Research suggests that transient institutions, i.e., institutions with short-term investment horizon,make management focus on short-term earnings goals. This study examines incentive in terms of CEO cash compensation ...Research suggests that transient institutions, i.e., institutions with short-term investment horizon,make management focus on short-term earnings goals. This study examines incentive in terms of CEO cash compensation that explains why management concentrates on short-term earnings results when transient institutions hold high levels of ownership. Using quarterly consensus analysts＇ expectations as a proxy for short-term earnings benchmarks, the author finds that CEO cash compensation and the frequency with which management misses quarterly earnings benchmarks in a year （MISSNUMt） are more strongly negatively associated in firms with high transient institutional ownership than in firms with low transient institutional ownership, suggesting that transient institutions strengthen the inverse relation between CEO cash pay and missing short-term earnings benchmarks and hence increase pressure on management in terms of cash pay for short-term results. Moreover, the author shows that change in CEO cash compensation is positively associated with change in transient institutional ownership, consistent with the idea that selling shares by transient institutions influences the boards of portfolio firms in CEO cash compensation decision. This study contributes to the governance literature and is relevant to business managers by providing additional evidence that transient institutions provide less patient capital and may not benefit long-run firm value creation.展开更多
There exists the challenge of seeming lack of empirically determined cargo throughput benchmark models for the privatized West African port terminals particularly in Nigeria,as target benchmarks which terminal operato...There exists the challenge of seeming lack of empirically determined cargo throughput benchmark models for the privatized West African port terminals particularly in Nigeria,as target benchmarks which terminal operators and port authorities must drive towards to ensure that the current improvement in port productivity experienced in the post concession era is sustained.The study was therefore aimed at developing benchmarks for the cargo throughput performances of the privatized five Nigeria ports of Apapa(Lagos),Port-Harcourt,Onne,Warri and Calabar.Such benchmarks developed for each seaport must be higher than the pre-privatization cargo throughput performances of the seaport.This became important following the improvements observed in the cargo throughput performances of the various ports from the year 2006 after the privatization of the ports and the recent recession faced in the Country which seems to have retarded the cargo throughput performances and other measures of seaport performance in the various Nigeria ports.Using Cp1,CL1,Cw1,Co1,Cc1,to represent the base year 2006 cargo throughput performances of Port-Harcourt,Lagos,Warri,Onne and Calabar seaport respectively;and n,d,to represent the number of post privatization years covered in the study and common difference in cargo throughput performances;the study used a historical design approach in which time series data on cargo throughput performances of the ports were obtained from the Nigeria ports Authority(NPA)annual statistical reports were analyzed using the converging and diverging arithmetic series mathematical modeling tool and MATLAB software,to determine benchmark models,for ensuring that the improved cargo throughput performances of the various seaports,are sustained to remain higher that the pre-privatization cargo throughput performances.The study developed the following Cargo throughput benchmark models for each seaport as findings.Lagos port=CL1+(n–1)d≥15223340;Onne port=Co1+(n-1)d≥15820381;Port-Harcourt port=Cp1+(n-1)d≥28016979;Warri=Cw1+(n-1)d≥4643128;Calabar=Cc1+(n-1)d≥7963434.It was recommended that to improve port revenue which is a dependent factor on cargo throughput and vessel call rate,cargo throughput benchmarks model developed for the individual seaports should be used to empirically model quantum s of cargo throughput needed to economically sustain and improve the level of port operations.It should equally influence port marketing drives.This will ensure that the performance of the ports does not recede into the poor performance indices experienced in the pre-privatization era.展开更多
With the adoption of the Luanda Declaration at the end of the conference,it was fairly evident that African governments could no longer deny the causal links or intersection-between the environment and health care for...With the adoption of the Luanda Declaration at the end of the conference,it was fairly evident that African governments could no longer deny the causal links or intersection-between the environment and health care for people across the continent.展开更多
