Cone penetration testing (CPT) is a cost effective and popular tool for geotechnical site characterization. CPT consists of pushing at a constant rate an electronic penetrometer into penetrable soils and recording con...Cone penetration testing (CPT) is a cost effective and popular tool for geotechnical site characterization. CPT consists of pushing at a constant rate an electronic penetrometer into penetrable soils and recording cone bearing (q<sub>c</sub>), sleeve friction (f<sub>c</sub>) and dynamic pore pressure (u) with depth. The measured q<sub>c</sub>, f<sub>s</sub> and u values are utilized to estimate soil type and associated soil properties. A popular method to estimate soil type from CPT measurements is the Soil Behavior Type (SBT) chart. The SBT plots cone resistance vs friction ratio, R<sub>f</sub> [where: R<sub>f</sub> = (f<sub>s</sub>/q<sub>c</sub>)100%]. There are distortions in the CPT measurements which can result in erroneous SBT plots. Cone bearing measurements at a specific depth are blurred or averaged due to q<sub>c</sub> values being strongly influenced by soils within 10 to 30 cone diameters from the cone tip. The q<sub>c</sub>HMM algorithm was developed to address the q<sub>c</sub> blurring/averaging limitation. This paper describes the distortions which occur when obtaining sleeve friction measurements which can in association with q<sub>c</sub> blurring result in significant errors in the calculated R<sub>f</sub> values. This paper outlines a novel and highly effective algorithm for obtaining accurate sleeve friction and friction ratio estimates. The f<sub>c</sub> optimal filter estimation technique is referred to as the OSFE-IFM algorithm. The mathematical details of the OSFE-IFM algorithm are outlined in this paper along with the results from a challenging test bed simulation. The test bed simulation demonstrates that the OSFE-IFM algorithm derives accurate estimates of sleeve friction from measured values. Optimal estimates of cone bearing and sleeve friction result in accurate R<sub>f</sub> values and subsequent accurate estimates of soil behavior type.展开更多
Aluminium matrix surface composites are gaining alluring role especially in aerospace, defence, and marine industries. Friction stir processing(FSP) is a promising novel solid state technique for surface composites fa...Aluminium matrix surface composites are gaining alluring role especially in aerospace, defence, and marine industries. Friction stir processing(FSP) is a promising novel solid state technique for surface composites fabrication. In this study, AA6061/SiC surface composites were fabricated and the effect of tool plunge depth on pattern of reinforcement particles dispersion in metal matrix was investigated. Six varying tool plunge depths were chosen at constant levels of shoulder diameter and tool tilt angle to observe the exclusive effect of plunge variation. Process parameters chosen for the experimentation are speed of rotation, travel speed and tool tilt angle which were taken as 1400 rpm, 40 mm/min, and 2.5 °respectively. Macro and the microstructural study were performed using stereo zoom and optical microscope respectively. Results reflected that lower plunge depth levels lead to insufficient heat generation and cavity formation towards the stir zone center. On the other hand, higher levels of plunge depth result in ejection of reinforcement particles and even sticking of material to tool shoulder. Thus, an optimal plunge depth is needed in developing defect free surface composites.展开更多
为研究具有相对滑动运动的织构摩擦面在大载荷脂润滑条件下的摩擦特性,在关节轴承内圈表面设计制造了凹槽和凹坑2种不同形状的织构,采用表面形貌参数中的偏态、峰态和平均谷体积等参数对织构表面形貌进行表征。在专用的疲劳摩擦磨损试...为研究具有相对滑动运动的织构摩擦面在大载荷脂润滑条件下的摩擦特性,在关节轴承内圈表面设计制造了凹槽和凹坑2种不同形状的织构,采用表面形貌参数中的偏态、峰态和平均谷体积等参数对织构表面形貌进行表征。在专用的疲劳摩擦磨损试验机上对轴承进行摩擦性能试验,润滑剂为二硫化钼锂基润滑脂,载荷分别为20,40和60 k N,滑动速度范围为5.2～20.9 mm/s。结果表明：控制织构参数可获得所需的表面形貌参数,进而控制接触表面的摩擦学性能。对于相同的织构形状,在织构宽度（或直径）和面积密度一定时,织构深度越大,则偏态越小,峰态和平均谷体积越大,从而表面的摩擦系数也就越小;在织构深度和宽度（或直径）一定时,织构面积密度减小,则偏态减小,峰态和平均谷体积增大,滑动摩擦系数也减小。设计合理的表面织构能有效减小滑动摩擦系数,在该试验的速度和载荷范围内,与接触面未织构的轴承相比,凹槽织构和凹坑织构能使轴承滑动摩擦系数最大减小46.2%和60%。该研究可为脂润滑条件下相对滑动摩擦面的织构设计和摩擦性能预测提供参考。展开更多
利用激光微造型技术在环形试样表面加工出直径在20μm到80μm之间,且具有相同深度和面积占有率的圆凹坑,通过Talysurf CCI Lite非接触式三维光学轮廓仪测量试样表面,并采用ISO 25178参数对各试样表面进行三维表征,最后利用JPM-1双盘磨...利用激光微造型技术在环形试样表面加工出直径在20μm到80μm之间,且具有相同深度和面积占有率的圆凹坑,通过Talysurf CCI Lite非接触式三维光学轮廓仪测量试样表面,并采用ISO 25178参数对各试样表面进行三维表征,最后利用JPM-1双盘磨损试验机,在重载条件下(赫兹接触压力≥1 GPa)研究各组试样在不同工况下的摩擦特性及表面三维形貌参数对摩擦学性能的影响.试验结果说明:直径为80μm和20μm的织构表面润滑效果优于光滑表面.载荷、转速、滑滚比对摩擦系数的影响具有一定的规律性,且不同的工况下呈现的规律有所差别,在高速低载大滑滚比条件下,织构表面对提高摩擦副润滑效果最为显著,还进一步探索了表面三维表征参数Sa、Vv、Spc、Vmp、Vxp与重载条件下40Cr钢摩擦特性的关系.展开更多
