China is one of the most important rapeseed producing countries in the world. Effective mechanical harvesting time for decreasing harvesting loss of winter oilseed rape has been becoming a critical factor. An elite cu...China is one of the most important rapeseed producing countries in the world. Effective mechanical harvesting time for decreasing harvesting loss of winter oilseed rape has been becoming a critical factor. An elite cultivar Zhongshuang 11 （Brassica napus L.） was employed in two rounds of field experiments from 2009 to 2011. Seeds were sown with machine, three combine harvesting times namely combine harvesting A, B, and C （CHA, CHB, and CHC） were designed and manual harvesting （MH） as control was performed at maturity. The harvesting treatments were determined according to color of pod and seed in the field. Seed yield loss and quality in different treatments were evaluated. Results showed that both seed yields and harvesting losses in 2009-2010 were higher than that in 2010-2011, whereas seed oil contents in 2010-2011 were higher than that in 2009-2010. The highest yield appeared in CHB, which was significantly higher than that in MH. Furthermore, harvesting loss in CHB were 50% that in MH. Seed oil content and chlorophyll exhibited no obvious difference between CHB and MH. Economic profit analysis demonstrated that mechanical sowing/combine harvesting （MS/CH） showed an input/output ratio of 1：1.6, and it was 1：1.2 in mechanical sowing/manual harvesting （MS/MH）. Labor-cost accounted for more than 70% of the total cost in MS/MH, which led to low profitability to a great extent. Our results suggested that CHB was the optimum harvesting time for winter oilseed rape along the Yangtze River.展开更多
Using tracer techniques with the radioisotope 45Ca, the effects of boron supply from soil and nutrient solution on the retranslocation of 45Ca from leaves to other parts of rape plants were studied. Results indicated ...Using tracer techniques with the radioisotope 45Ca, the effects of boron supply from soil and nutrient solution on the retranslocation of 45Ca from leaves to other parts of rape plants were studied. Results indicated that only a small portion of foliar-applied 45Ca could be retranslocated to other parts of the rape plant. There was no pronounced effect of boron level in the soil on 45 Ca retranslocation. Increasing boron concentrations in the nutrient solution significantly reduced 45 Ca radioactivity in root and stem, but increased 45Ca uptake and 45 Ca translocation to the upper leaves of rape plants. It was suggested that45 Ca absorbed by newly developed roots was easily distributed to upper leaves of rape plants. Boron may alter distribution of calcium via its effect on root development or growth of newly developed roots.展开更多
Nitrogen （N） is one of the most important nutrients for oilseed rape （Brassica napus L . ） , but there is a lack of quick diagnosis and recommended fertilization. Three field experiments were con-ducted to see...Nitrogen （N） is one of the most important nutrients for oilseed rape （Brassica napus L . ） , but there is a lack of quick diagnosis and recommended fertilization. Three field experiments were con-ducted to seek the best diagnostic method and establish a fertilizer rate recommendation model. For ex-periment 1, six treatments as application N 0,90,180,240,300 and 400kg ha -1 were designed, and the general N nutrition diagnosis method as SPAD -502 chlorophyll meter, RQflex plus 10 nitrate reflectrom- eter and GreenSeeker - 505 spectrometer were used at eight leaf stage, tenth leaf stage and bolting stage of rape to determine the suitable nitrogen rapid diagnosis method and establish the model of yield forecast and N rate recommendation as topdressing. The experiment 2 was designed to validate the veracity of yield forecast model obtained from experiment 1. The experiment 3 was designed to test the accuracy of N rate recommendation model come from experiment 1. The results indicated that there is a preferable inter-relation between N application rates and rape yield for experiment 1 （ y = - 0. 0176x2 ＋ 11. 136x ＋797. 88 ,R2 =0. 