Soil classification is the foundation for exchange and extension of research findings in soil science and for modern management of soil resources. This study explained database and research methodology to create a cro...Soil classification is the foundation for exchange and extension of research findings in soil science and for modern management of soil resources. This study explained database and research methodology to create a cross-reference system for translating the Genetic Soil Classification of China (GSCC) into the Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST). With the help of the CST keys, each of the 2 540 soil species in GSCC has been interpreted to its corresponding soil order, suborder, great group, and sub-group in CST. According to the methodology adopted, the assigned soil species have been linked one another to their corresponding polygons in the 1:1000000 digital soil map of China. Referencibility of each soil species between the GSCC and CST systems was determined statistically on the basis of distribution area of each soil species at a high taxon level of the two systems. The soils were then sorted according to their maximum referencibility and classified into three categories for discussion. There were 19 soil great groups in GSCC with maximum referencibility > 90% and 22 great groups between 60%-90%. These soil great groups could serve as cross-reference benchmarks. There were 19 great groups in GSCC with maximum referencibility < 60%, which could be used as cross-reference benchmarks until new and better results were available. For these soils, if the translation was made at a lower soil taxon level or on a regional basis, it would improve their referencibility enabling them to serve as new cross-reference benchmarks.展开更多
Helicopter EMS (HEMS) allows for patients to be quickly transported into regional cardiac centers, often to receive primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Since PCI is a time-critical therapy, it is importa...Helicopter EMS (HEMS) allows for patients to be quickly transported into regional cardiac centers, often to receive primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Since PCI is a time-critical therapy, it is important that patients get to primary PCI as quickly as possible. HEMS crews’ “on-scene” times for trauma patients have been extensively studied, and recent years have seen many efforts to minimize the time required to prepare patients for transport. There has been less attention to interfacility transport “scene times” for HEMS crews at referring hospitals;this includes stabilization times for preparing cardiac patients for loading onto aircraft for HEMS transport to primary PCI. In the absence of guiding evidence, system benchmarking and quality improvement are difficult. Therefore the current study was undertaken, to assess and describe the HEMS crew “on-scene” times or “patient stabilization times” (PSTs) at referring hospitals, for interfacility transported cardiac patients flown for primary PCI. Descriptive analysis identified a PST median of 19 minutes (interquartile range 15 - 24), and univariate analyses using Kruskal-Wallis testing found no association between prolonged PST and sending unit type (Emergency Department versus other), off-hours transports, or relatively frequent (at least monthly) use of HEMS (p for all comparisons > 0.64). Outlier PSTs, defined a priori as those exceeding the median by at least a half-hour, were found in 12% of all cases. These data could be useful as a starting point for system planning and benchmarking efforts in regionalized systems of acute cardiac care.展开更多
Piráis a reading comprehension dataset focused on the ocean,the Brazilian coast,and climate change,built from a collection of scientific abstracts and reports on these topics.This dataset represents a versatile l...Piráis a reading comprehension dataset focused on the ocean,the Brazilian coast,and climate change,built from a collection of scientific abstracts and reports on these topics.This dataset represents a versatile language resource,particularly useful for testing the ability of current machine learning models to acquire expert scientific knowledge.Despite its potential,a detailed set of baselines has not yet been developed for Pirá.By creating these baselines,researchers can more easily utilize Piráas a resource for testing machine learning models across a wide range of question answering tasks.In this paper,we define six benchmarks over the Pirádataset,covering closed generative question answering,machine reading comprehension,information retrieval,open question answering,answer triggering,and multiple choice question answering.As part of this effort,we have also produced a curated version of the original dataset,where we fixed a number of grammar issues,repetitions,and other shortcomings.Furthermore,the dataset has been extended in several new directions,so as to face the aforementioned benchmarks:translation of supporting texts from English into Portuguese,classification labels for answerability,automatic paraphrases of questions and answers,and multiple choice candidates.The results described in this paper provide several points of reference for researchers interested in exploring the challenges provided by the Pirádataset.展开更多
Automatic modal identification via automatically interpreting the stabilization diagram provides key technique in bridge structural health monitoring.This paper reviews the progress in the area of automatic modal iden...Automatic modal identification via automatically interpreting the stabilization diagram provides key technique in bridge structural health monitoring.This paper reviews the progress in the area of automatic modal identification based on interpreting the stabilization diagram.The whole identification process is divided into four steps from establishing the stabilization diagram to removing the outliers in the identification results.The criteria and algorithms used in each step in the existing studies are carefully summarized and classified.Comparisons between typical methods in cleaning and interpreting the stabilization diagram are also conducted.Real