation and management of primate species in China.展开更多
The need for integration of ex situ and in situ approaches in conservation of plants has long been recognized. However, ex situ collections have numerous limitations that reduce their utility for conservation, necessi...The need for integration of ex situ and in situ approaches in conservation of plants has long been recognized. However, ex situ collections have numerous limitations that reduce their utility for conservation, necessitating the introduction of new, more appropriate, flexible and less costly approaches.Two new approaches that can be called "intermediate" between in situ and ex situ, and bridging them in some way have been proposed over the last two decades. In these approaches material collected in natural populations is planted and maintained outside the original location, but with a different purpose.While the purpose of the inter situs approach is reintroduction, the concern of the quasi in situ approach is long-term storage of species genetic diversity. I view these two approaches as complementary and necessary components of conservation-oriented restoration. In restoration of a degraded habitat using threatened species(i.e. inter situs), quasi in situ collections can serve an important role in providing longterm preservation of these species' genetic diversity and production of seeds needed for restoration.展开更多
In the realities of the modern world, when the natural habitat is rapidly disappearing and the number of imperiled plants is constantly growing, ex situ conservation is gaining importance. To meet this challenge, bota...In the realities of the modern world, when the natural habitat is rapidly disappearing and the number of imperiled plants is constantly growing, ex situ conservation is gaining importance. To meet this challenge, botanic gardens need to revise both their strategic goals and their methodologies to achieve the new goals. This paper proposes a strategy for the management of threatened plants in living collections,which includes setting regional conservation priorities for the species, creation of genetically representative collections for the high priority species, and usage of these collections in in situ actions. In this strategy, the value of existing and future species living collections for conservation is determined by the species' conservation status and how well the accessions represent their natural genetic variation.展开更多
Cinnamomum chago(family Lauraceae) is an essential source of timber and oil.This plant is narrowly distributed in the western part of the Yunnan Province.In this study,the distribution,habitat,and biological character...Cinnamomum chago(family Lauraceae) is an essential source of timber and oil.This plant is narrowly distributed in the western part of the Yunnan Province.In this study,the distribution,habitat,and biological characteristics of C.chago were examined through field investigation.The genetic diversity and the variation of the remnant populations were also studied using the inter-simple sequence repeat technique.Results showed that C.chago is mainly distributed in the upstream tributary mountains of Lancang River in Yunlong County of Yunnan Province.The species distribution exhibited a fragmented pattern with five isolated populations and high-frequency anthropogenic interference.A combination of morphological features(opposite leaves,pinnate leaf veins,absence of glandular fossa,large drupe,small punch,and pollen surface with triangular spike grain,with cushion bumps at the base) indicated that C.chago is a key phylogenetic taxon between the two sections of Asian Cinnamomum plants(Sect.Camphora(Trew) Meissn.and Sect.Cinnamomum).Analysis of the genetic diversity of C.chago indicated that it has a moderately high level of genetic diversity at the population and species levels(populations level:N_e = 1.629,H = 0.348,1= 0.504,and PPB = 83.3%;species level:N_e = 1.864,H = 0.460,1 = 0.652,and PPB = 100%).Analysis of molecular variance revealed that 17%of the genetic variation was divided between the populations,whereas 83%was observed within the populations.Based on these results,we suggest the inclusion of C.chago in the Wild Plants with Extremely Small Populations in China.Moreover,the species should be given special attention and protection.Some strategies were proposed for the conservation of the C.chago populations.展开更多
Pinus bungeana is a three-needle pine with typical fragmented distribution in central and northwestern China. Its natural resources are gradually decreasing and need to be conserved. For conserving genetic diversity o...Pinus bungeana is a three-needle pine with typical fragmented distribution in central and northwestern China. Its natural resources are gradually decreasing and need to be conserved. For conserving genetic diversity of P. bungeana, the authors sampled 10 natural populations in its distribution areas and conducted the analysis of isozymes. Thirty one loci with 53 alleles on the basis of 16 enzyme systems were assayed. The parameters of genetic diversity at species and population level are respectively as follows: As = 1.742, Ae[s] = 1.49, Ps = 54.8%, He[s] = 0.162, Ap = 1.39, Ae[p]= 1.30, Pp = 34.85, He[p] = 0.0986. In comparison with other pines, P. bungeana possesses a slightly low amount of genetic variation especially at the population level. By contrast, the level of population genetic differentiation (GST = 0.135) is higher compared to other pines. All ten populations are divided into three groups according to Nei抯 genetic identity (I). There is a slight relation (r = 0.31) between genetic distance and geographical distance. Some populations are obviously deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium but the total population is basically accordant with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The correlation analysis between allele frequencies and ecological factors showed that the alleles at loci of Idh and Pgi-2 had gradient variation trends of their frequencies. The sample capturing curves?analysis indicated that the captured alleles increased when the number of sampled populations increased and 99% out of whole allele pool of ten populations would be captured when five populations were randomly selected. At last, the population genetic structure of P. bungeana and its conservation strategy were discussed.展开更多