9905 ＊ ＊ ） , which conform to the performance of yield variation with N application levels as shortage, appropriate and excessive rapeseed. For three diagnosis methods, nitrate reflectrometer could reflect rape N nutrition status to some extent, but which influenced by rapeseed physiological char-acteristics such as lower biomass at seedling stage and luxury absorption of N at bolting stage, and the re-liability and stability of diagnosis were inferior. Spectrometer is suitable for quick N nutrition diagnosis at bolting stage, but the stage of topdressing is too late to meet the demand of N support. SPAD meter could more suitable in quick N diagnosis of oilseed rapes since it could reflect rape N nutrition preferable, and it has some advantages such as the strong stability, easy measuring and lower cost in detection. By SPAD meter, model of yield forecast yforeCastyield =370. 517xSPAD value -13310.3 （x 〈42. 54） and recommended N rate yR_dedNrate =162.7-[（370.517xSPADTflliie- 13 10. 3 ）/10. 0617 - 76. 7398 ] （x〈42.54） were established. For experiment 2, the actual yield and forecast yield showed good correlation （y = 0. 5022 ＋2244. 3x, R2 =0. 7852 ＊ ） . For experiment 3 , the amount of topdressing N calculate from recommended N rate model were put forward, and the yield for different treatments had no significant difference. Total-ly ,SPAD chlorophyll meter could be used in quick N nutrition diagnosis, forecast yield and N recommen-dation of oilseed rape.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the correlation between yield and quality traits of rape. [Method] Taking ＂Sanbei 98＂ and ＂Youyan 599＂ as ex- periment materials, correlation between yield and quality t...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the correlation between yield and quality traits of rape. [Method] Taking ＂Sanbei 98＂ and ＂Youyan 599＂ as ex- periment materials, correlation between yield and quality traits of Brassica napus L. cultivars was explored by orthogonal rotation method. [Result] The results showed that： 1 In both the two varieties-Sanbei98 and Youyan599, erucic acid content had the largest coefficient of variation, but its average content was lower than 2% in both the two varieties （0.90% in Sanbei98 and 1.24% in Youyan599）, and the palmitic acid content had the smallest coefficient of variation. 2 In terms of the dif- ferences in quality traits at different yield levels, only the mean of eicosenoic acid content revealed significant difference in Sanbei98, and only the mean of seed-pro- tein content revealed significant difference in Youyan599, and there was no signifi- cant difference in any combined quality traits in both the two varieties. 3 The yield was negatively correlated with the erucic acid content or oil content, and posi- tively correlated with the content of seed-protein, linoleic acid, or linolenic acid, and the coefficient of correlation between the yield and either of the contents of glucosi- nolates, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and eicosenoic acid was smaller. ~, when the yield of a variety increased considerably, there was a certain decreasing trend in erucic acid content, oil content, the total amount of erucic chain fatty acids （El ＆ Er）, while there was an increasing trend in seed-protein content, linoleic acid content, linolenic acid content, saturated fatty acids （SFA）, the total amount of fat and protein （P ＆ F）, unsaturation index （IUFA）, unsaturated fatty acids （UFA）, the total amount of 18 carbon fatty acids （18-C FA）, unsaturated fatty acids [UFA/（Ei ＆ Er） ], and the sum of oleic acid and linoleic acid （OI ＆ Li）. 5 When the seed-pro- tein content is increased, the quality of rape oil cake is also improved; when the unsaturated index is increased, the oil stability is decreased. The increase in the total amount of unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid and linoleic acid helps to increase in the total amount of fatty acids absorbed by human bodies. [Conclusion] This study provides a theoretical foundation for the cultivation of high-yielding and top- quality hybrid rape cultivars.展开更多
Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape（Brassica napus L.） production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown wint...Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape（Brassica napus L.） production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown winter oilseed rape（DOR） performance and population development dynamic are still not well understood. Therefore, five on-farm experiments were conducted in the reaches of the Yangtze River（RYR） to determine the effects of nitrogen（N）, phosphorus（P）, and potassium（K） deficiencies on population density, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, seed yield, and yield components of DOR plants. Four fertilization treatments included the balanced NPK application treatment（NPK, 180 kg N, 39.3 kg P, 100 kg K, and 1.8 kg borax ha–1） and three nutrient deficiency treatments based on the NPK treatment, i.e., –N, –P, and –K. The results indicated that DOR population density declined gradually throughout the growing season, especially at over-wintering and pod-development stages. Nutrient deficiency decreased nutrient concentration in DOR plants, limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, and thereby exacerbated density reduction during plants growth. The poor individual growth and reduced population density together decreased seed yield in the nutrient deficiency treatment. Averaged across all the experiments, seed yield reduced 61% by N deficiency, 38.3% by P deficiency, and 14.4% by K deficiency. The negative effects of nutrient deficiency on DOR performances followed the order of –N–P–K, and the effects were various among different nutrient deficiencies. Although N deficiency improved DOR emergence, but it seriously limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, which in turn led to substantial plants death and therefore resulted in a very low harvested density. The P deficiency significantly reduced initial density, limited plants growth, and exacerbated density reduction. The K deficiency mainly decreased individual growth and yield, but did not affect density dynamic. Our results highlighted the importance of balanced NPK application in DOR production, suggesting that management strategy of these nutrients should be comprehensively considered with an aim to build an appropriate population structure with balanced plant density and individual growth.展开更多
China is one of the major rapeseed production countries in the world,but harvesting mechanization was still backward,and high harvest loss was a key inhibiting factor for rapeseed production.To obtain optimum harvesti...China is one of the major rapeseed production countries in the world,but harvesting mechanization was still backward,and high harvest loss was a key inhibiting factor for rapeseed production.To obtain optimum harvesting date for winter rape in the Yangtze River Valley of China,artificial simulated combine harvesting and artificial two-stage harvesting were adopted to find correlations between harvesting date,rape variety,seed oil content,protein content,grain moisture rate,rapeseed straw moisture content,rapeseed unthreshing rate,grain drop loss rate,thousand seeds weight(TSW),and harvesting economic coefficient(HEC).Analysis of variance showed that rapeseed oil content,protein content and TSW were correlated with rape variety;HEC was correlated with harvesting method and rape variety.Rape variety was the dominant factor of rapeseed oil content,protein content,TSW and HEC.Grain moisture rate,un-threshing rate,grain drop loss rate and straw moisture content were correlated with harvesting method and date.Harvesting date was the dominant factor of rapeseed moisture rate,un-threshing rate,grain drop loss rate and straw moisture rate.Single factor tests further proved that harvesting date had less impact on rapeseed oil content,protein content,TSW and HEC.It showed little correlation with rapeseed quality except grain moisture rate.The optimum harvesting date could be known by change in straw moisture content.The combined harvesting should be carried out during the grain moisture content of 15%-20%with TSW stabilized in the highest level.The twostage harvesting cutting should be carried out at the grain moisture content of 35%-40%.This research offered a reference to harvesting method and date for rape cultivated in the Yangtze River Valley.展开更多
Nanoplastic pollution has become a significant problem in farmland systems worldwide.However,research on the effects of nanoplastics(NPs)with different charges on field crops is still limited.In our study,NPs with dif...Nanoplastic pollution has become a significant problem in farmland systems worldwide.However,research on the effects of nanoplastics(NPs)with different charges on field crops is still limited.In our study,NPs with different charges,including unmodified polystyrene nanoplastics(PS),positively charged polystyrene nanoplastics(PS-NH_(2)),and negatively charged polystyrene nanoplastics(PSSO3H),were investigated for their impacts on seed germination and seedling growth of rape.The results showed that seed water uptake(after 