structure benchmarks used in the existing studies to validate the proposed automatic modal identification methods are also summarized.Based on the review and comparison,the specific ratio method for cleaning the stabilization diagram,the hierarchical clustering method for interpreting the stabilization diagram and the adjusted boxplot for removing the outliers in the identification results are the most suitable methods for each step.The key point of automatic modal identification based on interpreting the stabilization diagram has also discussed,and it is recommended to pay more attention to cleaning the stabilization diagram.Future study about automatic modal identification under situation with very few sensors deployed should be more concerned.This review aims to help researchers and practitioners in implementing existing automatic modal identification algorithms effectively and developing more suitable and practical methods for civil engineering structures in the future.展开更多
The release of the generative pre-trained transformer(GPT)series has brought artificial general intelligence(AGI)to the forefront of the artificial intelligence(AI)field once again.However,the questions of how to defi...The release of the generative pre-trained transformer(GPT)series has brought artificial general intelligence(AGI)to the forefront of the artificial intelligence(AI)field once again.However,the questions of how to define and evaluate AGI remain unclear.This perspective article proposes that the evaluation of AGI should be rooted in dynamic embodied physical and social interactions(DEPSI).More specifically,we propose five critical characteristics to be considered as AGI benchmarks and suggest the Tong test as an AGI evaluation system.The Tong test describes a value-and ability-oriented testing system that delineates five levels of AGI milestones through a virtual environment with DEPSI,allowing for infinite task generation.We contrast the Tong test with classical AI testing systems in terms of various aspects and propose a systematic evaluation system to promote standardized,quantitative,and objective benchmarks and evaluation of AGI.展开更多
This research paper presents a novel optimization method called the Synergistic Swarm Optimization Algorithm(SSOA).The SSOA combines the principles of swarmintelligence and synergistic cooperation to search for optima...This research paper presents a novel optimization method called the Synergistic Swarm Optimization Algorithm(SSOA).The SSOA combines the principles of swarmintelligence and synergistic cooperation to search for optimal solutions efficiently.A synergistic cooperation mechanism is employed,where particles exchange information and learn from each other to improve their search behaviors.This cooperation enhances the exploitation of promising regions in the search space while maintaining exploration capabilities.Furthermore,adaptive mechanisms,such as dynamic parameter adjustment and diversification strategies,are incorporated to balance exploration and exploitation.By leveraging the collaborative nature of swarm intelligence and integrating synergistic cooperation,the SSOAmethod aims to achieve superior convergence speed and solution quality performance compared to other optimization algorithms.The effectiveness of the proposed SSOA is investigated in solving the 23 benchmark functions and various engineering design problems.The experimental results highlight the effectiveness and potential of the SSOA method in addressing challenging optimization problems,making it a promising tool for a wide range of applications in engineering and beyond.Matlab codes of SSOA are available at:https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/153466-synergistic-swarm-optimization-algorithm.展开更多
In multimodal multiobjective optimization problems(MMOPs),there are several Pareto optimal solutions corre-sponding to the identical objective vector.This paper proposes a new differential evolution algorithm to solve...In multimodal multiobjective optimization problems(MMOPs),there are several Pareto optimal solutions corre-sponding to the identical objective vector.This paper proposes a new differential evolution algorithm to solve MMOPs with higher-dimensional decision variables.Due to the increase in the dimensions of decision variables in real-world MMOPs,it is diffi-cult for current multimodal multiobjective optimization evolu-tionary algorithms(MMOEAs)to find multiple Pareto optimal solutions.The proposed algorithm adopts a dual-population framework and an improved environmental selection method.It utilizes a convergence archive to help the first population improve the quality of solutions.The improved environmental selection method enables the other population to search the remaining decision space and reserve more Pareto optimal solutions through the information of the first population.The combination of these two strategies helps to effectively balance and enhance conver-gence and diversity performance.In addition,to study the per-formance of the proposed algorithm,a novel set of multimodal multiobjective optimization test functions with extensible decision variables is designed.The proposed MMOEA is certified to be effective through comparison with six state-of-the-art MMOEAs on the test functions.展开更多
