With the development of the economic and low⁃carbon society,high⁃performance building(HPB)design plays an increasingly important role in the architectural area.The performance of buildings usually includes the buildin...With the development of the economic and low⁃carbon society,high⁃performance building(HPB)design plays an increasingly important role in the architectural area.The performance of buildings usually includes the building energy consumption,building interior natural daylighting,building surface solar radiation,and so on.Building performance simulation(BPS)and multiple objective optimizations(MOO)are becoming the main methods for obtaining a high performance building in the design process.Correspondingly,the BPS and MOO are based on the parametric tools,like Grasshopper and Dynamo.However,these tools are lacking the data analysis module for designers to select the high⁃performance building more conveniently.This paper proposes a toolkit“GPPre”developed based on the Grasshopper platform and Python language.At the end of this paper,a case study was conducted to verify the function of GPPre,which shows that the combination of the sensitivity analysis(SA)and MOO module in the GPPre could aid architects to design the buildings with better performance.展开更多
Occupant behavior(OB)is one of the significant sources of uncertainty in building performance simulation.While OB modeling has received increased attention in the past decade,research on the degree of granularity or l...Occupant behavior(OB)is one of the significant sources of uncertainty in building performance simulation.While OB modeling has received increased attention in the past decade,research on the degree of granularity or level of detail(LoD)required for representing occupants is still in the nascent stages.This paper analyzes the modeling and applicability of three LoDs to represent occupants in building performance assessment.A medium-sized prototype office building located in Chicago,Illinois is used as the simulation case study.Ten occupant-centric attributes are adopted to develop the LoDs for OB representation.We first demonstrate the different modeling approaches required for simulating the three fidelity levels.Later,we illustrate the suitability of the developed LoDs in supporting six building performance use cases across different lifecycle stages.This study intends to provide guidance for the building simulation community on appropriate OB representation to support various use cases.展开更多
INTRODUCTIONA Current green building practice has been largely advanced by an integrated design process.This integrated design process involves multiple disciplines,such as archi-tecture,civil,mechanical,and electrica...INTRODUCTIONA Current green building practice has been largely advanced by an integrated design process.This integrated design process involves multiple disciplines,such as archi-tecture,civil,mechanical,and electrical engineering.The design method heavily relies on utilizing building performance simulation to illustrate how design param-eters affect the energy consumption and quality of the indoor environment before actual design decisions are made(Anderson,2014).The architectural design tools in the integrated design process supersede traditional geometrical exploration instruments,such as Sketchup,Revit,ArchiCad,and Rhino(Negendahl,2015).More building performance simulating tools,such as Ecotect,Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD),Radiance,and EnergyPlus,have been developed to help architects measure building performance(e.g.,natural ventilation,daylighting,solar radiation,and energy uses)in the design process and attain green building standards such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED).The information presented by these tools guide architects at a certain level in achieving green building goals.展开更多
The precise building performance assessment of residential housings in subtropical regions is usually more difficult than that for the commercial premises due to the much more complicated behavior of the occupants wit...The precise building performance assessment of residential housings in subtropical regions is usually more difficult than that for the commercial premises due to the much more complicated behavior of the occupants with regard to the change in indoor temperature.The conventional use of a fixed schedule for window opening,clothing insulation and cooling equipment operation cannot reflect the real situation when the occupants respond to the change in thermal comfort,thus affecting the appropriateness of the assessment results.To rectify the situation,a new modeling strategy in which the modification of the various operation schedules was based on the calculated thermal comfort(TC),was developed in this study.With this new TC-based strategy,the realistic building performances under different cooling provision scenarios applied to a high-rise residential building under the near extreme weather conditions were investigated and compared.It was found that sole provision of ventilation fans could not meet the zone thermal comfort by over 68%of the time,and air-conditioning was essential.The optimal use of ventilation fans for cooling could only help reduce the total cooling energy demand by less than 12%at best which could only be realistically evaluated by adopting the present strategy.Parametric studies were conducted which revealed that some design factors could offer opportunities for reducing the total cooling energy under the near extreme weather conditions.展开更多
In the quest to minimize energy waste,the energy performance of buildings(EPB)has been a focus because building appliances,such as heating,ventilation,and air conditioning,consume the highest energy.Therefore,effectiv...In the quest to minimize energy waste,the energy performance of buildings(EPB)has been a focus because building appliances,such as heating,ventilation,and air conditioning,consume the highest energy.Therefore,effective design and planning for estimating heating load(HL)and cooling load(CL)for energy saving have become paramount.In this vein,efforts have been made to predict the HL and CL using a univariate approach.However,this approach necessitates two models for learning HL and CL,requiring more computational time.Moreover,the one-dimensional(1D)convolutional neural network(CNN)has gained popularity due to its nominal computa-tional complexity,high performance,and low-cost hardware requirement.In this paper,we formulate the prediction as a multivariate regression problem in which the HL and CL are simultaneously predicted using the 1D CNN.Considering the building shape characteristics,one kernel size is adopted to create the receptive fields of the 1D CNN to extract the feature maps,a dense layer to interpret the maps,and an output layer with two neurons to predict the two real-valued responses,HL and CL.As the 1D data are not affected by excessive parameters,the pooling layer is not applied in this implementation.Besides,the use of pooling has been questioned by recent studies.The performance of the proposed model displays a comparative advantage over existing models in terms of the mean squared error(MSE).Thus,the proposed model is effective for EPB prediction because it reduces computational time and significantly lowers the MSE.展开更多