The Garhwal Himalaya is among the major repositories of immensely valuable wild edible plants and provides food security to the local population.Among the valuable plant species that grow in this region,Paeonia emodi(...The Garhwal Himalaya is among the major repositories of immensely valuable wild edible plants and provides food security to the local population.Among the valuable plant species that grow in this region,Paeonia emodi(family Paeoniaceae)is an important wild edible species that found in temperate regions with an altitude range between 1800 and 2800 m.The species is facing a severe threat to its sustainability due to overharvesting,habitat disturbances,and a lack of effort regarding conservation.For the first time,this study investigated anthropogenic pressure,population decline perceptions in the natural habitat,and vulnerability assessment of P.emodi under selected study sites(n=23 villages).A semi structured questionnaire was used to interview approximately 45%of the local inhabitants,including herbal practitioners(Vaidhyas or Dais)of each village.On the basis of demographic characteristics,the perceptions and responses of 464 local people were documented regarding potential causes of deterioration and feasible options for sustainable utilization.Using the weight survey method,we estimated the actual amount of collection based on personal interaction and direct observation.In order to determine the threats status,a rapid vulnerability assessment(RVA)was performed and were used based on the current exploitation and usage.The present study revealed that leaf(100%)was the most frequently harvested part,followed by stem(95.65%),seed(26.09%),root(21.74%)and flower(13.04%).The village Triyuginarayan and Pothivasa recorded the highest collection scores while the purpose of the collection was mostly edible(100%),medicinal(100%),and least commercial(8.70%).According to the literature review and the present survey,the RVA(total=21)is categorized as category II(intermediate side of the RVA index),indicating a degree of vulnerability.The study revealed that P.emodi faces extinction in the Garhwal Himalayas.Growing this species through agro-production techniques may alleviate the pressure on the existing population as a result of the availability of raw materials for commercial and household uses.These findings will provide an effective framework for conservation and management decisions and plans.展开更多
Climate change has become one of the most critical threats to global biodiversity.However,whether phylogenetically related species respond to climate change in similar ways remains controversial.The answer to this que...Climate change has become one of the most critical threats to global biodiversity.However,whether phylogenetically related species respond to climate change in similar ways remains controversial.The answer to this question is crucial for understanding the impacts of climate change and the conservation on the tree of life.By integrating species distribution models with a molecular phylogeny of 50 threatened plant species from one of the global biodiversity hotspots,Gongga Mountains(Mt.Gongga)in southwest China,we evaluated the responses of threatened plant species to future climate change,and estimated whether species responses are phylogenetically conserved.Phylogenetic reconstruction was used to calculate the phylogenetic distance and null model to verify the reliability of the results.We found that correlations between responses of different species to future climate change decreased with the increase in their phylogenetic distance in the monocotyledonous or herbaceous species,but not in the dicotyledonous and woody species.Our results suggested that the responses of herbaceous and monocotyledonous threatened species in Mt.Gongga to future climate change tend to be phylogenetically conserved,while the responses of woody and dicotyledonous threatened species are not.Our study provides evidence for the existence of phylogenetically non-random extinction in the monocotyledonous herbs in Mt.Gongga and highlights the importance of integrating phylogenetic information and evolutionary history into conservation planning.We also provide theoretical basis and technical support for designing effective conservation schemes for the protection of biodiversity under anthropogenic climate change.展开更多
Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have been created worldwide to assist watershed management and improve or maintain water quality. Considering their importance, we conducted a holistic review of payment for water...Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have been created worldwide to assist watershed management and improve or maintain water quality. Considering their importance, we conducted a holistic review of payment for water-related ecosystem services to understand how this instrument has been applied in watershed management worldwide. First, we identified the watershed management actions considered by the PES programs and the challenges of implementing water-related PES. After we identified the methods and criteria used to define priority areas for water-related PES. Our review considered articles published on the Web of Science from 2011 to 2022. We found 236 articles relating PES to water resources, highlighting the main water conservation strategies: native vegetation conservation, native vegetation restoration, and implementing best agricultural practices. The method most frequent was interview, followed by the use of technologies, document analysis, and hydrological models. Another significant result was that priority areas for receiving PES are mainly riparian zones, areas near or with native vegetation cover, areas with higher erosion potential, steep areas, and areas with socially vulnerable communities. This review was crucial to identify efficient water resource conservation strategies and potential challenges in the implementation and development of PES programs.展开更多
Human beings are not only a part of our planet's ecosystems,but also,they are massively overusing them.This makes ecosystem protection,including biodiversity preservation,vital for humanity's future.The speed ...Human beings are not only a part of our planet's ecosystems,but also,they are massively overusing them.This makes ecosystem protection,including biodiversity preservation,vital for humanity's future.The speed and scale of the threat are unprecedented in human history.The long arch of evolution has been confronted with such a high level of human impact,that we are now facing the sixth mass extinction event,66 million years after the last one.This threat heightens the imperative for bold human intervention.Our paper identifies three strategies for such an intervention.First,and possibly most challenging,human demand needs to be curbed so it fits within the bounds of what Earth's ecosystems can renew.Without meeting this quantitative goal,biodiversity preservation efforts will not be able to get scaled.Second,in the transition time,we must focus on those locations and areas where most biodiversity is concentrated.Such a focus on‘hotspots’will help safeguard the largest portion of biodiversity with least effort.Third,to direct biodiversity preservation strategies,we need to much better document the existence and distribution of biodiversity around the globe.New information technologies could help with this critical effort.In conclusion,biodiversity preservation is no longer just a concern for specialized biologist but is becoming a societal necessity if humanity wants to have a stable future.展开更多