Multi-agent reinforcement learning(MARL)has been a rapidly evolving field.This paper presents a comprehensive survey of MARL and its applications.We trace the historical evolution of MARL,highlight its progress,and di...Multi-agent reinforcement learning(MARL)has been a rapidly evolving field.This paper presents a comprehensive survey of MARL and its applications.We trace the historical evolution of MARL,highlight its progress,and discuss related survey works.Then,we review the existing works addressing inherent challenges and those focusing on diverse applications.Some representative stochastic games,MARL means,spatial forms of MARL,and task classification are revisited.We then conduct an in-depth exploration of a variety of challenges encountered in MARL applications.We also address critical operational aspects,such as hyperparameter tuning and computational complexity,which are pivotal in practical implementations of MARL.Afterward,we make a thorough overview of the applications of MARL to intelligent machines and devices,chemical engineering,biotechnology,healthcare,and societal issues,which highlights the extensive potential and relevance of MARL within both current and future technological contexts.Our survey also encompasses a detailed examination of benchmark environments used in MARL research,which are instrumental in evaluating MARL algorithms and demonstrate the adaptability of MARL to diverse application scenarios.In the end,we give our prospect for MARL and discuss their related techniques and potential future applications.展开更多
Purpose-Prominent at the intersections of national educational agencies,higher education,and international educational performance assessments are two reform standards:“benchmarks”determining optimal student perform...Purpose-Prominent at the intersections of national educational agencies,higher education,and international educational performance assessments are two reform standards:“benchmarks”determining optimal student performance,and“empirical evidence”for determining the quality of reform practices.These two notions are often taken as connecting policy and research to effective changes in many countries.The article examines the historical and cultural principles about educational change and its sciences embedded in these standards through examining OECD’s PISA and the McKinsey&Company reports that draw on PISA’s data.Findings/Originality/Value-First,the reports express salvation themes associated with modernity;that is,the promise of a better future through governing the present.The promise is to provide nations with data and models to achieve social equality,economic prosperity,and a participatory democracy.Second,the promise of the future is not descriptive of some present reality but to fabricate the universal characteristics about society and individuals.The numbers embody social and psychological categories about a desired unity of all students.Third,the“empirical evidence”of the international assessment entails a particular notion of science and“evidence”;one that paradoxically uses the universals in comparing and creating divisions.展开更多
There exists a gap between control theory and control practice,i.e.,all control methods suggested by researchers are not implemented in real systems and,on the other hand,many important in dustrial problems are not st...There exists a gap between control theory and control practice,i.e.,all control methods suggested by researchers are not implemented in real systems and,on the other hand,many important in dustrial problems are not studied in the academic research.Benchmark problems can help close this gap and provide many opportunities for members in both the controls theory and application communities.The goal is to survey and give pointers to different general controls and modeling related benchmark problems that can serve as inspiration for future benchmarks and then specifically focus the benchmark coverage on automotive control engineering application.In the paper reflections are given on how different categories of benchmark designers,benchmark solvers and third part users can benefit from providing,solving,and studying benchmark problems.The paper also collects information about several benchmark problems and gives pointers to papers than give more detailed information about different problems that have been presented.展开更多
文摘Research suggests that transient institutions, i.e., institutions with short-term investment horizon,make management focus on short-term earnings goals. This study examines incentive in terms of CEO cash compensation that explains why management concentrates on short-term earnings results when transient institutions hold high levels of ownership. Using quarterly consensus analysts＇ expectations as a proxy for short-term earnings benchmarks, the author finds that CEO cash compensation and the frequency with which management misses quarterly earnings benchmarks in a year （MISSNUMt） are more strongly negatively associated in firms with high transient institutional ownership than in firms with low transient institutional ownership, suggesting that transient institutions strengthen the inverse relation between CEO cash pay and missing short-term earnings benchmarks and hence increase pressure on management in terms of cash pay for short-term results. Moreover, the author shows that change in CEO cash compensation is positively associated with change in transient institutional ownership, consistent with the idea that selling shares by transient institutions influences the boards of portfolio firms in CEO cash compensation decision. This study contributes to the governance literature and is relevant to business managers by providing additional evidence that transient institutions provide less patient capital and may not benefit long-run firm value creation.