12 h),seed germination,seed vigour,and relative root elongation were all significantly reduced under exposure to NPs(200 mg/L).Similarly,remarkable decreases in plant biomass(root weight,shoot weight),growth(root length,plant height),photosynthesis ability(chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,carotenoids),essential nutrient uptake(Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu),and plant quality(soluble protein,soluble sugar,crude fibre content)of rape seedlings were also observed after exposure to NPs.Among the three kinds of NPs,PS-NH_(2)showed stronger effects.Moreover,superoxide dismutase,peroxidase,and catalase activities of rape seedlings were changed,and the content of malondialdehyde was significantly increased under exposure to NPs.Furthermore,positively charged PS-NH_(2)showed stronger effects on the phenotype,physiology,biochemistry,nutrient uptake,and plant quality of rape.Notably,a comprehensive toxicity evaluation revealed that PS-NH_(2)had the strongest toxicity to rape.The present study provides important implications for the interaction and risk assessment of NPs and crops in soil-plant systems.展开更多
Oilseed rape （Brassica napus L.） is one of the most important oil crops worldwide and provides about 50 percent of the vegetable oil supply in China （Yin et al., 2009）. The development of rapeseed varieties with h...Oilseed rape （Brassica napus L.） is one of the most important oil crops worldwide and provides about 50 percent of the vegetable oil supply in China （Yin et al., 2009）. The development of rapeseed varieties with higher yield is an effective measure to optimize balance between the supply and demand of edible vegetable oil. In oilseed rape, the number of silique per plant （SP） contributes most to the yield performance （Diepenbrock, 2000）. However, compared with the other two yield-component traits, seeds per silique （SS） and seed weight （SW）, SP is more sensitive to environmental changes （Li et al., 2007; Shi et al., 2009）. Therefore, it is difficult to perform the genetic improvement on SP trait directly in oilseed rape.展开更多
本研究采用定量核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)与高效液相色谱-串联质谱(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS/MS)技术分析大地95油菜蕾薹期不同部位(茎、叶、花苞)小分子营养物的组...本研究采用定量核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)与高效液相色谱-串联质谱(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS/MS)技术分析大地95油菜蕾薹期不同部位(茎、叶、花苞)小分子营养物的组成差异。结果表明,通过1H-NMR与HPLC-MS/MS分析在大地95菜薹茎、叶、花苞中共定性定量得到53种小分子化合物,其中具有显著差异的物质有亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸、苯丙氨酸、乳酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酰胺、β-D-葡萄糖、α-D-葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、胆碱、甜菜碱、延胡索酸、黄芩素、阿魏酸、山柰酚、芥子碱、反式肉桂酸、橙皮素。糖类物质在油菜茎部的含量最高;而胆碱、琥珀酰胺、多数氨基酸、有机酸以及酚酸类物质主要在花苞中积累,叶部的优势代谢物以黄岑素、芥子碱和柠檬酸为主。通过分析代谢通路发现这些差异代谢物主要涉及植物的柠檬酸盐循环,黄酮和黄酮醇的生物合成,苯丙氨酸代谢,氨酰基-tRNA生物合成,缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成,糖酵解/糖异生,苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成等。本研究结果可为全面评估蕾薹期油菜的营养价值提供数据参考,并为选育营养丰富的油菜品种提供科学依据。展开更多
为探明不同氮肥用量对冬油菜籽粒产量和品质的影响,于2019/2020以及2020/2021年在湖北省武穴市开展田间试验,试验设置0、90、180、270、360 kg N hm^(-2)5个氮肥施用水平。在成熟期测定油菜籽产量、氮含量和油菜籽品质指标。结果表明,...为探明不同氮肥用量对冬油菜籽粒产量和品质的影响,于2019/2020以及2020/2021年在湖北省武穴市开展田间试验,试验设置0、90、180、270、360 kg N hm^(-2)5个氮肥施用水平。在成熟期测定油菜籽产量、氮含量和油菜籽品质指标。结果表明,施氮显著提高冬油菜籽粒产量及氮含量,与不施氮相比,氮肥施用后平均增产1548 kg hm^(-2),平均增产率达32.9%,在施氮量为0~270 kg N hm^(-2)范围内,油菜籽产量随氮肥施用量显著增加,继续增施氮肥,油菜籽产量无明显变化或有下降趋势,施氮主要通过提高单株角果数来提高油菜籽粒产量。施氮显著增加了籽粒蛋白质含量,当施氮量达270 kg N hm^(-2)时籽粒氮含量和蛋白质含量最高。施氮显著降低籽粒含油量,氮肥用量每增加100 kg N hm^(-2),籽粒含油量下降1.6个百分点。随着氮肥用量的增加,籽粒硫甙、油酸、亚麻酸、芥酸以及饱和脂肪酸(棕榈酸和硬脂酸)呈升高趋势,亚油酸呈降低趋势,油菜籽粒品质整体呈降低趋势。综上所述,以追求高品质食用油为目标,同时兼顾油菜籽粒产量,氮肥适宜用量约为180kgNhm^(-2);以追求油菜籽粒产量并考虑油菜饼粕作饲料为目标时,氮肥适宜用量约为270 kg N hm^(-2)。展开更多
基金supported by the Special Funding for Modern Agricultural Technical System of China (Rapeseed)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31071372)