With the expansion of the office building area,the energy consumption of office buildings is growing.High⁃performance building design contributes to energy saving and the development of green buildings.However,there i...With the expansion of the office building area,the energy consumption of office buildings is growing.High⁃performance building design contributes to energy saving and the development of green buildings.However,there is a lack of high⁃performance building tools and the workflow is often time⁃consuming.The building performance simulation,multiple objective optimizations,and the decision support model are the new approaches of high⁃performance building design.This paper proposes a newly developed decision support model,a high⁃performance building decision model named HPBuildingDSM,which integrates the building performance simulation,building performance multiple objective optimizations,building performance sampling,and parameter sensitivity analysis to design high⁃performance office buildings.In this research,the HPBuildingDSM was operated to search for the desirable office building design results with low⁃energy and high⁃quality daylighting performances.The simulated results had better daylighting performance and lower energy consumption,whose UDI100-2000 was 37.94%and annual energy consumption performance was 76.28 kWh/(m2·a),indicating a better building performance than the optimized results in the previous case study.展开更多
Buildings have a significant impact on global sustainability.During the past decades,a wide variety of studies have been conducted throughout the building lifecycle for improving the building performance.Data-driven a...Buildings have a significant impact on global sustainability.During the past decades,a wide variety of studies have been conducted throughout the building lifecycle for improving the building performance.Data-driven approach has been widely adopted owing to less detailed building information required and high computational efficiency for online applications.Recent advances in information technologies and data science have enabled convenient access,storage,and analysis of massive on-site measurements,bringing about a new big-data-driven research paradigm.This paper presents a critical review of data-driven methods,particularly those methods based on larger datasets,for building energy modeling and their practical applications for improving building performances.This paper is organized based on the four essential phases of big-data-driven modeling,i.e.,data preprocessing,model development,knowledge post-processing,and practical applications throughout the building lifecycle.Typical data analysis and application methods have been summarized and compared at each stage,based upon which in-depth discussions and future research directions have been presented.This review demonstrates that the insights obtained from big building data can be extremely helpful for enriching the existing knowledge repository regarding building energy modeling.Furthermore,considering the ever-increasing development of smart buildings and IoT-driven smart cities,the big data-driven research paradigm will become an essential supplement to existing scientific research methods in the building sector.展开更多
Buildings contribute to almost 30%of total energy consumption worldwide.Developing building energy modeling programs is of great significance for lifecycle building performance assessment and optimization.Advances in ...Buildings contribute to almost 30%of total energy consumption worldwide.Developing building energy modeling programs is of great significance for lifecycle building performance assessment and optimization.Advances in novel building technologies,the requirements of high-performance computation,and the demands for multi-objective models have brought new challenges for building energy modeling software and platforms.To meet the increasing simulation demands,DeST 3.0,a new-generation building performance simulation platform,was developed and released.The structure of DeST 3.0 incorporates four simulation engines,including building analysis and simulation(BAS)engine,HVAC system engine,combined plant simulation(CPS)engine,and energy system(ES)engine,connected by air loop and water loop balancing iterations.DeST 3.0 offers numerous new simulation features,such as advanced simulation modules for building envelopes,occupant behavior and energy systems,cross-platform and compatible simulation kernel,FMI/FMU-based co-simulation functionalities,and high-performance parallel simulation architecture.DeST 3.0 has been thoroughly evaluated and validated using code verification,inter-program comparison,and case-study calibration.DeST 3.0 has been applied in various aspects throughout the building lifecycle,supporting building design,operation,retrofit analysis,code appliance,technology adaptability evaluation as well as research and education.The new generation building simulation platform DeST 3.0 provides an efficient tool and comprehensive simulation platform for lifecycle building performance analysis and optimization.展开更多
A large number of cases show that the multi-objective optimization method can significantly improve building performance.The method for multi-objective building performance optimization(BPO)design has achieved rapid d...A large number of cases show that the multi-objective optimization method can significantly improve building performance.The method for multi-objective building performance optimization(BPO)design has achieved rapid development in recent years.However,the BPO method still needs to be improved.Specifically,weak interaction between the optimization process and the decision-making process results in low optimization efficiency,which limits the widespread application of the optimization method in early design stage.In this paper,a new interactive BPO mode is explored to strengthen the interaction between the optimization process and decisionmaking process,and a preference-based multi-objective BPO method is proposed to account for designers'decision preferences during the optimization process,making the objective more controllable,improving the optimization efficiency and ensuring the diversity of solutions.Firstly,this paper illustrates the proposed method in detail,defines the concept of performance preference,expounds the flow of the preference-based multi-objective optimization algorithm,and proposes three indicators to evaluate the algorithm,which includes convergence speed,preference satisfaction rate,and diversity measurement.Secondly,through testing and comparison,it is found that the proposed preference-based algorithm has advantages over the non-preference optimization algorithm(represented by the NSGA-II algorithm).The proposed method leads to faster convergence and higher preference satisfaction,so it is more suitable for the BPO process in the early design stage.Specially,the proposed method can achieve 100%preference satisfaction rate with only 2400 simulations,while the non-preference method can only achieve 20%preference satisfaction rate after 5800 simulations.In this paper,a preference-based multi-objective BPO method is proposed to make the optimization process closely interact with the decision-making process and make the design preferences be accounted during the BPO process,thereby improving the optimization efficiency.In addition,this study first proposes two indicators to measure the quality of optimization results:preference satisfaction rate and diversity measurement.This study aims to guide the development of BPO methods towards providing high satisfaction rate and high quality optimization results.展开更多