Cistanche deserticola is an important medicinal plant in Mongolia.Despite its significant role in local healing systems,little traditional knowledge had been reported.The present study investigated folk names of C.des...Cistanche deserticola is an important medicinal plant in Mongolia.Despite its significant role in local healing systems,little traditional knowledge had been reported.The present study investigated folk names of C.deserticola and other species of the same community in Umnugobi Province,South Gobi region of Mongolia,based on ethnobotanical approaches.The high correspondence between folk names and scientific names of plant species occurring in Cistanche-associated community shows the scientific meaning of folk nomenclature and classification in Mongolia.The Mongolian and folk names of plants were formed on the basis of observations and understanding of wild plants including their morphology,phenology and traditional uses as well.Results from this study will support the conservation of C.deserticola itself,a rare and endangered plant species listed in the Monglian Red Data Book.Our documentation of folk nomenclature based on 96 plant species in the Cistanche community,as a part of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity,will be very helpful for making strategy of plant biodiversity conservation in Mongolia.展开更多
Natural hybridization,which often occurs between closely related species exhibiting sympatric or parapatric distributions,is an important source of genetic variation within populations.The closely related Jankowski’s...Natural hybridization,which often occurs between closely related species exhibiting sympatric or parapatric distributions,is an important source of genetic variation within populations.The closely related Jankowski’s Bunting(Emberiza jankowskii)and Meadow Bunting(E.cioides)are similar in morphology and genetics,occupy overlapping niches,and are sympatric in eastern Inner Mongolia.Previous studies have reported trans-species polymorphisms of alleles between the two species,as well as an unexpectedly high genetic diversity of the endangered E.jankowskii.We speculate that introgressive hybridization has occurred between the two species and contributed to the additional unexpected variation to E.jankowskii.We used mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2(ND2)gene and 15 nuclear microsatellite markers to compare the genetic diversity of E.jankowskii and E.cioides,and inferred the origin of trans-species polymorphisms between the two species by phylogenetic reconstruction and Bayesian cluster analysis.The two species could be clearly distinguished by population cluster analysis.Despite the large number of mutational differences,we still detected sharing of major haplotypes and the presence of hybrids between the two species.Our study confirmed that weak introgressive hybridization has occurred between sympatric E.jankowskii and E.cioides,which may be mediated by female E.cioides individuals,and that interspecific introgression has contributed to the maintenance of high genetic diversity in E.jankowskii.While being wary of the potential negative effects of introgressive hybridization,we suggest that expanding the habitat of E.jankowskii remains the most effective conservation strategy at present.展开更多
Throughout the world,plant diversity is being reduced rapidly by the extinction of species and of local differentiated populations.In presenting possible solutions to this very serious problem I will first briefly des...Throughout the world,plant diversity is being reduced rapidly by the extinction of species and of local differentiated populations.In presenting possible solutions to this very serious problem I will first briefly describe the factors that have led to the development of China's wealth of biodiversity;then examine the causes of extinction,with an emphasis on the situation in China;and conclude with recommendations on how to most effectively conserve plants in this huge and botanically diverse country.展开更多
The built heritage of the 20^(th) century concerns society in general: it is the background to everyday life and the stage of ‘past experience’. Therefore, recent past buildings should not be considered merely for t...The built heritage of the 20^(th) century concerns society in general: it is the background to everyday life and the stage of ‘past experience’. Therefore, recent past buildings should not be considered merely for their aesthetic features;they also have to do with physical well-being, social rituals and representations, as well as with associated concepts such as values and emotions. But conservation of 20^(th)-century heritage is not straightforward. It requires specific strategies as well as critical and operational tools, which are not part of the cultural background of the actors of the transformation of our cities (architects, engineers, heritage officials, etc.) and do not yet feature in current design teaching curricula in most universities. To fill these gaps, in 2008 four Swiss architectural schools (USI, EPFL, ETHZ, SUPSI) launched a research project titled ‘Critical Encyclopaedia for reuse and restoration of 20^(th)-century architecture’ (2009-2013). The article presents one of the outcomes of this research: the work developed by the section titled ‘Historical and Critical Tools for Conservation’, which will be published shortly. It provides readers with the cultural, theoretical and critical frame of reference required to understand recent architectural heritage in its widest sense: as a historical, symbolic and aesthetic resource, but also as being endowed with social, economic and ecological value. By examining theories and doctrines which have developed over time and thanks to the exemplary nature and variety of the selected cases, it provides a historical appraisal of how intervention in the field of recent heritage has evolved over the past 60 years. Furthermore the oeuvre presents intervention tools in action: by analysing a vast array of case studies which address the main areas of conservation practice (historical and critical research, analysis of materials and technical features, identification of compatible new uses, regulatory compliance), it provides a methodology to develop concrete and appropriate criteria for any specific case.展开更多