文摘China is one of the most important rapeseed producing countries in the world. Effective mechanical harvesting time for decreasing harvesting loss of winter oilseed rape has been becoming a critical factor. An elite cultivar Zhongshuang 11 （Brassica napus L.） was employed in two rounds of field experiments from 2009 to 2011. Seeds were sown with machine, three combine harvesting times namely combine harvesting A, B, and C （CHA, CHB, and CHC） were designed and manual harvesting （MH） as control was performed at maturity. The harvesting treatments were determined according to color of pod and seed in the field. Seed yield loss and quality in different treatments were evaluated. Results showed that both seed yields and harvesting losses in 2009-2010 were higher than that in 2010-2011, whereas seed oil contents in 2010-2011 were higher than that in 2009-2010. The highest yield appeared in CHB, which was significantly higher than that in MH. Furthermore, harvesting loss in CHB were 50% that in MH. Seed oil content and chlorophyll exhibited no obvious difference between CHB and MH. Economic profit analysis demonstrated that mechanical sowing/combine harvesting （MS/CH） showed an input/output ratio of 1：1.6, and it was 1：1.2 in mechanical sowing/manual harvesting （MS/MH）. Labor-cost accounted for more than 70% of the total cost in MS/MH, which led to low profitability to a great extent. Our results suggested that CHB was the optimum harvesting time for winter oilseed rape along the Yangtze River.
基金supported by the Nationa1 Natura1 Science Foundation of China(39770439).
文摘Using tracer techniques with the radioisotope 45Ca, the effects of boron supply from soil and nutrient solution on the retranslocation of 45Ca from leaves to other parts of rape plants were studied. Results indicated that only a small portion of foliar-applied 45Ca could be retranslocated to other parts of the rape plant. There was no pronounced effect of boron level in the soil on 45 Ca retranslocation. Increasing boron concentrations in the nutrient solution significantly reduced 45 Ca radioactivity in root and stem, but increased 45Ca uptake and 45 Ca translocation to the upper leaves of rape plants. It was suggested that45 Ca absorbed by newly developed roots was easily distributed to upper leaves of rape plants. Boron may alter distribution of calcium via its effect on root development or growth of newly developed roots.
文摘Nitrogen （N） is one of the most important nutrients for oilseed rape （Brassica napus L . ） , but there is a lack of quick diagnosis and recommended fertilization. Three field experiments were con-ducted to seek the best diagnostic method and establish a fertilizer rate recommendation model. For ex-periment 1, six treatments as application N 0,90,180,240,300 and 400kg ha -1 were designed, and the general N nutrition diagnosis method as SPAD -502 chlorophyll meter, RQflex plus 10 nitrate reflectrom- eter and GreenSeeker - 505 spectrometer were used at eight leaf stage, tenth leaf stage and bolting stage of rape to determine the suitable nitrogen rapid diagnosis method and establish the model of yield forecast and N rate recommendation as topdressing. The experiment 2 was designed to validate the veracity of yield forecast model obtained from experiment 1. The experiment 3 was designed to test the accuracy of N rate recommendation model come from experiment 1. The results indicated that there is a preferable inter-relation between N application rates and rape yield for experiment 1 （ y = - 0. 0176x2 ＋ 11. 136x ＋797. 88 ,R2 =0. 9905 ＊ ＊ ） , which conform to the performance of yield variation with N application levels as shortage, appropriate and excessive rapeseed. For three diagnosis methods, nitrate reflectrometer could reflect rape N nutrition status to some extent, but which influenced by rapeseed physiological char-acteristics such as lower biomass at seedling stage and luxury absorption of N at bolting stage, and the re-liability and stability of diagnosis were inferior. Spectrometer is suitable for quick N nutrition diagnosis at bolting stage, but the stage of topdressing is too late to meet the demand of N support. SPAD meter could more suitable in quick N diagnosis of oilseed rapes since it could reflect rape N nutrition preferable, and it has some advantages such as the strong stability, easy measuring and lower cost in detection. By SPAD meter, model of yield forecast yforeCastyield =370. 517xSPAD value -13310.3 （x 〈42. 54） and recommended N rate yR_dedNrate =162.7-[（370.517xSPADTflliie- 13 10. 3 ）/10. 0617 - 76. 7398 ] （x〈42.54） were established. For experiment 2, the actual yield and forecast yield showed good correlation （y = 0. 5022 ＋2244. 3x, R2 =0. 7852 ＊ ） . For experiment 3 , the amount of topdressing N calculate from recommended N rate model were put forward, and the yield for different treatments had no significant difference. Total-ly ,SPAD chlorophyll meter could be used in quick N nutrition diagnosis, forecast yield and N recommen-dation of oilseed rape.