This article presents a methodology for the integration of building performance simulation （BPS） into the writing of architectural history. While BPS tools have been developed mainly for design purposes, their curre...This article presents a methodology for the integration of building performance simulation （BPS） into the writing of architectural history. While BPS tools have been developed mainly for design purposes, their current maturity enables to reliably apply them in simulating the performance of past buildings, even when these buildings have been significantly modified or demolished. The possibility to virtually reconstruct the performance of past buildings can help us to overcome the existing knowledge gap in the understanding of the role played by building performance and building performance research through the history of architecture and can therefore promote the intelligent and successful application of environmental features in contemporary architecture. The potential of the proposed methodology is presented here using a historical case study from 1960s Israel （a university building in Tel Aviv）, in which climatic considerations were an explicit part of the entire design process. The original thermal performance of the building was analysed by employing the EnergyPlus simulation engine, and the simulation results were used for evaluating the climatic impact of certain design decisions, comparing them with the proclaimed design goals and the original intentions of the architects.展开更多
During the operational phase, building performance may decrease in various areas, so that the end users' requirements are no longer met. Consequently, indicators are useful to assess and improve the performance of...During the operational phase, building performance may decrease in various areas, so that the end users' requirements are no longer met. Consequently, indicators are useful to assess and improve the performance of existing buildings. In this study, we carried out a literature review and organized a focus group with facility management experts to gather and analyze facility managers' perceptions on operational indicators that could be used to assess the performance of buildings. The results revealed that the core indicators used to measure a building's operational performance are related to safety and assets working properly, health and comfort, space functionality,and energy performance. The findings also revealed that these indicators can be obtained from three sources: a)facility managers/operators, who carry out corrective maintenance and perform technical inspections, b) regular users, who report complaints and fill-in satisfaction questionnaires, and c) sporadic users, who also fill-in satisfaction questionnaires. These indicators and their sources can contribute to a better analysis of building performance and the definition of measures to improve performance during the operational phase of a building.展开更多
Due to the climate change debate, a lot of research and maps of external climate parameters are availtabte. However, maps of indoor climate performance parameters are still Lacking. This paper presents a methodology f...Due to the climate change debate, a lot of research and maps of external climate parameters are availtabte. However, maps of indoor climate performance parameters are still Lacking. This paper presents a methodology for obtaining maps of performances of similar buitdings that are virtually spread over whole Europe. The produced maps are useful for anaty-zing regional climate influence on building performance indicators such as energy use and indoor climate. This is shown using the Bestest building as a reference benchmark. An important application of the mapping tool is the visualization of potential building measures over the EU. Also the performances of singte building components can be simulated and mapped. It is concluded that the presented method is efficient as it takes less than 15min to simulate and produce the maps on a 2.6GHz/4GB computer. Moreover, the approach is applicable for any type of building.展开更多
The feasibility of Plus Energy Building for a sample relevant case is investigated.After a literature review aimed to identify key aspects of this type of buildings,a preliminary evaluation of the thermal performance ...The feasibility of Plus Energy Building for a sample relevant case is investigated.After a literature review aimed to identify key aspects of this type of buildings,a preliminary evaluation of the thermal performance of a building constructed using conventional material is presented together with a parametric analysis of the impact of typical influential parameters.Solar domestic hot water(SDHW)and photovoltaic systems(PV)are considered in the study.Numerical simulations indicate that for the examined sample case(Beirut in Lebanon)the total annual energy need of conventional building is 87.1 kWh/y.m^(2).About 49%of energy savings can be achieved by improving the building envelope and installing energy efficient technologies.Moreover,about 90%of energy savings in domestic hot water production can be achieved by installing a SDHW system composed of two solar collectors connected in series.Finally,the addition of a grid connected PV array system can significantly mitigate the energy needs of the building leading to an annual excess of energy.展开更多
Building buffer zone space is not only one of essential approaches for better mental quality of interior building space, but also an important factor that may influence interior thermal comfort and energy consumption....Building buffer zone space is not only one of essential approaches for better mental quality of interior building space, but also an important factor that may influence interior thermal comfort and energy consumption. This study aims to analyze regulative advantages of buffer zone to the surrounding functional spaces. Based on a fieldwork test in a typical office building in cold climate zone in Beijing,China,the monitor data show interior physical performance in the Winter. The research selects two types of different buffer zones in the same building. One is a south-faced greenhouse which has large dimension with plenty of vegetation,and the other is a simple atrium in the middle of five floor building with mount of skylights. The factors and their influence to surrounding functional spaces and the whole building are found out from the comparisons of collected data by floor to floor monitor test on both buffer zones at the same time. The comparisons of two types of buffer zones conclude that the greenhouse is more effective to air quality regulation but not so clearly wellperformed to thermal buffering as expected due to the dominate active central heating in the Winter. This fieldwork test results for building performance can be helpful for both architects and engineers in the early phase of sustainable design.展开更多