文摘There exists the challenge of seeming lack of empirically determined cargo throughput benchmark models for the privatized West African port terminals particularly in Nigeria,as target benchmarks which terminal operators and port authorities must drive towards to ensure that the current improvement in port productivity experienced in the post concession era is sustained.The study was therefore aimed at developing benchmarks for the cargo throughput performances of the privatized five Nigeria ports of Apapa(Lagos),Port-Harcourt,Onne,Warri and Calabar.Such benchmarks developed for each seaport must be higher than the pre-privatization cargo throughput performances of the seaport.This became important following the improvements observed in the cargo throughput performances of the various ports from the year 2006 after the privatization of the ports and the recent recession faced in the Country which seems to have retarded the cargo throughput performances and other measures of seaport performance in the various Nigeria ports.Using Cp1,CL1,Cw1,Co1,Cc1,to represent the base year 2006 cargo throughput performances of Port-Harcourt,Lagos,Warri,Onne and Calabar seaport respectively;and n,d,to represent the number of post privatization years covered in the study and common difference in cargo throughput performances;the study used a historical design approach in which time series data on cargo throughput performances of the ports were obtained from the Nigeria ports Authority(NPA)annual statistical reports were analyzed using the converging and diverging arithmetic series mathematical modeling tool and MATLAB software,to determine benchmark models,for ensuring that the improved cargo throughput performances of the various seaports,are sustained to remain higher that the pre-privatization cargo throughput performances.The study developed the following Cargo throughput benchmark models for each seaport as findings.Lagos port=CL1+(n–1)d≥15223340;Onne port=Co1+(n-1)d≥15820381;Port-Harcourt port=Cp1+(n-1)d≥28016979;Warri=Cw1+(n-1)d≥4643128;Calabar=Cc1+(n-1)d≥7963434.It was recommended that to improve port revenue which is a dependent factor on cargo throughput and vessel call rate,cargo throughput benchmarks model developed for the individual seaports should be used to empirically model quantum s of cargo throughput needed to economically sustain and improve the level of port operations.It should equally influence port marketing drives.This will ensure that the performance of the ports does not recede into the poor performance indices experienced in the pre-privatization era.
文摘With the adoption of the Luanda Declaration at the end of the conference,it was fairly evident that African governments could no longer deny the causal links or intersection-between the environment and health care for people across the continent.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40471081)the Frontal Field Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. ISSASIP0201) the Key Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KZCX3-SW-427).
文摘Soil classification is the foundation for exchange and extension of research findings in soil science and for modern management of soil resources. This study explained database and research methodology to create a cross-reference system for translating the Genetic Soil Classification of China (GSCC) into the Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST). With the help of the CST keys, each of the 2 540 soil species in GSCC has been interpreted to its corresponding soil order, suborder, great group, and sub-group in CST. According to the methodology adopted, the assigned soil species have been linked one another to their corresponding polygons in the 1:1000000 digital soil map of China. Referencibility of each soil species between the GSCC and CST systems was determined statistically on the basis of distribution area of each soil species at a high taxon level of the two systems. The soils were then sorted according to their maximum referencibility and classified into three categories for discussion. There were 19 soil great groups in GSCC with maximum referencibility > 90% and 22 great groups between 60%-90%. These soil great groups could serve as cross-reference benchmarks. There were 19 great groups in GSCC with maximum referencibility < 60%, which could be used as cross-reference benchmarks until new and better results were available. For these soils, if the translation was made at a lower soil taxon level or on a regional basis, it would improve their referencibility enabling them to serve as new cross-reference benchmarks.
文摘Helicopter EMS (HEMS) allows for patients to be quickly transported into regional cardiac centers, often to receive primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Since PCI is a time-critical therapy, it is important that patients get to primary PCI as quickly as possible. HEMS crews’ “on-scene” times for trauma patients have been extensively studied, and recent years have seen many efforts to minimize the time required to prepare patients for transport. There has been less attention to interfacility transport “scene times” for HEMS crews at referring hospitals;this includes stabilization times for preparing cardiac patients for loading onto aircraft for HEMS transport to primary PCI. In the absence of guiding evidence, system benchmarking and quality improvement are difficult. Therefore the current study was undertaken, to assess and describe the HEMS crew “on-scene” times or “patient stabilization times” (PSTs) at referring hospitals, for interfacility transported cardiac patients flown for primary PCI. Descriptive analysis identified a PST median of 19 minutes (interquartile range 15 - 24), and univariate analyses using Kruskal-Wallis testing found no association between prolonged PST and sending unit type (Emergency Department versus other), off-hours transports, or relatively frequent (at least monthly) use of HEMS (p for all comparisons > 0.64). Outlier PSTs, defined a priori as those exceeding the median by at least a half-hour, were found in 12% of all cases. These data could be useful as a starting point for system planning and benchmarking efforts in regionalized systems of acute cardiac care.