基金Supported by the Special Fund for the Industrial Technology System Construction of Modern Agriculture(nycytx-00563)Department of Science and Technology of Guizhou Province[QinkeheNY(2010)3087]+2 种基金Department of Agriculture of Guizhou Province[Qinnongyu(2009)007]Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences[ZX(2007)015]Special Fund of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural sciences[Qinnongke(2009)030]~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the correlation between yield and quality traits of rape. [Method] Taking ＂Sanbei 98＂ and ＂Youyan 599＂ as ex- periment materials, correlation between yield and quality traits of Brassica napus L. cultivars was explored by orthogonal rotation method. [Result] The results showed that： 1 In both the two varieties-Sanbei98 and Youyan599, erucic acid content had the largest coefficient of variation, but its average content was lower than 2% in both the two varieties （0.90% in Sanbei98 and 1.24% in Youyan599）, and the palmitic acid content had the smallest coefficient of variation. 2 In terms of the dif- ferences in quality traits at different yield levels, only the mean of eicosenoic acid content revealed significant difference in Sanbei98, and only the mean of seed-pro- tein content revealed significant difference in Youyan599, and there was no signifi- cant difference in any combined quality traits in both the two varieties. 3 The yield was negatively correlated with the erucic acid content or oil content, and posi- tively correlated with the content of seed-protein, linoleic acid, or linolenic acid, and the coefficient of correlation between the yield and either of the contents of glucosi- nolates, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and eicosenoic acid was smaller. ~, when the yield of a variety increased considerably, there was a certain decreasing trend in erucic acid content, oil content, the total amount of erucic chain fatty acids （El ＆ Er）, while there was an increasing trend in seed-protein content, linoleic acid content, linolenic acid content, saturated fatty acids （SFA）, the total amount of fat and protein （P ＆ F）, unsaturation index （IUFA）, unsaturated fatty acids （UFA）, the total amount of 18 carbon fatty acids （18-C FA）, unsaturated fatty acids [UFA/（Ei ＆ Er） ], and the sum of oleic acid and linoleic acid （OI ＆ Li）. 5 When the seed-pro- tein content is increased, the quality of rape oil cake is also improved; when the unsaturated index is increased, the oil stability is decreased. The increase in the total amount of unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid and linoleic acid helps to increase in the total amount of fatty acids absorbed by human bodies. [Conclusion] This study provides a theoretical foundation for the cultivation of high-yielding and top- quality hybrid rape cultivars.