This paper provides a summary of the objectives and principles which underpin the 2004 edition of the New Zealand earthquake design standard, AS/NZS 1170 Part 5. As with many modern earthquake design standards, the Ne...This paper provides a summary of the objectives and principles which underpin the 2004 edition of the New Zealand earthquake design standard, AS/NZS 1170 Part 5. As with many modern earthquake design standards, the New Zealand earthquake design standard recognizes that earthquake resistant design that only addresses life safety goals without addressing both operational continuity of essential facilities and damage control, falls short of public expectations. Such standards not longer meet societal expectations. The paper outlines how these issues have been addressed within New Zealand, and some of the issues addressed when preparing appendices to the standard to provide guidance for materials standard writers to ensure consistency with the proposed approach. Recognizing the significance of non-structural components and parts of buildings in both damage control and operational continuity has been an important step forward in attaining the performance levels required.展开更多
In the previous time the requirements of environmental safety, suitability and responsibility of buildings have increased. The criteria of sustainability are included in building environmental assessment systems and t...In the previous time the requirements of environmental safety, suitability and responsibility of buildings have increased. The criteria of sustainability are included in building environmental assessment systems and tools used in different countries. The aim of building environmental assessment is a sustainable building design, which demands the cooperation among civil engineers, architects, environmentalists and other experts from different areas of building environmental assessment. The existing systems and tools were the basis of the new system development available in Slovak conditions. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the building environmental assessment system （BEAS） which was developed in Slovakia. Significant models used world wide in relation to environmental assessment of buildings, were compared on the basis of their covered. The summary of sustainable building assessment systems will be presented in this paper. Developing a building environmental assessment system for Slovakia is also introduced in the paper.展开更多
In the last years, there has been a big development of European policies and regulations on energy saving topics. This is due to the will to reach the targets of 20-20-20. Buildings consume a lot of energy, so the leg...In the last years, there has been a big development of European policies and regulations on energy saving topics. This is due to the will to reach the targets of 20-20-20. Buildings consume a lot of energy, so the legal framework related to the reduction of energy consumption in this sector has had a huge evolution. The ＂NZEB （nearly zero energy building）＂ concept was introduced in 2010, eight years after the release of the original EPBD （energy performance of buildings directive）. By 2020, all new buildings and buildings that are subject to renovation should have very low energy consumption, covered for the major part by renewable sources. Designing and realizing this kind of building is a very ambitious task, which needs to be supported by appropriate tools and software. This paper presents a new tool for assessing building performance, named BENIMPACT Suite （building＇s environmental impact evaluator and optimizer）, which is developed by EnginSoft （Italy）. The suite is organized in different core modules that allow to verify how the building performance level is influenced by different design choices, such as envelope shape and materials, plant systems, renewable sources use, etc.. One of the test cases used to validate the BENIMPACT Suite energy performance is the evaluation of an interesting Italian ZEB, finished in 2010 and called CasaZeroEnergy. It is located in Felettano （Udine）, a small town in northeastern Italy. This building is an experimental house designed and monitored by the Laboratory of Building Design of the University of Trento （Italy） and built by Polo Le Ville Plus Group （Cassacco-ltaly）. The energy performance of this building was modelled and evaluated using BENIMPACT Suite, and simulation results were compared with monitored data.展开更多
Integrative approaches to architectural design+environmental technology pedagogy are essential in educating future generations to respond to impending building energy use challenges.This paper will describe new approa...Integrative approaches to architectural design+environmental technology pedagogy are essential in educating future generations to respond to impending building energy use challenges.This paper will describe new approaches to incorporating building physics and building technology in the design studio via a diverse cohort of students and faculty,with strong emphasis placed on the development of innovative architectural strategies operating at the intersection of urban demographics,house and housing design,building performance,and sustainability.The United States Department of Energy reports that our buildings account for forty percent of all energy consumed nationally.Our focus on high performance buildings at the Georgia Tech College of Architecture aims to reduce that percentage and meet the rising demand for design and building performance professionals to evaluate the environmental impact of design decisions.Continuing a twenty-five-year trajectory of research leadership,Tech students and faculty are leading the way in digital design,building simulation,engineering,and construction integration.Over the past four years,students from various schools across campus have been working together in a seminar and design studio setting to expand 21st century housing options.Changing urban demographics,sustainability targets,and alternative energy requirements are investigated through smartly researched and elegantly designed housing and public space propositions.The move from an ecologically aware architecture towards an architecture immersed in the emerging debates about carbon footprint and energy consumption is in part driven by increasing international concern over resource availability and delivery.Through reduced costs of alternative energy capture,higher efficiencies,rapid evolution of upstream technologies and applications and more robust software platforms along with growing social,political and economic debate,the definition of sustainability is evolving - moving to transform integral parts of archi-tectural practice and education from a primarily aesthetic and assembly oriented tra-jectory to a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between design thinking and building performance.展开更多
Developments in information technology are providing methods to improve current design practices,where uncertainties about various design elements can be simulated and studied from the design inception.Energy and ther...Developments in information technology are providing methods to improve current design practices,where uncertainties about various design elements can be simulated and studied from the design inception.Energy and thermal simulations,improved design representations and enhanced collaboration using digital media are increasingly being used.With the expanding interest in energy-efficient build-ing design,whole building energy simulation programs are increasingly employed in the design process to help architects and engineers determine which design strat-egies save energy and improve building performance.The purpose of this research was to investigate the potential of these programs to perform whole building energy analysis during the early stages of architectural design,and compare the results with the actual building energy performance.The research was conducted by simulating energy usage of a fully functional research laboratory building using two different simulation tools that are aimed for early schematic design.The results were compared with utility data of the building to identify the degree of close-ness with which simulation results match the actual energy usage of the build-ing.Results indicate that modeled energy data from one of the software programs was significantly higher than the measured,actual energy usage data,while the results from the second application were comparable,but did not correctly predict monthly energy loads for the building.This suggests that significant deviations may exist between modeled and actual energy consumption for buildings,and more importantly between different simulation software programs.Understanding the limitations and suitability of specific simulation programs is crucial for successful integration of performance simulations with the design process.展开更多