For more than a decade,a wide range of Spanish case studies,relating especially to rural inner or abandoned sites and areas,have been analysed by the authors as part of diferent research projects linked with tradition...For more than a decade,a wide range of Spanish case studies,relating especially to rural inner or abandoned sites and areas,have been analysed by the authors as part of diferent research projects linked with traditional and monumen‑tal architecture,conservation strategies and earthen buildings.On one hand the studies have been undertaken in the framework of a project concerning the conservation of rammed earth in the Iberian Peninsula,including criteria,techniques,results and perspectives and,on the other,by a project about the conservation and rehabilitation of tradi‑tional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula,providing guidelines and tools for its sustainable intervention.In all cases the researchers’eforts focused on enhancing new perspectives and opportunities for rural earthen buildings,analysing landscapes,contexts,constructive features,decay and problems.The fnal common aim of this research is to stress these crucial topics to improve tangible or intangible opportunities for conservation strategies.展开更多
The National Natural History Museum plays a key role in the implementation of the GSPC through its botanical gardens,the Conservatoire Botanique National du Bassin Parisien,the Herbarium,and also by providing expertis...The National Natural History Museum plays a key role in the implementation of the GSPC through its botanical gardens,the Conservatoire Botanique National du Bassin Parisien,the Herbarium,and also by providing expertise on all areas of the Strategy(botany,conservation,ethonobotany,article 8j,substainable use),etc.For 2 of the goals of GSPC(conserving plant diversity,Understanding and Documenting Plant Diversity),the Muséum has developed activities all over the world,including compilation of various flora and description of new species,as well as establishment of plant conservation schemes and habitat protection policies.It also conserves endangered species in the botanical garden.展开更多
Background:Nutrient resorption is an important plant nutrient conservation strategy in wetlands.However,how shrub encroachment alters plant nutrient resorption processes is unclear in temperate wetlands.Here,we collec...Background:Nutrient resorption is an important plant nutrient conservation strategy in wetlands.However,how shrub encroachment alters plant nutrient resorption processes is unclear in temperate wetlands.Here,we collected green and senesced leaves of common sedge,grass,and shrub species in wetlands with high(50–65%)and low(20–35%)shrub covers in the Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China,and assessed the impact of shrub encroachment on leaf nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)resorption efficiency and proficiency at both plant growth form and community levels.Results:The effects of shrub cover on leaf nutrient resorption efficiency and proficiency were identical among shrubs,grasses,and sedges.Irrespective of plant growth forms,increased shrub cover reduced leaf N resorption efficiency and proficiency,but did not alter leaf P resorption efficiency and proficiency.However,the effect of shrub cover on leaf nutrient resorption efficiency and proficiency differed between plant growth form and community levels.At the community level,leaf N and P resorption efficiency decreased with increasing shrub cover because of increased dominance of shrubs with lower leaf nutrient resorption efficiency over grasses and sedges.Accordingly,community‑level senesced leaf N and P concentrations increased with elevating shrub cover,showing a decline in leaf N and P resorption proficiency.Moreover,the significant relationships between leaf nutrient resorption efficiency and proficiency indicate that shrub encroachment increased senesced leaf nutrient concentrations by decreasing nutrient resorption efficiency.Conclusions:These observations suggest that shrub encroachment reduces community‑level leaf nutrient resorp‑tion efficiency and proficiency and highlight that the effect of altered plant composition on leaf nutrient resorption should be assessed at the community level in temperate wetlands.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32371563)and Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB31020302)。
文摘The dual impact of climate change and human activities has precipitated a sharp decline in primate biodiversity globally.China is home to the most diverse primate species in the Northern hemisphere,which face severe ecological threats due to the expansion of modern agriculture,extensive exploitation and consumption of natural resources,and excessive land development during its transition from an agricultural to a modern society.In response,China has implemented various ecological conservation measures,including habitat restoration and protection.These efforts have made substantial strides in biodiversity conservation,with certain regions witnessing an increase in primate populations.In the current study,we conducted a systematic review of historical documents and field research data related to Chinese primates,evaluating the endangered status of primate species in China.Despite improvements in the habitats of most primate species and some population growth,many species still face severe threats,including declining and small populations.Species such as the Myanmar snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus strykeri),eastern black crested gibbon(Nomascus nasutus),and Hainan gibbon(N.hainanus)remain particularly vulnerable due to their limited distribution ranges and extremely small populations.Insufficient scientific data,fragmented information,and not enough studies in conservation biology further compound the challenges.Moreover,there is a notable lack of detailed population monitoring data for species such as the Bengal slow loris(Nycticebus bengalensis),pygmy slow loris(N.pygmaeus),Indochinese gray langur(Trachypithecus crepusculus),Shortridge’s langur(T.shortridgei),and capped langur(T.pileatus),which hinders the development of practical and targeted conservation management strategies.Therefore,for national biodiversity conservation,there is an urgent need for specialized primate surveys,enhancing habitat protection and restoration,and increasing focus on cross-border conservation strategies and regional cooperation.There is also a need to establish a comprehensive and systematic research database platform,conduct continuous and in-depth research in primate biology,and actively engage in the scientific assessment of ecotourism.Additionally,strengthening public awareness and education on wildlife conservation remains essential.Such integrated and systematic efforts will provide scientific support for the current and future conservation and management of primate species in China.