基金supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2010BAD01B05)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-13)+1 种基金the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of China (IRT1247)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China (2013PY113)
文摘Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape（Brassica napus L.） production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown winter oilseed rape（DOR） performance and population development dynamic are still not well understood. Therefore, five on-farm experiments were conducted in the reaches of the Yangtze River（RYR） to determine the effects of nitrogen（N）, phosphorus（P）, and potassium（K） deficiencies on population density, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, seed yield, and yield components of DOR plants. Four fertilization treatments included the balanced NPK application treatment（NPK, 180 kg N, 39.3 kg P, 100 kg K, and 1.8 kg borax ha–1） and three nutrient deficiency treatments based on the NPK treatment, i.e., –N, –P, and –K. The results indicated that DOR population density declined gradually throughout the growing season, especially at over-wintering and pod-development stages. Nutrient deficiency decreased nutrient concentration in DOR plants, limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, and thereby exacerbated density reduction during plants growth. The poor individual growth and reduced population density together decreased seed yield in the nutrient deficiency treatment. Averaged across all the experiments, seed yield reduced 61% by N deficiency, 38.3% by P deficiency, and 14.4% by K deficiency. The negative effects of nutrient deficiency on DOR performances followed the order of –N–P–K, and the effects were various among different nutrient deficiencies. Although N deficiency improved DOR emergence, but it seriously limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, which in turn led to substantial plants death and therefore resulted in a very low harvested density. The P deficiency significantly reduced initial density, limited plants growth, and exacerbated density reduction. The K deficiency mainly decreased individual growth and yield, but did not affect density dynamic. Our results highlighted the importance of balanced NPK application in DOR production, suggesting that management strategy of these nutrients should be comprehensively considered with an aim to build an appropriate population structure with balanced plant density and individual growth.
基金financial support provided by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0702100)the Special Funds for the Construction of Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System (CARS-13)
文摘China is one of the major rapeseed production countries in the world,but harvesting mechanization was still backward,and high harvest loss was a key inhibiting factor for rapeseed production.To obtain optimum harvesting date for winter rape in the Yangtze River Valley of China,artificial simulated combine harvesting and artificial two-stage harvesting were adopted to find correlations between harvesting date,rape variety,seed oil content,protein content,grain moisture rate,rapeseed straw moisture content,rapeseed unthreshing rate,grain drop loss rate,thousand seeds weight(TSW),and harvesting economic coefficient(HEC).Analysis of variance showed that rapeseed oil content,protein content and TSW were correlated with rape variety;HEC was correlated with harvesting method and rape variety.Rape variety was the dominant factor of rapeseed oil content,protein content,TSW and HEC.Grain moisture rate,un-threshing rate,grain drop loss rate and straw moisture content were correlated with harvesting method and date.Harvesting date was the dominant factor of rapeseed moisture rate,un-threshing rate,grain drop loss rate and straw moisture rate.Single factor tests further proved that harvesting date had less impact on rapeseed oil content,protein content,TSW and HEC.It showed little correlation with rapeseed quality except grain moisture rate.The optimum harvesting date could be known by change in straw moisture content.The combined harvesting should be carried out during the grain moisture content of 15%-20%with TSW stabilized in the highest level.The twostage harvesting cutting should be carried out at the grain moisture content of 35%-40%.This research offered a reference to harvesting method and date for rape cultivated in the Yangtze River Valley.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U20A20115 and 42007112)the Major Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province(No.2020CXGC011403).
文摘Nanoplastic pollution has become a significant problem in farmland systems worldwide.However,research on the effects of nanoplastics(NPs)with different charges on field crops is still limited.In our study,NPs with different charges,including unmodified polystyrene nanoplastics(PS),positively charged polystyrene nanoplastics(PS-NH_(2)),and negatively charged polystyrene nanoplastics(PSSO3H),were investigated for their impacts on seed germination and seedling growth of rape.The results showed that seed water uptake(after 12 h),seed germination,seed vigour,and relative root elongation were all significantly reduced under exposure to NPs(200 mg/L).Similarly,remarkable decreases in plant biomass(root weight,shoot weight),growth(root length,plant height),photosynthesis ability(chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,carotenoids),essential nutrient uptake(Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu),and plant quality(soluble protein,soluble sugar,crude fibre content)of rape seedlings were also observed after exposure to NPs.Among the three kinds of NPs,PS-NH_(2)showed stronger effects.Moreover,superoxide dismutase,peroxidase,and catalase activities of rape seedlings were changed,and the content of malondialdehyde was significantly increased under exposure to NPs.Furthermore,positively charged PS-NH_(2)showed stronger effects on the phenotype,physiology,biochemistry,nutrient uptake,and plant quality of rape.Notably,a comprehensive toxicity evaluation revealed that PS-NH_(2)had the strongest toxicity to rape.The present study provides important implications for the interaction and risk assessment of NPs and crops in soil-plant systems.