lraq locates in hot arid region （30 °N-37 °N）, where the hot summer season is very long and the ambient temperature is about 50 ℃. Cooling of building needs A/C （air-conditioning） system which consumes ...lraq locates in hot arid region （30 °N-37 °N）, where the hot summer season is very long and the ambient temperature is about 50 ℃. Cooling of building needs A/C （air-conditioning） system which consumes more than 60% of the total electricity supplied to residential building. So, there is really need to minimize the energy consumption by enhancement the performance of Iraqi buildings using passive house technique. This paper presents the thermal performance ofa Passivhaus model built in Kirkuk （35 °N）. The design depends on the using of suitable materials, sufficient insulation, well airtightness and underground air cooling. The experimental measurements take in consideration several parameters like ambient temperature, solar radiation, orientation of the building and duration. The results give good indication of the benefit of using this technique of passive cooling system in Iraqi residential buildings. The indoor temperature could be reduced to 30 ℃, while, the energy consumption for cooling could be saved up to 80%.展开更多
文摘With the development of the economic and low⁃carbon society,high⁃performance building(HPB)design plays an increasingly important role in the architectural area.The performance of buildings usually includes the building energy consumption,building interior natural daylighting,building surface solar radiation,and so on.Building performance simulation(BPS)and multiple objective optimizations(MOO)are becoming the main methods for obtaining a high performance building in the design process.Correspondingly,the BPS and MOO are based on the parametric tools,like Grasshopper and Dynamo.However,these tools are lacking the data analysis module for designers to select the high⁃performance building more conveniently.This paper proposes a toolkit“GPPre”developed based on the Grasshopper platform and Python language.At the end of this paper,a case study was conducted to verify the function of GPPre,which shows that the combination of the sensitivity analysis(SA)and MOO module in the GPPre could aid architects to design the buildings with better performance.
基金supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,Office of Building Technologies of the United States Department of Energy,under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231.
文摘Occupant behavior(OB)is one of the significant sources of uncertainty in building performance simulation.While OB modeling has received increased attention in the past decade,research on the degree of granularity or level of detail(LoD)required for representing occupants is still in the nascent stages.This paper analyzes the modeling and applicability of three LoDs to represent occupants in building performance assessment.A medium-sized prototype office building located in Chicago,Illinois is used as the simulation case study.Ten occupant-centric attributes are adopted to develop the LoDs for OB representation.We first demonstrate the different modeling approaches required for simulating the three fidelity levels.Later,we illustrate the suitability of the developed LoDs in supporting six building performance use cases across different lifecycle stages.This study intends to provide guidance for the building simulation community on appropriate OB representation to support various use cases.
文摘INTRODUCTIONA Current green building practice has been largely advanced by an integrated design process.This integrated design process involves multiple disciplines,such as archi-tecture,civil,mechanical,and electrical engineering.The design method heavily relies on utilizing building performance simulation to illustrate how design param-eters affect the energy consumption and quality of the indoor environment before actual design decisions are made(Anderson,2014).The architectural design tools in the integrated design process supersede traditional geometrical exploration instruments,such as Sketchup,Revit,ArchiCad,and Rhino(Negendahl,2015).More building performance simulating tools,such as Ecotect,Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD),Radiance,and EnergyPlus,have been developed to help architects measure building performance(e.g.,natural ventilation,daylighting,solar radiation,and energy uses)in the design process and attain green building standards such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED).The information presented by these tools guide architects at a certain level in achieving green building goals.
基金The work described in this paper was supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(No.CU R4046-18F).
文摘The precise building performance assessment of residential housings in subtropical regions is usually more difficult than that for the commercial premises due to the much more complicated behavior of the occupants with regard to the change in indoor temperature.The conventional use of a fixed schedule for window opening,clothing insulation and cooling equipment operation cannot reflect the real situation when the occupants respond to the change in thermal comfort,thus affecting the appropriateness of the assessment results.To rectify the situation,a new modeling strategy in which the modification of the various operation schedules was based on the calculated thermal comfort(TC),was developed in this study.With this new TC-based strategy,the realistic building performances under different cooling provision scenarios applied to a high-rise residential building under the near extreme weather conditions were investigated and compared.It was found that sole provision of ventilation fans could not meet the zone thermal comfort by over 68%of the time,and air-conditioning was essential.The optimal use of ventilation fans for cooling could only help reduce the total cooling energy demand by less than 12%at best which could only be realistically evaluated by adopting the present strategy.Parametric studies were conducted which revealed that some design factors could offer opportunities for reducing the total cooling energy under the near extreme weather conditions.
基金supported in part by the Institute of Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation(IITP)Grant by the Korean Government Ministry of Science and ICT(MSITArtificial Intelligence Innovation Hub)under Grant 2021-0-02068in part by the NationalResearch Foundation of Korea(NRF)Grant by theKorean Government(MSIT)under Grant NRF-2021R1I1A3060565.