文摘The need for integration of ex situ and in situ approaches in conservation of plants has long been recognized. However, ex situ collections have numerous limitations that reduce their utility for conservation, necessitating the introduction of new, more appropriate, flexible and less costly approaches.Two new approaches that can be called "intermediate" between in situ and ex situ, and bridging them in some way have been proposed over the last two decades. In these approaches material collected in natural populations is planted and maintained outside the original location, but with a different purpose.While the purpose of the inter situs approach is reintroduction, the concern of the quasi in situ approach is long-term storage of species genetic diversity. I view these two approaches as complementary and necessary components of conservation-oriented restoration. In restoration of a degraded habitat using threatened species(i.e. inter situs), quasi in situ collections can serve an important role in providing longterm preservation of these species' genetic diversity and production of seeds needed for restoration.
文摘In the realities of the modern world, when the natural habitat is rapidly disappearing and the number of imperiled plants is constantly growing, ex situ conservation is gaining importance. To meet this challenge, botanic gardens need to revise both their strategic goals and their methodologies to achieve the new goals. This paper proposes a strategy for the management of threatened plants in living collections,which includes setting regional conservation priorities for the species, creation of genetically representative collections for the high priority species, and usage of these collections in in situ actions. In this strategy, the value of existing and future species living collections for conservation is determined by the species' conservation status and how well the accessions represent their natural genetic variation.
基金financially supported by grant 31560224 and 31360074 from the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinagrant 2015J002 from the Graduate Science of foundation projects of Yunnan Educational Committee
文摘Cinnamomum chago(family Lauraceae) is an essential source of timber and oil.This plant is narrowly distributed in the western part of the Yunnan Province.In this study,the distribution,habitat,and biological characteristics of C.chago were examined through field investigation.The genetic diversity and the variation of the remnant populations were also studied using the inter-simple sequence repeat technique.Results showed that C.chago is mainly distributed in the upstream tributary mountains of Lancang River in Yunlong County of Yunnan Province.The species distribution exhibited a fragmented pattern with five isolated populations and high-frequency anthropogenic interference.A combination of morphological features(opposite leaves,pinnate leaf veins,absence of glandular fossa,large drupe,small punch,and pollen surface with triangular spike grain,with cushion bumps at the base) indicated that C.chago is a key phylogenetic taxon between the two sections of Asian Cinnamomum plants(Sect.Camphora(Trew) Meissn.and Sect.Cinnamomum).Analysis of the genetic diversity of C.chago indicated that it has a moderately high level of genetic diversity at the population and species levels(populations level:N_e = 1.629,H = 0.348,1= 0.504,and PPB = 83.3%;species level:N_e = 1.864,H = 0.460,1 = 0.652,and PPB = 100%).Analysis of molecular variance revealed that 17%of the genetic variation was divided between the populations,whereas 83%was observed within the populations.Based on these results,we suggest the inclusion of C.chago in the Wild Plants with Extremely Small Populations in China.Moreover,the species should be given special attention and protection.Some strategies were proposed for the conservation of the C.chago populations.