文摘Cone penetration testing (CPT) is a cost effective and popular tool for geotechnical site characterization. CPT consists of pushing at a constant rate an electronic penetrometer into penetrable soils and recording cone bearing (q<sub>c</sub>), sleeve friction (f<sub>c</sub>) and dynamic pore pressure (u) with depth. The measured q<sub>c</sub>, f<sub>s</sub> and u values are utilized to estimate soil type and associated soil properties. A popular method to estimate soil type from CPT measurements is the Soil Behavior Type (SBT) chart. The SBT plots cone resistance vs friction ratio, R<sub>f</sub> [where: R<sub>f</sub> = (f<sub>s</sub>/q<sub>c</sub>)100%]. There are distortions in the CPT measurements which can result in erroneous SBT plots. Cone bearing measurements at a specific depth are blurred or averaged due to q<sub>c</sub> values being strongly influenced by soils within 10 to 30 cone diameters from the cone tip. The q<sub>c</sub>HMM algorithm was developed to address the q<sub>c</sub> blurring/averaging limitation. This paper describes the distortions which occur when obtaining sleeve friction measurements which can in association with q<sub>c</sub> blurring result in significant errors in the calculated R<sub>f</sub> values. This paper outlines a novel and highly effective algorithm for obtaining accurate sleeve friction and friction ratio estimates. The f<sub>c</sub> optimal filter estimation technique is referred to as the OSFE-IFM algorithm. The mathematical details of the OSFE-IFM algorithm are outlined in this paper along with the results from a challenging test bed simulation. The test bed simulation demonstrates that the OSFE-IFM algorithm derives accurate estimates of sleeve friction from measured values. Optimal estimates of cone bearing and sleeve friction result in accurate R<sub>f</sub> values and subsequent accurate estimates of soil behavior type.
基金the University Grants Commission (UGC) for its financial assistance (vide sanction order No. F.3-40/2012 (SAP-II) under its SAP (DRS-I) sanctioned to the Department of Mechanical Engineering for the project entitled Friction Stir Welding, Ultrasonic Machining
文摘Aluminium matrix surface composites are gaining alluring role especially in aerospace, defence, and marine industries. Friction stir processing(FSP) is a promising novel solid state technique for surface composites fabrication. In this study, AA6061/SiC surface composites were fabricated and the effect of tool plunge depth on pattern of reinforcement particles dispersion in metal matrix was investigated. Six varying tool plunge depths were chosen at constant levels of shoulder diameter and tool tilt angle to observe the exclusive effect of plunge variation. Process parameters chosen for the experimentation are speed of rotation, travel speed and tool tilt angle which were taken as 1400 rpm, 40 mm/min, and 2.5 °respectively. Macro and the microstructural study were performed using stereo zoom and optical microscope respectively. Results reflected that lower plunge depth levels lead to insufficient heat generation and cavity formation towards the stir zone center. On the other hand, higher levels of plunge depth result in ejection of reinforcement particles and even sticking of material to tool shoulder. Thus, an optimal plunge depth is needed in developing defect free surface composites.
文摘为研究具有相对滑动运动的织构摩擦面在大载荷脂润滑条件下的摩擦特性,在关节轴承内圈表面设计制造了凹槽和凹坑2种不同形状的织构,采用表面形貌参数中的偏态、峰态和平均谷体积等参数对织构表面形貌进行表征。在专用的疲劳摩擦磨损试验机上对轴承进行摩擦性能试验,润滑剂为二硫化钼锂基润滑脂,载荷分别为20,40和60 k N,滑动速度范围为5.2～20.9 mm/s。结果表明：控制织构参数可获得所需的表面形貌参数,进而控制接触表面的摩擦学性能。对于相同的织构形状,在织构宽度（或直径）和面积密度一定时,织构深度越大,则偏态越小,峰态和平均谷体积越大,从而表面的摩擦系数也就越小;在织构深度和宽度（或直径）一定时,织构面积密度减小,则偏态减小,峰态和平均谷体积增大,滑动摩擦系数也减小。设计合理的表面织构能有效减小滑动摩擦系数,在该试验的速度和载荷范围内,与接触面未织构的轴承相比,凹槽织构和凹坑织构能使轴承滑动摩擦系数最大减小46.2%和60%。该研究可为脂润滑条件下相对滑动摩擦面的织构设计和摩擦性能预测提供参考。
文摘利用激光微造型技术在环形试样表面加工出直径在20μm到80μm之间,且具有相同深度和面积占有率的圆凹坑,通过Talysurf CCI Lite非接触式三维光学轮廓仪测量试样表面,并采用ISO 25178参数对各试样表面进行三维表征,最后利用JPM-1双盘磨损试验机,在重载条件下(赫兹接触压力≥1 GPa)研究各组试样在不同工况下的摩擦特性及表面三维形貌参数对摩擦学性能的影响.试验结果说明:直径为80μm和20μm的织构表面润滑效果优于光滑表面.载荷、转速、滑滚比对摩擦系数的影响具有一定的规律性,且不同的工况下呈现的规律有所差别,在高速低载大滑滚比条件下,织构表面对提高摩擦副润滑效果最为显著,还进一步探索了表面三维表征参数Sa、Vv、Spc、Vmp、Vxp与重载条件下40Cr钢摩擦特性的关系.