基金The work was carried out at the Center for Artificial Intelligence(C4AI-USP)with support from the São Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP grant#2019/07665-4)from the IBM Corporation.This research was also partially supported by ItaúUnibanco S.A.+1 种基金M.M.Joséand F.Nakasato have been supported by the ItaúScholarship Program(PBI)of the Data Science Center(C2D)of the Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São PauloWe acknowledge support by CAPES-Finance Code 001.A.H.R.Costa and F.G.Cozman were partially supported by CNPq grants 310085/2020-9 and 305753/2022-3 respectively.Paulo Pirozelli was supported by the FAPESP grant 2019/26762-0.
文摘Piráis a reading comprehension dataset focused on the ocean,the Brazilian coast,and climate change,built from a collection of scientific abstracts and reports on these topics.This dataset represents a versatile language resource,particularly useful for testing the ability of current machine learning models to acquire expert scientific knowledge.Despite its potential,a detailed set of baselines has not yet been developed for Pirá.By creating these baselines,researchers can more easily utilize Piráas a resource for testing machine learning models across a wide range of question answering tasks.In this paper,we define six benchmarks over the Pirádataset,covering closed generative question answering,machine reading comprehension,information retrieval,open question answering,answer triggering,and multiple choice question answering.As part of this effort,we have also produced a curated version of the original dataset,where we fixed a number of grammar issues,repetitions,and other shortcomings.Furthermore,the dataset has been extended in several new directions,so as to face the aforementioned benchmarks:translation of supporting texts from English into Portuguese,classification labels for answerability,automatic paraphrases of questions and answers,and multiple choice candidates.The results described in this paper provide several points of reference for researchers interested in exploring the challenges provided by the Pirádataset.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFB1600702)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51878059).
文摘Automatic modal identification via automatically interpreting the stabilization diagram provides key technique in bridge structural health monitoring.This paper reviews the progress in the area of automatic modal identification based on interpreting the stabilization diagram.The whole identification process is divided into four steps from establishing the stabilization diagram to removing the outliers in the identification results.The criteria and algorithms used in each step in the existing studies are carefully summarized and classified.Comparisons between typical methods in cleaning and interpreting the stabilization diagram are also conducted.Real structure benchmarks used in the existing studies to validate the proposed automatic modal identification methods are also summarized.Based on the review and comparison,the specific ratio method for cleaning the stabilization diagram,the hierarchical clustering method for interpreting the stabilization diagram and the adjusted boxplot for removing the outliers in the identification results are the most suitable methods for each step.The key point of automatic modal identification based on interpreting the stabilization diagram has also discussed,and it is recommended to pay more attention to cleaning the stabilization diagram.Future study about automatic modal identification under situation with very few sensors deployed should be more concerned.This review aims to help researchers and practitioners in implementing existing automatic modal identification algorithms effectively and developing more suitable and practical methods for civil engineering structures in the future.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022ZD0114900).
文摘The release of the generative pre-trained transformer(GPT)series has brought artificial general intelligence(AGI)to the forefront of the artificial intelligence(AI)field once again.However,the questions of how to define and evaluate AGI remain unclear.This perspective article proposes that the evaluation of AGI should be rooted in dynamic embodied physical and social interactions(DEPSI).More specifically,we propose five critical characteristics to be considered as AGI benchmarks and suggest the Tong test as an AGI evaluation system.The Tong test describes a value-and ability-oriented testing system that delineates five levels of AGI milestones through a virtual environment with DEPSI,allowing for infinite task generation.We contrast the Tong test with classical AI testing systems in terms of various aspects and propose a systematic evaluation system to promote standardized,quantitative,and objective benchmarks and evaluation of AGI.
基金King Saud University for funding this research through Researchers Supporting Program Number(RSPD2023R704),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘This research paper presents a novel optimization method called the Synergistic Swarm Optimization Algorithm(SSOA).The SSOA combines the principles of swarmintelligence and synergistic cooperation to search for optimal solutions efficiently.A synergistic cooperation mechanism is employed,where particles exchange information and learn from each other to improve their search behaviors.This cooperation enhances the exploitation of promising regions in the search space while maintaining exploration capabilities.Furthermore,adaptive mechanisms,such as dynamic parameter adjustment and diversification strategies,are incorporated to balance exploration and exploitation.By leveraging the collaborative nature of swarm intelligence and integrating synergistic cooperation,the SSOAmethod aims to achieve superior convergence speed and solution quality performance compared to other optimization algorithms.The effectiveness of the proposed SSOA is investigated in solving the 23 benchmark functions and various engineering design problems.The experimental results highlight the effectiveness and potential of the SSOA method in addressing challenging optimization problems,making it a promising tool for a wide range of applications in engineering and beyond.Matlab codes of SSOA are available at:https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/153466-synergistic-swarm-optimization-algorithm.