基金the "Tenth Five-year Plan" National Key Project in Science and Technology (Grant No.2001-13)
文摘Pinus bungeana is a three-needle pine with typical fragmented distribution in central and northwestern China. Its natural resources are gradually decreasing and need to be conserved. For conserving genetic diversity of P. bungeana, the authors sampled 10 natural populations in its distribution areas and conducted the analysis of isozymes. Thirty one loci with 53 alleles on the basis of 16 enzyme systems were assayed. The parameters of genetic diversity at species and population level are respectively as follows: As = 1.742, Ae[s] = 1.49, Ps = 54.8%, He[s] = 0.162, Ap = 1.39, Ae[p]= 1.30, Pp = 34.85, He[p] = 0.0986. In comparison with other pines, P. bungeana possesses a slightly low amount of genetic variation especially at the population level. By contrast, the level of population genetic differentiation (GST = 0.135) is higher compared to other pines. All ten populations are divided into three groups according to Nei抯 genetic identity (I). There is a slight relation (r = 0.31) between genetic distance and geographical distance. Some populations are obviously deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium but the total population is basically accordant with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The correlation analysis between allele frequencies and ecological factors showed that the alleles at loci of Idh and Pgi-2 had gradient variation trends of their frequencies. The sample capturing curves?analysis indicated that the captured alleles increased when the number of sampled populations increased and 99% out of whole allele pool of ten populations would be captured when five populations were randomly selected. At last, the population genetic structure of P. bungeana and its conservation strategy were discussed.
文摘The Garhwal Himalaya is among the major repositories of immensely valuable wild edible plants and provides food security to the local population.Among the valuable plant species that grow in this region,Paeonia emodi(family Paeoniaceae)is an important wild edible species that found in temperate regions with an altitude range between 1800 and 2800 m.The species is facing a severe threat to its sustainability due to overharvesting,habitat disturbances,and a lack of effort regarding conservation.For the first time,this study investigated anthropogenic pressure,population decline perceptions in the natural habitat,and vulnerability assessment of P.emodi under selected study sites(n=23 villages).A semi structured questionnaire was used to interview approximately 45%of the local inhabitants,including herbal practitioners(Vaidhyas or Dais)of each village.On the basis of demographic characteristics,the perceptions and responses of 464 local people were documented regarding potential causes of deterioration and feasible options for sustainable utilization.Using the weight survey method,we estimated the actual amount of collection based on personal interaction and direct observation.In order to determine the threats status,a rapid vulnerability assessment(RVA)was performed and were used based on the current exploitation and usage.The present study revealed that leaf(100%)was the most frequently harvested part,followed by stem(95.65%),seed(26.09%),root(21.74%)and flower(13.04%).The village Triyuginarayan and Pothivasa recorded the highest collection scores while the purpose of the collection was mostly edible(100%),medicinal(100%),and least commercial(8.70%).According to the literature review and the present survey,the RVA(total=21)is categorized as category II(intermediate side of the RVA index),indicating a degree of vulnerability.The study revealed that P.emodi faces extinction in the Garhwal Himalayas.Growing this species through agro-production techniques may alleviate the pressure on the existing population as a result of the availability of raw materials for commercial and household uses.These findings will provide an effective framework for conservation and management decisions and plans.
基金supported by the National Key Research Development Program of China(#2022YFF0802300)the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(20224BAB213033,20232BAB205023)+2 种基金Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education Science and Technology Research Project(GJJ2200433)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31988102,32125026,32301463)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB31000000)。
文摘Climate change has become one of the most critical threats to global biodiversity.However,whether phylogenetically related species respond to climate change in similar ways remains controversial.The answer to this question is crucial for understanding the impacts of climate change and the conservation on the tree of life.By integrating species distribution models with a molecular phylogeny of 50 threatened plant species from one of the global biodiversity hotspots,Gongga Mountains(Mt.Gongga)in southwest China,we evaluated the responses of threatened plant species to future climate change,and estimated whether species responses are phylogenetically conserved.Phylogenetic reconstruction was used to calculate the phylogenetic distance and null model to verify the reliability of the results.We found that correlations between responses of different species to future climate change decreased with the increase in their phylogenetic distance in the monocotyledonous or herbaceous species,but not in the dicotyledonous and woody species.Our results suggested that the responses of herbaceous and monocotyledonous threatened species in Mt.Gongga to future climate change tend to be phylogenetically conserved,while the responses of woody and dicotyledonous threatened species are not.Our study provides evidence for the existence of phylogenetically non-random extinction in the monocotyledonous herbs in Mt.Gongga and highlights the importance of integrating phylogenetic information and evolutionary history into conservation planning.We also provide theoretical basis and technical support for designing effective conservation schemes for the protection of biodiversity under anthropogenic climate change.
文摘Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have been created worldwide to assist watershed management and improve or maintain water quality. Considering their importance, we conducted a holistic review of payment for water-related ecosystem services to understand how this instrument has been applied in watershed management worldwide. First, we identified the watershed management actions considered by the PES programs and the challenges of implementing water-related PES. After we identified the methods and criteria used to define priority areas for water-related PES. Our review considered articles published on the Web of Science from 2011 to 2022. We found 236 articles relating PES to water resources, highlighting the main water conservation strategies: native vegetation conservation, native vegetation restoration, and implementing best agricultural practices. The method most frequent was interview, followed by the use of technologies, document analysis, and hydrological models. Another significant result was that priority areas for receiving PES are mainly riparian zones, areas near or with native vegetation cover, areas with higher erosion potential, steep areas, and areas with socially vulnerable communities. This review was crucial to identify efficient water resource conservation strategies and potential challenges in the implementation and development of PES programs.