文摘In the quest to minimize energy waste,the energy performance of buildings(EPB)has been a focus because building appliances,such as heating,ventilation,and air conditioning,consume the highest energy.Therefore,effective design and planning for estimating heating load(HL)and cooling load(CL)for energy saving have become paramount.In this vein,efforts have been made to predict the HL and CL using a univariate approach.However,this approach necessitates two models for learning HL and CL,requiring more computational time.Moreover,the one-dimensional(1D)convolutional neural network(CNN)has gained popularity due to its nominal computa-tional complexity,high performance,and low-cost hardware requirement.In this paper,we formulate the prediction as a multivariate regression problem in which the HL and CL are simultaneously predicted using the 1D CNN.Considering the building shape characteristics,one kernel size is adopted to create the receptive fields of the 1D CNN to extract the feature maps,a dense layer to interpret the maps,and an output layer with two neurons to predict the two real-valued responses,HL and CL.As the 1D data are not affected by excessive parameters,the pooling layer is not applied in this implementation.Besides,the use of pooling has been questioned by recent studies.The performance of the proposed model displays a comparative advantage over existing models in terms of the mean squared error(MSE).Thus,the proposed model is effective for EPB prediction because it reduces computational time and significantly lowers the MSE.
文摘With the expansion of the office building area,the energy consumption of office buildings is growing.High⁃performance building design contributes to energy saving and the development of green buildings.However,there is a lack of high⁃performance building tools and the workflow is often time⁃consuming.The building performance simulation,multiple objective optimizations,and the decision support model are the new approaches of high⁃performance building design.This paper proposes a newly developed decision support model,a high⁃performance building decision model named HPBuildingDSM,which integrates the building performance simulation,building performance multiple objective optimizations,building performance sampling,and parameter sensitivity analysis to design high⁃performance office buildings.In this research,the HPBuildingDSM was operated to search for the desirable office building design results with low⁃energy and high⁃quality daylighting performances.The simulated results had better daylighting performance and lower energy consumption,whose UDI100-2000 was 37.94%and annual energy consumption performance was 76.28 kWh/(m2·a),indicating a better building performance than the optimized results in the previous case study.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of this research by the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong SAR(152075/19E)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51908365)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51778321).
文摘Buildings have a significant impact on global sustainability.During the past decades,a wide variety of studies have been conducted throughout the building lifecycle for improving the building performance.Data-driven approach has been widely adopted owing to less detailed building information required and high computational efficiency for online applications.Recent advances in information technologies and data science have enabled convenient access,storage,and analysis of massive on-site measurements,bringing about a new big-data-driven research paradigm.This paper presents a critical review of data-driven methods,particularly those methods based on larger datasets,for building energy modeling and their practical applications for improving building performances.This paper is organized based on the four essential phases of big-data-driven modeling,i.e.,data preprocessing,model development,knowledge post-processing,and practical applications throughout the building lifecycle.Typical data analysis and application methods have been summarized and compared at each stage,based upon which in-depth discussions and future research directions have been presented.This review demonstrates that the insights obtained from big building data can be extremely helpful for enriching the existing knowledge repository regarding building energy modeling.Furthermore,considering the ever-increasing development of smart buildings and IoT-driven smart cities,the big data-driven research paradigm will become an essential supplement to existing scientific research methods in the building sector.
基金supported by the“13th Five-Year”National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFC0702200)。
文摘Buildings contribute to almost 30%of total energy consumption worldwide.Developing building energy modeling programs is of great significance for lifecycle building performance assessment and optimization.Advances in novel building technologies,the requirements of high-performance computation,and the demands for multi-objective models have brought new challenges for building energy modeling software and platforms.To meet the increasing simulation demands,DeST 3.0,a new-generation building performance simulation platform,was developed and released.The structure of DeST 3.0 incorporates four simulation engines,including building analysis and simulation(BAS)engine,HVAC system engine,combined plant simulation(CPS)engine,and energy system(ES)engine,connected by air loop and water loop balancing iterations.DeST 3.0 offers numerous new simulation features,such as advanced simulation modules for building envelopes,occupant behavior and energy systems,cross-platform and compatible simulation kernel,FMI/FMU-based co-simulation functionalities,and high-performance parallel simulation architecture.DeST 3.0 has been thoroughly evaluated and validated using code verification,inter-program comparison,and case-study calibration.DeST 3.0 has been applied in various aspects throughout the building lifecycle,supporting building design,operation,retrofit analysis,code appliance,technology adaptability evaluation as well as research and education.The new generation building simulation platform DeST 3.0 provides an efficient tool and comprehensive simulation platform for lifecycle building performance analysis and optimization.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(No.51825802)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant(No.2019M650408).
文摘A large number of cases show that the multi-objective optimization method can significantly improve building performance.The method for multi-objective building performance optimization(BPO)design has achieved rapid development in recent years.However,the BPO method still needs to be improved.Specifically,weak interaction between the optimization process and the decision-making process results in low optimization efficiency,which limits the widespread application of the optimization method in early design stage.In this paper,a new interactive BPO mode is explored to strengthen the interaction between the optimization process and decisionmaking process,and a preference-based multi-objective BPO method is proposed to account for designers'decision preferences during the optimization process,making the objective more controllable,improving the optimization efficiency and ensuring the diversity of solutions.Firstly,this paper illustrates the proposed method in detail,defines the concept of performance preference,expounds the flow of the preference-based multi-objective optimization algorithm,and proposes three indicators to evaluate the algorithm,which includes convergence speed,preference satisfaction rate,and diversity measurement.Secondly,through testing and comparison,it is found that the proposed preference-based algorithm has advantages over the non-preference optimization algorithm(represented by the NSGA-II algorithm).The proposed method leads to faster convergence and higher preference satisfaction,so it is more suitable for the BPO process in the early design stage.Specially,the proposed method can achieve 100%preference satisfaction rate with only 2400 simulations,while the non-preference method can only achieve 20%preference satisfaction rate after 5800 simulations.In this paper,a preference-based multi-objective BPO method is proposed to make the optimization process closely interact with the decision-making process and make the design preferences be accounted during the BPO process,thereby improving the optimization efficiency.In addition,this study first proposes two indicators to measure the quality of optimization results:preference satisfaction rate and diversity measurement.This study aims to guide the development of BPO methods towards providing high satisfaction rate and high quality optimization results.