基金supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development program of China (Grant No. 2011AA10A104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31171589 and 31201244)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program (Grant No. 2011CB109302)the Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest (Grant No. 2101203032)
文摘Oilseed rape （Brassica napus L.） is one of the most important oil crops worldwide and provides about 50 percent of the vegetable oil supply in China （Yin et al., 2009）. The development of rapeseed varieties with higher yield is an effective measure to optimize balance between the supply and demand of edible vegetable oil. In oilseed rape, the number of silique per plant （SP） contributes most to the yield performance （Diepenbrock, 2000）. However, compared with the other two yield-component traits, seeds per silique （SS） and seed weight （SW）, SP is more sensitive to environmental changes （Li et al., 2007; Shi et al., 2009）. Therefore, it is difficult to perform the genetic improvement on SP trait directly in oilseed rape.
文摘本研究采用定量核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)与高效液相色谱-串联质谱(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS/MS)技术分析大地95油菜蕾薹期不同部位(茎、叶、花苞)小分子营养物的组成差异。结果表明,通过1H-NMR与HPLC-MS/MS分析在大地95菜薹茎、叶、花苞中共定性定量得到53种小分子化合物,其中具有显著差异的物质有亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸、苯丙氨酸、乳酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酰胺、β-D-葡萄糖、α-D-葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、胆碱、甜菜碱、延胡索酸、黄芩素、阿魏酸、山柰酚、芥子碱、反式肉桂酸、橙皮素。糖类物质在油菜茎部的含量最高;而胆碱、琥珀酰胺、多数氨基酸、有机酸以及酚酸类物质主要在花苞中积累,叶部的优势代谢物以黄岑素、芥子碱和柠檬酸为主。通过分析代谢通路发现这些差异代谢物主要涉及植物的柠檬酸盐循环,黄酮和黄酮醇的生物合成,苯丙氨酸代谢,氨酰基-tRNA生物合成,缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成,糖酵解/糖异生,苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成等。本研究结果可为全面评估蕾薹期油菜的营养价值提供数据参考,并为选育营养丰富的油菜品种提供科学依据。
文摘为探明不同氮肥用量对冬油菜籽粒产量和品质的影响,于2019/2020以及2020/2021年在湖北省武穴市开展田间试验,试验设置0、90、180、270、360 kg N hm^(-2)5个氮肥施用水平。在成熟期测定油菜籽产量、氮含量和油菜籽品质指标。结果表明,施氮显著提高冬油菜籽粒产量及氮含量,与不施氮相比,氮肥施用后平均增产1548 kg hm^(-2),平均增产率达32.9%,在施氮量为0~270 kg N hm^(-2)范围内,油菜籽产量随氮肥施用量显著增加,继续增施氮肥,油菜籽产量无明显变化或有下降趋势,施氮主要通过提高单株角果数来提高油菜籽粒产量。施氮显著增加了籽粒蛋白质含量,当施氮量达270 kg N hm^(-2)时籽粒氮含量和蛋白质含量最高。施氮显著降低籽粒含油量,氮肥用量每增加100 kg N hm^(-2),籽粒含油量下降1.6个百分点。随着氮肥用量的增加,籽粒硫甙、油酸、亚麻酸、芥酸以及饱和脂肪酸(棕榈酸和硬脂酸)呈升高趋势,亚油酸呈降低趋势,油菜籽粒品质整体呈降低趋势。综上所述,以追求高品质食用油为目标,同时兼顾油菜籽粒产量,氮肥适宜用量约为180kgNhm^(-2);以追求油菜籽粒产量并考虑油菜饼粕作饲料为目标时,氮肥适宜用量约为270 kg N hm^(-2)。