文摘Human beings are not only a part of our planet's ecosystems,but also,they are massively overusing them.This makes ecosystem protection,including biodiversity preservation,vital for humanity's future.The speed and scale of the threat are unprecedented in human history.The long arch of evolution has been confronted with such a high level of human impact,that we are now facing the sixth mass extinction event,66 million years after the last one.This threat heightens the imperative for bold human intervention.Our paper identifies three strategies for such an intervention.First,and possibly most challenging,human demand needs to be curbed so it fits within the bounds of what Earth's ecosystems can renew.Without meeting this quantitative goal,biodiversity preservation efforts will not be able to get scaled.Second,in the transition time,we must focus on those locations and areas where most biodiversity is concentrated.Such a focus on‘hotspots’will help safeguard the largest portion of biodiversity with least effort.Third,to direct biodiversity preservation strategies,we need to much better document the existence and distribution of biodiversity around the globe.New information technologies could help with this critical effort.In conclusion,biodiversity preservation is no longer just a concern for specialized biologist but is becoming a societal necessity if humanity wants to have a stable future.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31761143001,31870316)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(7202109)+4 种基金Minzu University of China(KLEMZZ201904,KLEM-ZZ201906,YLDXXK201819)the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China(2019HB2096001006)Jiansheng Fresh Herb Medicine R&D Foundation(JSYY-20190101-043)the Ministry of Education of China(B08044)Colleagues and Dr.Bayartungalag from the institute of Geography and Geoecology,Mongolian Academy of Sciences provided assistances in the field surveys.Yingjie Song at Minzu University of China provided useful comments.We are grateful to all of them.
文摘Cistanche deserticola is an important medicinal plant in Mongolia.Despite its significant role in local healing systems,little traditional knowledge had been reported.The present study investigated folk names of C.deserticola and other species of the same community in Umnugobi Province,South Gobi region of Mongolia,based on ethnobotanical approaches.The high correspondence between folk names and scientific names of plant species occurring in Cistanche-associated community shows the scientific meaning of folk nomenclature and classification in Mongolia.The Mongolian and folk names of plants were formed on the basis of observations and understanding of wild plants including their morphology,phenology and traditional uses as well.Results from this study will support the conservation of C.deserticola itself,a rare and endangered plant species listed in the Monglian Red Data Book.Our documentation of folk nomenclature based on 96 plant species in the Cistanche community,as a part of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity,will be very helpful for making strategy of plant biodiversity conservation in Mongolia.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31601856 and 31670398)。
文摘Natural hybridization,which often occurs between closely related species exhibiting sympatric or parapatric distributions,is an important source of genetic variation within populations.The closely related Jankowski’s Bunting(Emberiza jankowskii)and Meadow Bunting(E.cioides)are similar in morphology and genetics,occupy overlapping niches,and are sympatric in eastern Inner Mongolia.Previous studies have reported trans-species polymorphisms of alleles between the two species,as well as an unexpectedly high genetic diversity of the endangered E.jankowskii.We speculate that introgressive hybridization has occurred between the two species and contributed to the additional unexpected variation to E.jankowskii.We used mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2(ND2)gene and 15 nuclear microsatellite markers to compare the genetic diversity of E.jankowskii and E.cioides,and inferred the origin of trans-species polymorphisms between the two species by phylogenetic reconstruction and Bayesian cluster analysis.The two species could be clearly distinguished by population cluster analysis.Despite the large number of mutational differences,we still detected sharing of major haplotypes and the presence of hybrids between the two species.Our study confirmed that weak introgressive hybridization has occurred between sympatric E.jankowskii and E.cioides,which may be mediated by female E.cioides individuals,and that interspecific introgression has contributed to the maintenance of high genetic diversity in E.jankowskii.While being wary of the potential negative effects of introgressive hybridization,we suggest that expanding the habitat of E.jankowskii remains the most effective conservation strategy at present.
文摘Throughout the world,plant diversity is being reduced rapidly by the extinction of species and of local differentiated populations.In presenting possible solutions to this very serious problem I will first briefly describe the factors that have led to the development of China's wealth of biodiversity;then examine the causes of extinction,with an emphasis on the situation in China;and conclude with recommendations on how to most effectively conserve plants in this huge and botanically diverse country.