文摘This article presents a methodology for the integration of building performance simulation （BPS） into the writing of architectural history. While BPS tools have been developed mainly for design purposes, their current maturity enables to reliably apply them in simulating the performance of past buildings, even when these buildings have been significantly modified or demolished. The possibility to virtually reconstruct the performance of past buildings can help us to overcome the existing knowledge gap in the understanding of the role played by building performance and building performance research through the history of architecture and can therefore promote the intelligent and successful application of environmental features in contemporary architecture. The potential of the proposed methodology is presented here using a historical case study from 1960s Israel （a university building in Tel Aviv）, in which climatic considerations were an explicit part of the entire design process. The original thermal performance of the building was analysed by employing the EnergyPlus simulation engine, and the simulation results were used for evaluating the climatic impact of certain design decisions, comparing them with the proclaimed design goals and the original intentions of the architects.
基金funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq),Brazil,Grant Number 233559/2014-0
文摘During the operational phase, building performance may decrease in various areas, so that the end users' requirements are no longer met. Consequently, indicators are useful to assess and improve the performance of existing buildings. In this study, we carried out a literature review and organized a focus group with facility management experts to gather and analyze facility managers' perceptions on operational indicators that could be used to assess the performance of buildings. The results revealed that the core indicators used to measure a building's operational performance are related to safety and assets working properly, health and comfort, space functionality,and energy performance. The findings also revealed that these indicators can be obtained from three sources: a)facility managers/operators, who carry out corrective maintenance and perform technical inspections, b) regular users, who report complaints and fill-in satisfaction questionnaires, and c) sporadic users, who also fill-in satisfaction questionnaires. These indicators and their sources can contribute to a better analysis of building performance and the definition of measures to improve performance during the operational phase of a building.
文摘Due to the climate change debate, a lot of research and maps of external climate parameters are availtabte. However, maps of indoor climate performance parameters are still Lacking. This paper presents a methodology for obtaining maps of performances of similar buitdings that are virtually spread over whole Europe. The produced maps are useful for anaty-zing regional climate influence on building performance indicators such as energy use and indoor climate. This is shown using the Bestest building as a reference benchmark. An important application of the mapping tool is the visualization of potential building measures over the EU. Also the performances of singte building components can be simulated and mapped. It is concluded that the presented method is efficient as it takes less than 15min to simulate and produce the maps on a 2.6GHz/4GB computer. Moreover, the approach is applicable for any type of building.
文摘The feasibility of Plus Energy Building for a sample relevant case is investigated.After a literature review aimed to identify key aspects of this type of buildings,a preliminary evaluation of the thermal performance of a building constructed using conventional material is presented together with a parametric analysis of the impact of typical influential parameters.Solar domestic hot water(SDHW)and photovoltaic systems(PV)are considered in the study.Numerical simulations indicate that for the examined sample case(Beirut in Lebanon)the total annual energy need of conventional building is 87.1 kWh/y.m^(2).About 49%of energy savings can be achieved by improving the building envelope and installing energy efficient technologies.Moreover,about 90%of energy savings in domestic hot water production can be achieved by installing a SDHW system composed of two solar collectors connected in series.Finally,the addition of a grid connected PV array system can significantly mitigate the energy needs of the building leading to an annual excess of energy.
基金Sponsored by the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51138004)the National Science and Technology Support Program(Grant No.2012BAJ10B02)
文摘Building buffer zone space is not only one of essential approaches for better mental quality of interior building space, but also an important factor that may influence interior thermal comfort and energy consumption. This study aims to analyze regulative advantages of buffer zone to the surrounding functional spaces. Based on a fieldwork test in a typical office building in cold climate zone in Beijing,China,the monitor data show interior physical performance in the Winter. The research selects two types of different buffer zones in the same building. One is a south-faced greenhouse which has large dimension with plenty of vegetation,and the other is a simple atrium in the middle of five floor building with mount of skylights. The factors and their influence to surrounding functional spaces and the whole building are found out from the comparisons of collected data by floor to floor monitor test on both buffer zones at the same time. The comparisons of two types of buffer zones conclude that the greenhouse is more effective to air quality regulation but not so clearly wellperformed to thermal buffering as expected due to the dominate active central heating in the Winter. This fieldwork test results for building performance can be helpful for both architects and engineers in the early phase of sustainable design.
文摘This paper provides a summary of the objectives and principles which underpin the 2004 edition of the New Zealand earthquake design standard, AS/NZS 1170 Part 5. As with many modern earthquake design standards, the New Zealand earthquake design standard recognizes that earthquake resistant design that only addresses life safety goals without addressing both operational continuity of essential facilities and damage control, falls short of public expectations. Such standards not longer meet societal expectations. The paper outlines how these issues have been addressed within New Zealand, and some of the issues addressed when preparing appendices to the standard to provide guidance for materials standard writers to ensure consistency with the proposed approach. Recognizing the significance of non-structural components and parts of buildings in both damage control and operational continuity has been an important step forward in attaining the performance levels required.