基金supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China(62106230,U23A20340,62376253,62176238)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M743185)Key Laboratory of Big Data Intelligent Computing,Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Open Fundation(BDIC-2023-A-007)。
文摘In multimodal multiobjective optimization problems(MMOPs),there are several Pareto optimal solutions corre-sponding to the identical objective vector.This paper proposes a new differential evolution algorithm to solve MMOPs with higher-dimensional decision variables.Due to the increase in the dimensions of decision variables in real-world MMOPs,it is diffi-cult for current multimodal multiobjective optimization evolu-tionary algorithms(MMOEAs)to find multiple Pareto optimal solutions.The proposed algorithm adopts a dual-population framework and an improved environmental selection method.It utilizes a convergence archive to help the first population improve the quality of solutions.The improved environmental selection method enables the other population to search the remaining decision space and reserve more Pareto optimal solutions through the information of the first population.The combination of these two strategies helps to effectively balance and enhance conver-gence and diversity performance.In addition,to study the per-formance of the proposed algorithm,a novel set of multimodal multiobjective optimization test functions with extensible decision variables is designed.The proposed MMOEA is certified to be effective through comparison with six state-of-the-art MMOEAs on the test functions.
基金Ministry of Education,Singapore,under AcRF TIER 1 Grant RG64/23the Eric and Wendy Schmidt AI in Science Postdoctoral Fellowship,a Schmidt Futures program,USA.
文摘Multi-agent reinforcement learning(MARL)has been a rapidly evolving field.This paper presents a comprehensive survey of MARL and its applications.We trace the historical evolution of MARL,highlight its progress,and discuss related survey works.Then,we review the existing works addressing inherent challenges and those focusing on diverse applications.Some representative stochastic games,MARL means,spatial forms of MARL,and task classification are revisited.We then conduct an in-depth exploration of a variety of challenges encountered in MARL applications.We also address critical operational aspects,such as hyperparameter tuning and computational complexity,which are pivotal in practical implementations of MARL.Afterward,we make a thorough overview of the applications of MARL to intelligent machines and devices,chemical engineering,biotechnology,healthcare,and societal issues,which highlights the extensive potential and relevance of MARL within both current and future technological contexts.Our survey also encompasses a detailed examination of benchmark environments used in MARL research,which are instrumental in evaluating MARL algorithms and demonstrate the adaptability of MARL to diverse application scenarios.In the end,we give our prospect for MARL and discuss their related techniques and potential future applications.
文摘Purpose-Prominent at the intersections of national educational agencies,higher education,and international educational performance assessments are two reform standards:“benchmarks”determining optimal student performance,and“empirical evidence”for determining the quality of reform practices.These two notions are often taken as connecting policy and research to effective changes in many countries.The article examines the historical and cultural principles about educational change and its sciences embedded in these standards through examining OECD’s PISA and the McKinsey&Company reports that draw on PISA’s data.Findings/Originality/Value-First,the reports express salvation themes associated with modernity;that is,the promise of a better future through governing the present.The promise is to provide nations with data and models to achieve social equality,economic prosperity,and a participatory democracy.Second,the promise of the future is not descriptive of some present reality but to fabricate the universal characteristics about society and individuals.The numbers embody social and psychological categories about a desired unity of all students.Third,the“empirical evidence”of the international assessment entails a particular notion of science and“evidence”;one that paradoxically uses the universals in comparing and creating divisions.
文摘There exists a gap between control theory and control practice,i.e.,all control methods suggested by researchers are not implemented in real systems and,on the other hand,many important in dustrial problems are not studied in the academic research.Benchmark problems can help close this gap and provide many opportunities for members in both the controls theory and application communities.The goal is to survey and give pointers to different general controls and modeling related benchmark problems that can serve as inspiration for future benchmarks and then specifically focus the benchmark coverage on automotive control engineering application.In the paper reflections are given on how different categories of benchmark designers,benchmark solvers and third part users can benefit from providing,solving,and studying benchmark problems.The paper also collects information about several benchmark problems and gives pointers to papers than give more detailed information about different problems that have been presented.