文摘The built heritage of the 20^(th) century concerns society in general: it is the background to everyday life and the stage of ‘past experience’. Therefore, recent past buildings should not be considered merely for their aesthetic features;they also have to do with physical well-being, social rituals and representations, as well as with associated concepts such as values and emotions. But conservation of 20^(th)-century heritage is not straightforward. It requires specific strategies as well as critical and operational tools, which are not part of the cultural background of the actors of the transformation of our cities (architects, engineers, heritage officials, etc.) and do not yet feature in current design teaching curricula in most universities. To fill these gaps, in 2008 four Swiss architectural schools (USI, EPFL, ETHZ, SUPSI) launched a research project titled ‘Critical Encyclopaedia for reuse and restoration of 20^(th)-century architecture’ (2009-2013). The article presents one of the outcomes of this research: the work developed by the section titled ‘Historical and Critical Tools for Conservation’, which will be published shortly. It provides readers with the cultural, theoretical and critical frame of reference required to understand recent architectural heritage in its widest sense: as a historical, symbolic and aesthetic resource, but also as being endowed with social, economic and ecological value. By examining theories and doctrines which have developed over time and thanks to the exemplary nature and variety of the selected cases, it provides a historical appraisal of how intervention in the field of recent heritage has evolved over the past 60 years. Furthermore the oeuvre presents intervention tools in action: by analysing a vast array of case studies which address the main areas of conservation practice (historical and critical research, analysis of materials and technical features, identification of compatible new uses, regulatory compliance), it provides a methodology to develop concrete and appropriate criteria for any specific case.
基金The research project ResTAPIA‘The conservation of rammed earth in the Iberian Peninsula.Criteria,techniques,results and perspectives’(Ref.:BIA 2010-18921)funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.The research project SOStierra‘Restoration and rehabilitation of traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula.Guidelines and tools for a sustainable intervention’(Ref.:BIA2014-55924-R)+1 种基金funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.The research project RISK-Terra‘Earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula:study of natural,social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience’(Ref.:RTI2018-095302-B-I00)funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.
文摘For more than a decade,a wide range of Spanish case studies,relating especially to rural inner or abandoned sites and areas,have been analysed by the authors as part of diferent research projects linked with traditional and monumen‑tal architecture,conservation strategies and earthen buildings.On one hand the studies have been undertaken in the framework of a project concerning the conservation of rammed earth in the Iberian Peninsula,including criteria,techniques,results and perspectives and,on the other,by a project about the conservation and rehabilitation of tradi‑tional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula,providing guidelines and tools for its sustainable intervention.In all cases the researchers’eforts focused on enhancing new perspectives and opportunities for rural earthen buildings,analysing landscapes,contexts,constructive features,decay and problems.The fnal common aim of this research is to stress these crucial topics to improve tangible or intangible opportunities for conservation strategies.
文摘The National Natural History Museum plays a key role in the implementation of the GSPC through its botanical gardens,the Conservatoire Botanique National du Bassin Parisien,the Herbarium,and also by providing expertise on all areas of the Strategy(botany,conservation,ethonobotany,article 8j,substainable use),etc.For 2 of the goals of GSPC(conserving plant diversity,Understanding and Documenting Plant Diversity),the Muséum has developed activities all over the world,including compilation of various flora and description of new species,as well as establishment of plant conservation schemes and habitat protection policies.It also conserves endangered species in the botanical garden.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570479)。
文摘Background:Nutrient resorption is an important plant nutrient conservation strategy in wetlands.However,how shrub encroachment alters plant nutrient resorption processes is unclear in temperate wetlands.Here,we collected green and senesced leaves of common sedge,grass,and shrub species in wetlands with high(50–65%)and low(20–35%)shrub covers in the Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China,and assessed the impact of shrub encroachment on leaf nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)resorption efficiency and proficiency at both plant growth form and community levels.Results:The effects of shrub cover on leaf nutrient resorption efficiency and proficiency were identical among shrubs,grasses,and sedges.Irrespective of plant growth forms,increased shrub cover reduced leaf N resorption efficiency and proficiency,but did not alter leaf P resorption efficiency and proficiency.However,the effect of shrub cover on leaf nutrient resorption efficiency and proficiency differed between plant growth form and community levels.At the community level,leaf N and P resorption efficiency decreased with increasing shrub cover because of increased dominance of shrubs with lower leaf nutrient resorption efficiency over grasses and sedges.Accordingly,community‑level senesced leaf N and P concentrations increased with elevating shrub cover,showing a decline in leaf N and P resorption proficiency.Moreover,the significant relationships between leaf nutrient resorption efficiency and proficiency indicate that shrub encroachment increased senesced leaf nutrient concentrations by decreasing nutrient resorption efficiency.Conclusions:These observations suggest that shrub encroachment reduces community‑level leaf nutrient resorp‑tion efficiency and proficiency and highlight that the effect of altered plant composition on leaf nutrient resorption should be assessed at the community level in temperate wetlands.