文摘In the previous time the requirements of environmental safety, suitability and responsibility of buildings have increased. The criteria of sustainability are included in building environmental assessment systems and tools used in different countries. The aim of building environmental assessment is a sustainable building design, which demands the cooperation among civil engineers, architects, environmentalists and other experts from different areas of building environmental assessment. The existing systems and tools were the basis of the new system development available in Slovak conditions. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the building environmental assessment system （BEAS） which was developed in Slovakia. Significant models used world wide in relation to environmental assessment of buildings, were compared on the basis of their covered. The summary of sustainable building assessment systems will be presented in this paper. Developing a building environmental assessment system for Slovakia is also introduced in the paper.
文摘In the last years, there has been a big development of European policies and regulations on energy saving topics. This is due to the will to reach the targets of 20-20-20. Buildings consume a lot of energy, so the legal framework related to the reduction of energy consumption in this sector has had a huge evolution. The ＂NZEB （nearly zero energy building）＂ concept was introduced in 2010, eight years after the release of the original EPBD （energy performance of buildings directive）. By 2020, all new buildings and buildings that are subject to renovation should have very low energy consumption, covered for the major part by renewable sources. Designing and realizing this kind of building is a very ambitious task, which needs to be supported by appropriate tools and software. This paper presents a new tool for assessing building performance, named BENIMPACT Suite （building＇s environmental impact evaluator and optimizer）, which is developed by EnginSoft （Italy）. The suite is organized in different core modules that allow to verify how the building performance level is influenced by different design choices, such as envelope shape and materials, plant systems, renewable sources use, etc.. One of the test cases used to validate the BENIMPACT Suite energy performance is the evaluation of an interesting Italian ZEB, finished in 2010 and called CasaZeroEnergy. It is located in Felettano （Udine）, a small town in northeastern Italy. This building is an experimental house designed and monitored by the Laboratory of Building Design of the University of Trento （Italy） and built by Polo Le Ville Plus Group （Cassacco-ltaly）. The energy performance of this building was modelled and evaluated using BENIMPACT Suite, and simulation results were compared with monitored data.
文摘Integrative approaches to architectural design+environmental technology pedagogy are essential in educating future generations to respond to impending building energy use challenges.This paper will describe new approaches to incorporating building physics and building technology in the design studio via a diverse cohort of students and faculty,with strong emphasis placed on the development of innovative architectural strategies operating at the intersection of urban demographics,house and housing design,building performance,and sustainability.The United States Department of Energy reports that our buildings account for forty percent of all energy consumed nationally.Our focus on high performance buildings at the Georgia Tech College of Architecture aims to reduce that percentage and meet the rising demand for design and building performance professionals to evaluate the environmental impact of design decisions.Continuing a twenty-five-year trajectory of research leadership,Tech students and faculty are leading the way in digital design,building simulation,engineering,and construction integration.Over the past four years,students from various schools across campus have been working together in a seminar and design studio setting to expand 21st century housing options.Changing urban demographics,sustainability targets,and alternative energy requirements are investigated through smartly researched and elegantly designed housing and public space propositions.The move from an ecologically aware architecture towards an architecture immersed in the emerging debates about carbon footprint and energy consumption is in part driven by increasing international concern over resource availability and delivery.Through reduced costs of alternative energy capture,higher efficiencies,rapid evolution of upstream technologies and applications and more robust software platforms along with growing social,political and economic debate,the definition of sustainability is evolving - moving to transform integral parts of archi-tectural practice and education from a primarily aesthetic and assembly oriented tra-jectory to a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between design thinking and building performance.
文摘Developments in information technology are providing methods to improve current design practices,where uncertainties about various design elements can be simulated and studied from the design inception.Energy and thermal simulations,improved design representations and enhanced collaboration using digital media are increasingly being used.With the expanding interest in energy-efficient build-ing design,whole building energy simulation programs are increasingly employed in the design process to help architects and engineers determine which design strat-egies save energy and improve building performance.The purpose of this research was to investigate the potential of these programs to perform whole building energy analysis during the early stages of architectural design,and compare the results with the actual building energy performance.The research was conducted by simulating energy usage of a fully functional research laboratory building using two different simulation tools that are aimed for early schematic design.The results were compared with utility data of the building to identify the degree of close-ness with which simulation results match the actual energy usage of the build-ing.Results indicate that modeled energy data from one of the software programs was significantly higher than the measured,actual energy usage data,while the results from the second application were comparable,but did not correctly predict monthly energy loads for the building.This suggests that significant deviations may exist between modeled and actual energy consumption for buildings,and more importantly between different simulation software programs.Understanding the limitations and suitability of specific simulation programs is crucial for successful integration of performance simulations with the design process.
文摘lraq locates in hot arid region （30 °N-37 °N）, where the hot summer season is very long and the ambient temperature is about 50 ℃. Cooling of building needs A/C （air-conditioning） system which consumes more than 60% of the total electricity supplied to residential building. So, there is really need to minimize the energy consumption by enhancement the performance of Iraqi buildings using passive house technique. This paper presents the thermal performance ofa Passivhaus model built in Kirkuk （35 °N）. The design depends on the using of suitable materials, sufficient insulation, well airtightness and underground air cooling. The experimental measurements take in consideration several parameters like ambient temperature, solar radiation, orientation of the building and duration. The results give good indication of the benefit of using this technique of passive cooling system in Iraqi residential buildings. The indoor temperature could be reduced to 30 ℃, while, the energy consumption for cooling could be saved up to 80%.
